CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND This chapter includes the theories that are used as the theoretical background in doing the research. There are two theories which are included in this chapter. Those are Intrinsic Elements of literature and Marxism of Lukacs. 2.1 Intrinsic Elements of Literature The theory of intrinsic and extrinsic elements of literature is included to show how both elements could contribute in answering the problem formulation of the thesis. There are two main concerns in analyzing literary works, first is by using Extrinsic Element and second Intrinsic Element. Extrinsic element is the way of analyzing the literary works by using the suitable theory and relates the content of the works in order to get better understanding between the theory and the material that will be used. In extrinsic element in this thesis will reveal some point with suitable theory it is by using Marxism theory that was develop by Lukacs by stated about Reflection of literary works it can be in reality of life. Moreover, Intrinsic elements is the way of analyze the text by using structural point which included in intrinsic elements. Which consists of Plot, Character/ Characterization, Setting, Point of View and last but not least Theme. In basic element of literature, there are included Intrinsic elements which is focused on the internal elements of the story or movie it self. Diyanni (2001,p. 44) mrder to get further and deeper understanding in the story, it is not only 1
important to understand what the story is about, but also it is more importantly to understand its basic elements. Literary analysis is also known as literary criticism. In this context, "criticism" means a close reading and interpretation of a literary text, such as a poem, a short story, a play, a novel, or even a movie. In analyzed literary text, there are five basic elements that are; Plot, Character, Setting, Point of View and Theme. The needs of these five elements to be analyzed are to understand how the story was built and to help the writer to find the goal of the thesis. The elements that made up a literary work are closely examined for their meaning and significance. Below are the explanations of five basic elements of literature. 2.1.1 Plot Summary According to Diyanni (2001, p.42) stated that plot is the order of events that are arranged to make a whole story. This is how the author arranged the whole story. So, it can be understood that plot is arranged to made the viewers understand the whole movie. As universally been recognized that a plot stood for a literary term defined as the events that made up a story, particularly as they related to one another in a pattern, in a sequences, through cause and effect, how the reader views the story, or simply by coincidence. The plot has its five levels which are shown in the picture below. 2
Picture 2.1 Freytag Pyramid The above structure is called a Freytag Pyramid and is used as a basis for analyzing plot. Each of the above levels must be examined in relation to the story being read. Both the complications in the rising action and the climax can be physical, mental, or emotional. 2.1.1.1 Exposition Exposition is the beginning of a story in which the appearance of the characters and the setting for the first time appeared in a story or movie. It may mean the introduction of the characters, setting of place and time. The introductory material often creates the tone and gives the setting, introduces the characters, and supplies other facts necessary for understanding 2.1.1.2 Rising Action In the book, A Student Guide to Play Analysis, Rush (2005, p. 52) Stated that the rising action pointed the problem which the protagonist has been through and achieve the goals. Rising actions seems happened between the introduction, and climax in the story. Rising action is the part of plot that may happened when the two main characters faced the conflict in the story. In this part of plot were got harder and complex when the main character struggles towards the problem. For example, in the movie analysis of Narnia the Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis (2005). When the Witch was prepared to kill Edmund 3
as the rescue party arrived. Aslan (the lion) rescued Edmund, but are unable to found the Witch. 2.1.1.3 Climax From the book, A student Guide to Play Analysis, Rush (2005, p. 58) stated that, climax is the major conflict or the biggest conflict when the protagonist faced the final problem and he/she had solved the problem in the story. While Stanford (2003, p. 28). Stated that climax is the moment of the greatest tension in a story. The climax usually shown when in the story there are conflicts that the major character faces. It also sometimes it can be the solution of the problem or struggles that the main character has been through. In the movie Narnia the Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, the climax is when Lucy observes Aslan, (the Lion) has increasingly been gloomy and sad. She realized that Aslan has disappeared, She tried to find it and finally they found Aslan. When in Stone Table, Aslan tells Lucy to leave. But they refuse to leave, instead, she hide behind bushes and watch the Witch kill Aslan. The Witch said that Aslan sacrificed his life of Edmund. 2.1.1.4 Falling Action Falling Action is the stage when the tension of the story calms down (Diyanni, 2001, p.45). It always appears in the story that the story will soon end. For example of falling action in Narnia the Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe when Aslan disappeared and Susan and Lucy over heard Aslan s voice. Aslan had risen from the death and brought the kids to the witch s castle. Finally Aslan and the kids killed the Witch army. 4
