ISTANBUL YENİ YÜZYIL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE COURSE DESCRIPTIONS TRD 151 Turkish Language I (2-0) ECTS 2 Students will acquire knowledge of the structure and of the grammar of the Turkish language to be able to convey their thoughts in writing and orally at an advanced level. The subjects to be covered within the scope of the course include the significance of language as a social institution, the relationship between language and culture, and the current state of the Turkish language. ELL 101 Academic Writing (4-0) ECTS 5 Students will acquire and develop the necessary skills for critical thinking, analysis, and synthesis which are prerequisites for academic writing. Following this process, students will learn how to develop a topic sentence, write coherent and unified paragraphs, prepare outlines, build logical transitions between sentences and paragraphs, and compose coherent introductions and conclusions for different types of essays. Students will be encouraged to cultivate and refine these skills through in class writing assignments. After guiding students to develop these fundamental thinking and writing skills, student will be required to produce different types of essays (for example comparison and contrast essays, cause and effect essays, and argumentative essays). Students will be given detailed feedback during each step of the writing process. ELL 103 Survey of English Literature I (3-0) ECTS 5 Students will acquire knowledge of the major canonical texts in English Literature from the Anglo-Saxon period to the 18th century by reading and critically analyzing different literary texts. At the end of this course, freshman students will have acquired an understanding of the social and historical contexts behind the development of English Literature. Students will also cultivate a solid background in English Literature in preparation for their upcoming classes in the department. ELL 105 Literary Concepts I (3-0) ECTS 5 Students will acquire knowledge of fundamental literary concepts necessary to understand and analyze literary texts. In addition, students will develop skills for interpreting not only what a literary text means, but how meaning is shaped within a given text. The basic concepts of literary analysis, such as symbol, metaphor, metonymy, paradox, oxymoron, parody, satire, irony, and discourse, will be discussed with reference to a variety of literary and visual texts, from a wide range of periods and genres. ELL 107 British and American Culture I (3-0) ECTS 5 The course aims to introduce students the knowledge and terminology of contemporary political, social and cultural issues in Great Britain. The course covers the basic cultural terms and concepts and helps students develop critical thinking skills and the ability to analyze thoughts and ideas from several perspectives. ELL 111 Grammar and Reading Comprehension I (3-0) ECTS 5 Students will broaden and develop their knowledge of English grammar, as well as improve their reading, speaking, and comprehension skills. 1
TRD 152 Turkish Language II (2-0) ECTS 2 Students will learn how to use Turkish at an advanced level to convey their thoughts in writing and orally. The subjects to be covered within the scope of the course include the major developments in Turkish culture and language from the Tanzimat Period right up to the foundation of the Turkish Republic, as well as the development of Turkish language and literature in the aftermath of the foundation of the Republic. ELL 102 Research and Writing (4-0) ECTS 5 This course is designed to aid students in developing research skills and technical knowledge for writing academic papers using correct citations. Students will be expected to prepare and present research projects at the end of the course, which cover the fundamental techniques and styles of academic writing. Students will be given detailed feedback during each step of the research process. The entire process will include: locating information in the library by using a variety of computerized and printed indexes and other search engines, forming a thesis statement, assessing the credibility and relevance of sources, paraphrasing, summarizing, and quoting others words and ideas accurately, and using the MLA format and citation rules correctly. In addition, students will be expected to prepare oral presentations of their research projects to be presented in class at the end of the semester by using audio-visual equipment (power-point, etc.). ELL 104 Survey of English Literature II (3-0) ECTS 5 This introductory course in English Literature will cover the period from The Age of Reason to the late twentieth century with a focus on analyzing selected prose and poetry from both social and cultural contexts. Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to identify major political and cultural events of each period covered, identify important literary works, authors, and characters, distinguish key concepts and ideals behind different periods of British culture, discuss how these concepts and ideals are reflected in specific literary works, and recognize and analyze patterns of cultural change and continuity. ELL 106 Literary Concepts II (3-0) ECTS 5 This course will build on the knowledge acquired in the previous semester, and require students to use their understanding of literary terms and concepts (such as rhetorical tropes, satire, parody, etc.) while discussing the genre-specific features of selected texts. Special attention will be paid to the structural and narrative techniques peculiar to individual genres like the novel, short story, drama, and poetry. At the end of this course, students will demonstrate a competence in analyzing and interpreting selected texts according to literary techniques used to shape meaning in each genre. As literary texts are cultural, ideological and political products, the narrative techniques embedded in such texts have both ideological and aesthetic functions. Students will acquire knowledge of the narrative techniques used in each genre, which they will discuss within the framework of the relationship between cultural and literary production. ELL 108 British and American Culture II (3-0) ECTS 5 The course aims to introduce students the knowledge and terminology of contemporary political, social and cultural issues in Great Britain. The course covers the basic cultural terms and concepts and helps students develop critical thinking skills and the ability to analyze thoughts and ideas from several perspectives. ELL 112 Grammar and Reading Comprehension II (3-0) ECTS 5 2
Students will broaden and develop their knowledge of English grammar, as well as improve their reading, speaking, and comprehension skills. ATA 151 The Principles of Ataturk and History of the Turkish Republic I (2-0) ECTS 2 Students will acquire an understanding of the circumstances under which the Republic of Turkey was founded, and will be introduced to Atatürk's principles which form the basis of national sovereignty. The subjects to be covered within the scope of this course include the reasons leading to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the ideological movements during the late Ottoman Period, the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the Armistice of Mundros, the situation of the country when faced by foreign occupations, the national struggle for independence, and the inauguration of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. ELL 201 Mythology (3-0) ECTS 6 This course offers an introduction to western myths and legends as basic building blocks of culture. Mythological texts have major significance in understanding cultures, for they incorporate not only the mythic and legendary narratives of civilizations reflecting their archaic past, but also the elements of social memory and cultural norms shaped by oral literature and traditions in centuries. In this respect, through analysing the creation and destruction myths of various western cultures, along with the most notorious and well-known tales revolving around the major gods and goddesses, the similarities and recurrent themes in these mythologies will be discussed. The course will not only introduce Norse mythology, Greek and Roman mythology, Celtic mythology, the Arthurian Legend and key Biblical texts but will also familiarize students with archetypal criticism as well. The main objective of this course will be to provide a background which will enable students to relate to the diverse mythic and biblical references made in various works of English Literature. At the end of this course students are expected to be able to identify the mythic and biblical references made in diverse works of literature. ELL 203 Renaissance Literature (3-0) ECTS 6 This course offers an overview of Renaissance culture and literature. Particular emphasis is given to Aristotle and Plato as well to those writers and thinkers who made an impact on Elizabethan playwrights. Students will consider the historical contexts in which the assigned works were produced and develop skills for reading and analyzing the canonical texts ELL 207 Introduction to the Novel (3-0) ECTS 6 This course will offer students a general overview of the narrative styles and techniques that played a role in the development of the novel as a genre. Within the scope of this course, students will develop reading and interpretation skills to critically analyze a variety of British novels. Students will thus acquire knowledge of the novel as a literary genre, and focus on its individual characteristics that distinguish it from other genres, like the romance novel and the short story. The first part of the course will be devoted to a general introduction of the rise and development of the novel in relation to British culture and society. The course will continue by exploring how other genres and philosophical perspectives contributed to the evolution of the British novel. Students will develop a broader understanding of British culture by reading British canonical novels in chronological order. By the end of the semester, students will demonstrate appropriate reading strategies to critically assess the formal and thematic aspects of specific novels. ATA 152 The Principles of Ataturk and History of the Turkish Republic II (2-0) ECTS 2 3
