Cornell Notes Topic/ Objective: Name: 1st Quarter Literary Terms Class/Period: Date: Essential Question: How do literary terms help us readers and writers? Terms: Author s purpose Notes: The reason why an author chooses to write. The four main reasons are to express thoughts or feelings, to inform or explain, to persuade, or to entertain. Stand up comedian Biology Textbook Tone The author s attitude toward the subject he or she is writing about. Your tone toward school. Imagery/ Sensory details Take me to your favorite restaurant. Mood Descriptive words and phrases that re-create sensory experiences for the reader. The feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader. What words would describe a first birthday party s mood? Characterization The way a writer creates and develops characters personalities. Four main ways an author does this: The narrator may make direct comments. The writer may describe the character s physical characteristics. The writer may present the character s own thoughts, speech, and actions. The writer may present other characters reactions to the character. Characterize a friend. Internal/ External Conflict What is an external conflict students face? Point of view A struggle between opposing forces. External conflict puts a struggle between a character and an outside force like nature, physical object or another character. Internal conflict occurs within a character, like a personality trait of being indecisive or shy. From whose viewpoint the story is told. First person point of view--the narrator is a character telling the story. In 3rd person, the narrator is outside the story. Third person omniscient is the all-knowing narrator. Knows all points of view of characters
Which is the least reliable narrator? Theme/central idea Think of a movie with the theme--good conquers evil. Dialogue In fiction, theme is the underlying message about life or human nature the author wants the audience to understand. It is stated in a sentence, but does not use characters or events from the work. A universal theme is a theme that crosses cultures and time periods. Central ideas refer to the main point, claim or thesis of a nonfiction work. Written conversation between two or more characters to bring characters life and give readers insight to the traits. Student: What up, dude? Teacher: You re late. Again. Student: Chill, man. What did you learn? Plot Structure Main conflict: Recurrent Tardies. Let s build the story. Figurative Language Exposition--beginning of story where characters, setting, and main conflict is introduced. Rising Action--more complications are added because of the main conflict. Turning Point--the character makes a decision about the conflict. Falling action--the action that follows after the decision is made. Climax--The character comes face to face with the main conflict. Denouement (Day-New-Ma)--the result of the conflict and how the characters carry on. Language the communicates meanings beyond literal meanings of words. You are important to me. You are my sunshine. Which is literal? Metaphor A comparison between two unlike things, saying one thing is the other. A smile and a hammer Write a metaphor. Simile A comparison between two unlike things, saying one thing is the other. A smile and a hammer Write a simlie. Personification Giving human qualities to things. Give a baseball human qualities to show it moved slowly. Hyperbole Give an example of hyperbole to illustrate An extreme exaggeration to illustrate a point.
how angry your parents will be if you fail this class. Irony What would be ironic about an English teacher? When the opposite of what you expect to happen, happens. Irony creates humor or tension. Think of a fire truck on fire. Nonfiction Terms Claim Evidence Why do you think so many people believe in fake news stories Text Structures Let s talk about cyberbullying. How might I arrange that essay? Text Features A claim is a statement of belief about a topic that an author holds true because of the evidence and observations. We also call this thesis. Facts, eye-witnesses, expert statements, scientific research, primary sources all encompass evidence. Evidence can be verified through the sources. The way an author organizes the body of text. Narrative --small stories or anecdotes to illustrate and humanize a topic. Exposition --use of facts and explanation to strengthen an argument. Compare and Contrast --showing the similarities and differences among concepts. Process analysis --showing the steps of how something is done. Cause and Effect --showing how one event impacts another. Analogy --using similar concepts to illustrate a point. Description --using sensory details to re-create a setting or situation or person. Definition --clearly defining the terms in an accessible way. Classification--shows the various types of an idea. Nonfiction materials usually provide text structures to help the reader better understand the concepts they are explaining or to help them visualize information. Think of a textbook selection you have. What are parts that help you? Headings and subheadings --Help break down the topic into smaller chunks. Maps --help us understand where we are. Graphs and Charts --help us see mathematical concepts easier. Pictures help us visualize who or what we are talking about. Bold-face and italics help us identify key concepts. Poetry Terms Form Line Stanza Meter Different types of poems have different forms from very strict syllable counts and rhyme patterns to none at all. Refers to the first word to the ending word in the same line. Sometimes the complete thought is not finished in one line. It may run several lines. A grouping of lines separated by breaks. In prose, we call these paragraphs. How many syllables per line. Not all poems will have a meter.
Rhyme and Rhythm Speaker Sound Devices Number the lines. Circle and number the stanzas. Who is the author? Speaker? What is the meter? What is the rhyme scheme? Rhyme refers to two or more words with the same sounds. Rhythm refers to how fast or slow a line moves. The beats of a poem. The voice of the poem, which is not always the voice of the poet. Poetry is meant to be heard, and poets devise ways to express their poems through sounds to bring out meaning, sensory detail, and rhythm. Alliteration --repetition of initial consonants in words close to each other. Consonance --Repetition of consonant sounds anywhere in the word and words close to each other. Assonance --similar sounding vowels sounds in words close to each other. Internal rhyme --rhymes within lines, not just at the end. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. --Robert Frost Drama Concepts Plot Act Scene Stage directions Monologue Aside Soliloquy Summary: When we talk about drama, we are referring to plays or manuscripts for television or movies. Reading these can be challenging because there is no acting or action accompanying them. It s all dialogue and stage directions. The plot follows the same outline of fiction above. A play may have several acts or just one. Think of acts as chapters in a book. Scenes are subdivisions of acts. These are usually either in italics or parentheses so the reader separates it from the dialogue. A character talks aloud by him or herself on the stage. A character speaks in front of the other characters, but it is only intended for the audience to hear. A long monologue on stage where the character reveals inner feelings and thoughts.