2.1.1.5 Denouement (Resolution) According to Arp and Johnson (2006, p. 49) most, fiction has a happy ending, where the protagonist can be able to solve the problem, defeat enemies, and find the true love and live happily ever after. While according to Diyanni (2001, p. 45) resolution happened when the action falls off as the plot s complication are sorted out and resolved. This is the ending of the story which main character has already solved the problem. 2.1.2 Character Analysis Arp and Johnson (2006, p.103) mention that in order to describe a character he found out that character is more difficult than describing plot because it is more complex, ambiguous and variation. Character is the role play in a story. This element is highly important segment in the movie or story, because the character is depict of a person that the writer and director made to convey the story line to the audience. Gwynn (2003, p.11) stated that; Every story hinges on the actions undertaken by its main character, or protagonist,a term drawn from crying an ancient Greek tragedy (literally first debater ) that is more useful in discussions of fiction than such misleading term as hero or heroine. Additionally, stories may contain an opposing character, or antagonist, with whom the protagonist is drawn into conflict. Types of character are also able to identify the characters role in a movie. In a movie, there are always the main character and the supporting character that are used to play the story. As the story goes, those characters will face several problems or events that change or make the character change. In addition, these developments of the character need to be identify in this analysis in order to understand the difference of the main character of the movie. 5
Based on characterization, there are two types of characters; flat character and round character. According to Arp and Johnson (2006, p. 105), flat characters is a character that usually have one or two predominant traits. From the first until the end of the story this character is unchanging. Flat character is a character that, easy to predict and the reader will know exactly how this character will react to face the conflict. Arp and Johnson (2006, p. 105-106) added that round character is a character that having a complex and many traits. Round character usually role as hero or heroic because they play dominate character in the story. The readers cannot predict the reaction of the round character because they always change and growth. There are six types of characters that can be used to analyzed the character in the movie, those are first, protagonist is the lead character of the central story and the main reason of the movie goes and develops. Second, antagonist is a character who operates in opposition of the lead character; it can be either human, animal, or force of nature. Third, Round/Complex character is a major character in a work of fiction that encounters conflict and is changed by it. This character tends to be more fully described flat, or static, characters. Fourth, Flat/Simple character is a minor character in a work of fiction who does undergo substantial change or growth in the course of a story. Fifth, Dynamic Character, this character that experience changes throughout the plot of a story. Although, this character may changes suddenly, it is expected based on the story s events. Last is a Static Character, this character does not experience basic character changes during the course of the story, and this character is opposite with Dynamic character. In analyzing a character, there are seven main questions, which are, done to figure the type of character. Those are: First, what does the person say, what he/she says need not be taken at face value; the person may be hypocritical, self-deceived, or biased. Second, what the person does. Third, what others, including the narrator of the story, say about the person. 6
Fourth, what others do, their actions may help to indicate what person could do but does not do. Fifth, what the person looks like- face, body and clothes. Sixth, determine the character s appearance, personality and ethical qualities. And the last is by using descriptions of other characters sufficient, comparison/contrast, to make the important point about the main character. 2.1.3 Setting Diyanni (2001, p. 61) mentioned that setting is the world of the story. The time and place that occurs as the setting of the story can be made by the author or writer. It may be known as imaginary world that made by the author or it can be real in order to create atmosphere in the certain story. Historical and cultural background may also appear and it will influence the plot of the story. Gill (1995, p. 148) stated that: Setting can be used to cover; the places in which characters appear; the social context of characters, such as their families, friends and class; the customs, beliefs and rules of behaviour that give identity to a society; the particular locations of events; and the atmosphere, mood and feel that all the above elements create. In order to understand the simple terms of setting, there are several types of setting; setting of place, time and social setting. The importance of setting of place is to describe the place that has been taken during the procces of the movie/play. Setting of time describes period of the time that have been used in the story. Whereas, in set of situation, describes about what does the situation happen most of the story. For example; The story of the Sex and the City, in city of New York, it happened in modern time and set of situation is Metropolitan situation. In stories in which place is the important element of setting, usually the writer provides specific, sometime extended descriptions of the place. In other stories, the treatment 7
of time is more significant than place. In literature, time functions in three different ways: the period of time in which a story takes place, how much time passes during the plot of the story, and how the passage of that time is perceived by the lead character. Just as important as time and place, is the social context of a story, which is often a product of time and place. The needs to understand enough about the society, its customs, values, possibilities are highly needed to know what constraints the characters face, what they are free to choose, and what they may not do. 2.1.4 Point of View Point of view is the perspective from which the reader will view the events in a story. Each potential point of view has significant advantages and corresponding limitations. An outside point of view provides greater flexibility and suggests a greater sense of objectivity. An inside point of view provides more intimate, often more involving, narration. There are four types of point of view; those are, Omniscient Point of View, Third-person Limited Point of View, First-person Point of View, and Objective point of view. 2.1.4.1 Omniscient Point of View Omniscient Point of View is a point of view that is told by a narrator in the third person. The narrator has their own way to describe the plot or the story by them self. They know everything about the situation in the movie and also the story. The narrator in this point of view has no limit to get into the story, including tells the audience about the character s feeling, the way their thinking, the action that the character will take. Arp Johnson (2006, p. 171) mention that this point of view is the most manageable point of view and allowed to the spacious area of the story. Because the narrator might come in between the readers and the 8