Students will acquire knowledge of the circumstances under which the Republic of Turkey was founded, and knowledge of Atatürk's principles which form the basis of national sovereignty. The subjects to be covered within the scope of the course include the Turkish Revolution, domestic and foreign policies that originated with the founding of the Turkish Republic (1938-1950), the Democratic Party Period (1950-1960), Turkey's Foreign Policies after 1960, and modern Turkey in the 21 st century. ELL 202 Classical Literature (3-0) ECTS 6 The aim of this course is to study and discuss significant works of Greek Literature which have shaped culture in the West. Selected classical plays from Ancient Greece will be analyzed, focusing mainly on the tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. At the end of this course, students will be able to analyze and discuss classical plays. Students should also be able to define tragedy and comedy, and relate information regarding the founding of drama. ELL 204 Elizabethan Drama (3-0) ECTS 6 In this class selected Elizabethan plays are analyzed comprehensively in light of contemporary critical theories. Students are expected to read the texts closely and participate in class discussions. Some of the class discussions focus on the impact of these plays in the present by foregrounding, for example, racial or sexual stereotypes prevalent in the texts. ELL 208 Modern Novel (3-0) ECTS 6 Students will acquire knowledge of the major political, social, economic, and literary characteristics of the Modern period through a critical examination of important themes addressed by modern novelists. Students will learn to identify significant characteristics that distinguish modern texts from their predecessors and successors. ELL 301 Romantic Literature (3-0) ECTS 5 In this course, students will examine 19 th century British Romantic Poetry which emerged as a reaction to the neo-classical understanding of poesy with its revolutionary spirit. Students will acquire an understanding of the major characteristics of Romanticism, and will critically analyze selected poems by six major English Romantic Poets, namely William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats, Lord Byron, and Percy Bysshe Shelley. ELL 303 Shakespeare I (3-0) ECTS 5 Selected tragedies by Shakespeare are critically analysed in this class focussing not only on the texts and circumstances wherein the plays were produced, but also on their impact at present. The students are expected to read and re-read the plays closely, to enrich their comprehension by secondary readings, and to participate in class discussions. ELL 305 Translation Studies I (3-0) ECTS 5 This course will offer an overview of translation studies as a specific area of study with translation theory as a crucial component. Students will examine and discuss text types, the relationships between source texts and target texts, as well as the theoretical links between source readers and target readers. Additionally, students will develop an ability to translate various types of texts from both Turkish to English and English to Turkish. The subjects to be covered within the scope of the course include text categories and text types, scopos theory, literary translation, translation and culture, the translator s task and function, and language functions. 4
ELL 302 Modern English Poetry (3-0) ECTS 5 Students will study Modern English poetry by reading the works of major poets of the 20 th century like Thomas Hardy, William Butler Yeats and T. S. Eliot. Students will develop an understanding of Modernism as a literary trend in British poetry in the light of significant historical, social and cultural issues pertaining to the modernist period. ELL 304 Shakespeare II (3-0) ECTS 5 Selected comedies and romances by Shakespeare are critically analysed in this class focussing not only on the circumstances wherein the plays were produced, but also on their impact at present. The students are expected to read and re-read the plays closely, to enrich their comprehension by secondary readings, and to participate in class discussions. ELL 306 Translation Studies II (3-0) ECTS 5 This course will offer an overview of translation studies as a specific area of study with translation theory as a crucial component. Students will examine and discuss different types of texts, the relationships between source texts and target texts, as well as the theoretical links between source readers and target readers. Additionally, students will develop an ability to translate various types of texts from both Turkish to English and English to Turkish. The subjects to be covered within the scope of the course include text categories and text types, scopos theory, literary translation, translation and culture, translator s task and function, and language functions. ELL 401 History of Literary Criticism (3-0) ECTS 5 Students will survey important developments in the history of literary criticism. Students will begin by critically examining the works of Plato, Aristotle and Horace and their thoughts on the subject of criticism, and then proceed to analyzing theories of literary criticism up to the end of the 19th century. Students will be required to assess the changing value and function of literature over time as examined by literary critics, historians, and theorists. ELL 403 Comparative Literature I (3-0) ECTS 5 This course will offer a comparative study of poems, short stories, and novels from diverse cultures with a focus on themes, motifs, images, myths and archetypes. Students will develop skills for reading and discussing fiction from intercultural and comparative perspectives. Students will critically discuss the works of Turkish, American, and British authors with a focus on common themes, motifs, images and archetypes that qualify and determine the cultural diversities of each text. By the end of the semester, students will develop an understanding of how the field of comparative literature has changed since it emerged in the nineteenth century as an academic discipline, as well as acquire knowledge of different cultures, their traditions and their values. In addition, students will be able to demonstrate an understanding of basic concepts and reading strategies as these relate to the study of comparative literatures. ELL 402 Contemporary Critical Theory (3-0) ECTS 5 This course is designed as a general introduction to literary theory, covering a range of thinkers and issues. Students will acquire knowledge of different schools of literary criticism, including New Criticism, Archetypal Criticism, Structuralism, Post-structuralism, Deconstructionism, Postmodernism, Psychoanalytic Criticism, Marxist Criticism, Feminist Criticism, New Historicism, Cultural Materialism, and Postcolonial Theory. Students will develop strategies for critically assessing each theoretical perspective. 5
ELL 404 Comparative Literature II (3-0) ECTS 5 This course will offer a comparative study of poems, short stories, and novels from diverse cultures with a focus on themes, motifs, images, myths and archetypes. Students will develop skills for reading and discussing fiction from an intercultural and comparative perspective. Students will critically discuss the works of Turkish, American, and British authors with a focus on common themes, motifs, images and archetypes that qualify and determine the cultural diversities of each text. By the end of the semester, students will develop an understanding of how the field of comparative literature has changed since it emerged in the nineteenth century as an academic discipline, as well as acquire knowledge of different cultures, their traditions and their values. In addition, students will be able to demonstrate an understanding of basic concepts and reading strategies as these relate to the study of comparative literatures. ELECTIVE COURSES (AREA ELECTIVE) ELL 261 History of Western Culture I (3-0) ECTS 5 Students will acquire general knowledge of major historical events and artistic achievements in Western Culture right up to 16 th century. Students will develop a fundamental understanding of issues arising from cross-cultural interactions between different civilizations, as well as broaden their critical thinking skills through written assignments and class discussions. The major discussion topics to be covered within scope of the course include important social changes in the history of Western civilization, as well as notable scientific developments and seminal artistic and literary achievements in Western culture. ELL 263 Introduction to Short Story (3-0) ECTS 5 The aim of this course is to analyze in detail the prominent works and writers from the World literature in terms of style and content. In this course, selected short stories from English, American and World literatures are studied. In this way, the main characteristics of the writer and the period in which the writer had lived would have been examined. ELL 265 Survey of American Literature I (3-0) ECTS 5 This course will offer students an introductory survey of American literature from its beginnings until the end of the eighteenth century and from a chronological perspective. In addition to examining major American authors in chronological order, this course introduces students to American myths and legends. Students will develop an understanding of American culture and literature which will enable them to gain a more comparative appreciation of their own culture. By the end of the semester, students will be able to identify, compare and contrast major similarities and differences between American and British cultures and their literatures. ELL 267 Introduction to Linguistics (3-0) ECTS 5 This course will explore the nature of language and its grammatical, social and biological dimensions. The main objective of this course will be to familiarize students with the origin and development of language and its linguistic components, such as phonetics, phonology and morphology, as well as to develop an understanding of the linguistic formations of language. Upon the successful completion of this course, students will be able to demonstrate a general knowledge of language, a comprehensive understanding of sounds and sound patterns, and of word formation processes. 6