story, or constantly shifting of this point of view between one character into other character and it may cause damage to the connection or unity. view: For example in the serial movie Sex and the City is told from the Omniscient Point of When you live on a tiny island like Manhattan, the odds of bumping into the one who broke your heart are incredibly high. The odds of bumping into him when you look like shit are even higher. The point of view in this movie is Omniscient Point of view. The author moves from one character to character, and acts as one who always knows each character is thinking or knowing the best of the situation, and acknowledge it from past, present, and even future condition. 2.1.4.2 Third-person Limited Point of View Third-person Limited Point of View is the way to tell the story using the third person also. The difference is the narrator appears in the one or two character point of view. The story is being told by an outsider person (someone who is not in the story). Third person in this point of view is depends on the perceptions of each characters. The outsider can tell or describe about the character feel, see, think or even hear. They could be able to tell the character personalities, behavior or even habits. For example in For Whom the Bell Tolls is a 1943 which is based on novel written by Ernest Hemingway in 1943: This Anselmo had been a good guide and he could travel wonderfully in the mountains. Robert Jordan could walk well enough himself and he knew from following him since before daylight that the old man could walk him to death. Robert Jordan trusted the man, Anselmo, so far, in everything except judgment. He had not yet had an opportunity to test his judgment, and, anyway, the judgment was his own responsibility." 9
This movie is told in Third-person point of view. The story through Anselmo s thoughts and responses as he reveals them through his actions. And the result, the emotions that brings through the audience cannot delivers directly. 2.1.4.3 First-Person Point of View In this point of view, the narrator tells the story in first person using one of the characters in the story. Arp Johnson (2006, p. 173) added that the first-person point of view shares the goodness and limitations of the third-person limited. This point of view in which using I or we. In first-person point of view, the audiences learn about events that happen in the story as the narrator learns about them too. In this point of view, the narrator might become a minor character, observing the action. For example in the movie Grey s Anatomy: The game. They say a person either has what it takes to play or they don t. My mother was one of the greats. Me on the other hand, i m kinda screwed. This movie is using First-person point of view. Meredith Grey is the one of the main character in this movie and also she fills the narrator s job as a First-person point of view and she is trying to give the audience view that her mother was a great surgeon. 2.1.4.4 Objective Point of View In Objective Point of View, the narrators disappear into the kind of sound or effects of the rolling cameras. This point of view can move easily anywhere or everywhere but then they do not know the character from the inside like their thought or feeling. They can see and hear but then they cannot be able to feels. This point of view expects the audience to guess 10
and interpret by themselves. Objective point of view can also be called Dramatic Point of View. For instance, Grey s Anatomy First Season episode 1: Close up of a woman obviously naked waking up on couch, with a guy sleeping on the floor in a large townhouse. She starts getting dressed as the guy starts to wake up. They re obviously just had a one-night stand. On this movie is using the Objective point of view because the audience cannot directly access to any character s mind and feeling. The audiences will know those thought and feeling only by the rolling camera which direct into it. 2.1.5 Theme According to Arp and Johnson (2006, p.130) theme is an idea to control insight the story. In order to know the theme of the story, the viewers or readers have to determine what its central purpose is. It is usually taken as generally idea. For example: the horror movie it makes the viewers feels the atmosphere tense and bring shocked. But theme does not always make viewers or reader laugh, cry or horrified, as mentioned by Arp and Johnson (2006, p. 131). Theme also about the person, character or even human being that focuses on the description of a characterization. Theme is the central idea and/or universal truth that is the main focus of the story. In analyzing a theme, there are five elements that are needed to be considered: First, theme should be stated in one sentence. Second, the theme should be stated as a generalization about life, not as reference to a specific character or action in a story. Third, theme is the central and unifying concepts of the work. Fourth, statement of theme should not be cliche. Last, the statement of theme could be applied to many other situation and pieces of art both imagined and experienced. For example: In the story of Narnia the Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis the theme of this movie is The Danger of Greediness. 11
2.2 The Realism of Lukacs the research. This chapter includes the theories that are used as the theoretical background in doing In first issues of Marxist critic is Georg Lukacs, expresses his work from orthodox socialist realism. He develops the approach of realist as a treating literary works as reflections of an unfolding system. He also added that realist must relate between the situation and the elements which depicts the literary and reality of life. Lukacs belives of main goal of the realist work is to reveal the pattern of the contradictions in social order, meaning that it focuses on the insistence on the material and historical nature and the structure of society. (Widdowson, 2004, p.94) According to Lukacs, who self proclaimed that the term reflection as his whole work characteristic, rejects the naturalism theory of the recent European novel, indeed he returns to the old realist view that the literary works such as movie reflects reality. The way to prove it is by giving a truer, more complete, more vivid and more dynamic reflection of reality. The way to reflect the story of a movie as if it is a real true life story is to frame the mental structure that is transposed into reality and believes that a consciousness is not merely of objects but by human nature and social relationships. (Widdowson, 2004, p.94). Even though the author believes that it reflects reality, it also appears to be more or less concrete. The story of a movie may conduct the audience towards a more concrete insight into reality that gets beyond a mere common sense of things. 2.2.1 Movie as a Reflection of Life 12
Lukacs believes that the literary works reflects not individual phenomena in isolation, but the full process of life. This leads to an understanding where in every movie, even though there are many strong characters alive inside the movie, the author believes, the characters are just the tools that are used to project certain message that shows how the normal process of life happens through people. This theory can be used into a movie as it shows how each character plays it roles and at the end of the story something happened and the audience can find a similarity to their life which the story could happen to their life or the character could have been them. The intention of this theory is to educate the audience of the movie and to believe that the story of the movie is made to vividly show how the accident or problems or set of events happens to peoples life and tries to understand how it goes and how to prevent it and more over tries to learn on how to solve it. However, the audience also has to be aware that the story in the movie is not itself reality but rather a special form of reflecting reality, meaning that the story which believes to reflect the reality may somehow will not happen similarly to every case. A Different responses of the character, different tactics that are not shown in the movie may appear in the reality so therefore there are a lot of different responses might happen but the responses that happen in the movie could possibly happen the way it is and therefore the story in the movie is made logically as it will flow with a sense of reality. 2.2.2 Image of Richness in a Movie In this movie is using theory of Marxism which based on Lukacs theory, stated that: Lukacs does not impose an abstract order upon the world, but rather presents with an image of the richness and complexity of life from which emerges a sense of the order within the complexity and subtlety of lived experience (Widdowson & Brooker, 2004, p.94) Lukacs believes in most of a story of a movie, the story dominantly triggered by a story which involves material ownership such as how to be a successful person, in a need to 13
be a certain position or career position, in a need to win a lottery or other games that ends with the character win fortunes, and indeed those genres not only explains on how the character becomes rich or not, but also it explains the complexity, the problems that needs to be faced in pursuing the needs of to be rich. The writer believes that there are always problems that come to the character whenever the needs of being more than enough are emerging. In this standpoint, it happens to the real world. The reality when someone has the eager to be rich, they have a tendency to be blinded by the material. Meaning that, there is a possibility that they will do whatever it takes to earn richness. Moreover the effects of being rich influences the persons character on how they behave, treats people, responds to a situation and many more that leads to problems where they think they are more superior by having money more than others. The upper class and middle class differences is included in this chapter to show how class could be the separation point and the starting point of all the problems could happen. It is also the ultimate factor how a character could be shape within someone s life. According to Karl Marx, A Reader s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory (2004), the major factor for the influenced the social changed in history was not a particular individual but the social classes. However, the main concern was not about what kind of classes that were found in the society but how the power of the social structures among them. That was why in Karl Marx s lifetime he wrote a theory that, later is called Marxism, which scientifically explains about how the people from different classes struggled in their life. According to Tyson in his book Critical Theory Today a User-Friendly Guide Second Edition (2006, p.55), people can differentiate whether individuals belong to the working class as capitalists by observing their socioeconomic lifestyle. For example; homeless, who have few, if any, material possessions and little hope of improvement; the poor, whose limited 14
educational and career opportunities kept them struggling to supported their families and living in fear of becoming homeless; the financial established, who own nice homes and cars and can usually afford to send their children to college; the well-do-to, who can afford two or more expensive homes, cars, luxury items; and extremely wealthy, such as the owners of the company or even cooperation. In short, Tyson (2006) concluded those groups of people as lower-classes, middle-classes, and upper-classes. 2.4 The Emotional Intelligence The emotional intelligence theories below are written to explain the logical explanation of how rich people and poor people could react or have character in such a different way. These theory are made to support the characterization labeling that is made by the writer as the personal opinion on summarizing and determining the characterization of both characters. The word emotion is derived from motere, the latin verb to move, lus the prefix e- to connote Move away, suggesting that a tendency to act is implicit in every motion (Goleman, 1995, p.3). The writer believes that emotional intelligence is a kind of ability of someone in managing the behavior based on what they had been through in life including raising type, parents treatments, fortunes control that affects in the social life and shapes their character. In 15
other words, emotional intelligence is related to self awareness. In this case, self awareness is being aware of both our mood and thoughts (Goleman, 1995, o.47). Of course people now that everything they do is related with their mood and their mood will influenced the things that they have done. 16