ELL 269 Introduction to Poetry (3-0) ECTS 5 Students will acquire knowledge of formal elements of poetry and the western poetic tradition by reading, analyzing and discussing a variety of poems. Class discussions will focus on a variety of perspectives and recurring themes in poetry. Students will develop skills to evaluate the evolution of thought and the growth of the lyric in the western poetic tradition. In addition, by the end of the course students will be able to identify, distinguish, and critically assess the aesthetic functions of such literary devices as allusion, diction, rhythm, rhyme and figurative language. ELL 271 Second Foreign Language I (3-0) ECTS 5 Students will acquire knowledge of a second language other than English so as to enable them to interpret and to analyze a variety of texts written in a foreign language. Students will focus on developing grammar, reading, comprehension, writing, listening and speaking skills through guided practice. ELL 262 History of Western Culture II (3-0) ECTS 5 Students will acquire knowledge of major cultural, political, economic and scientific developments in Western societies from the Enlightenment to the present. Discussion topics will include the relationships between culture, language, society and the individual, as well as migrations and popular culture within the framework of pre- and post-colonial social and political structures. Discussions of historical and cultural texts will be enhanced with film and other visual materials. ELL 264 Introduction to Drama (3-0) ECTS 5 This course will offer a survey of English drama beginning with the medieval drama, moving on to the Renaissance, Restoration and modern period. Students will acquire a rough overview of the development of drama in England and will obtain reading and interpretation skills to analyze plays selected from the canonical corpus, which will be critically examined in light of the literary movements that shaped a variety of dramatic traditions. ELL 266 Survey of American Literature II (3-0) ECTS 5 This course will introduce students to nineteenth-century American literature, with a focus on American romanticism, transcendentalism and realism. Writers to be studied in this course include major canonical figures like Irving, Cooper, Bryant, Poe, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, Douglass, Whitman and Dickinson. Students will develop an understanding and an appreciation of American culture in light of its literature. Since we are all exposed to images of American culture in our daily lives, a scholarly analysis of this culture may prove to be interesting and illuminating to students. ELL 268 Latin (3-0) ECTS 5 Students will develop their skills in Latin. Through guided practice and classroom exercises, students will focus on developing grammar, reading comprehension, writing, listening and speaking skills in Latin. ELL 270 Second Foreign Language II (3-0) ECTS 5 Students will develop their skills in a second language other than English so as to enable them to interpret and translate a text in a foreign language. Through guided practice and classroom exercises, students will focus on developing grammar, reading, comprehension, writing, listening and speaking skills. 7
ELL 361 Applied Linguistics (3-0) ECTS 5 Students will examine language structures and will develop an understanding of the ways in which language is acquired and used in society. Students will learn to distinguish between communication and language, linguistic competence and linguistic performance, as well as acquire knowledge of how language changes over time. Within this framework, the subjects to be covered in this course will include socio-cultural and psychological factors that affect language acquisition, as well as approaches to language teaching. ELL 363 Medieval Literature (3-0) ECTS 5 This course will examine cultural developments in European literature throughout the Middle Ages by focusing mainly on the British Isles from the fifth century to the thirteenth century. Students will acquire knowledge of the growth and development of institutions (i.e. civic, religious, educational, and economic) which shaped the Medieval World view from a variety of political, historical, and anthropological perspectives. Students will develop an understanding of the Medieval Era through critical analyses of a variety of texts and articles. Though the focus will be on medieval literature, other relevant texts will provide students with the required knowledge to evaluate the period as a whole. By studying and discussing the Medieval Era, students will develop an appreciation of the link between culture and literature and of the general concept of contemporary medievalism. ELL 365 Women s Literature (3-0) ECTS 5 This course provides a study of the works of several women authors. Emphasis is placed on the historical and cultural contexts, themes and aesthetic features of individual works, and biographical backgrounds of the authors. At the end of the course, students will be able to interpret, analyze, and discuss selected works of women writers. ELL 367 Science Fiction (3-0) ECTS 5 This course focuses on exploration of the literary genre of science fiction with some attention to the cultural and historical issues that shaped its development. The course will address a number of issues in culture through the fictions we will be reading and viewing on screen. The objective of the course is to provide students guidance in understanding science fictional world. The relationship among films, literature and other expressions of science fiction will also be studied in this course. ELL 369 Second Foreign Language III (3-0) ECTS 5 Students will develop knowledge of a second language other than English at an upperintermediate level. Students will give presentations, participate in debates and read texts which are relatively complex. ELL 364 Chaucer (3-0) ECTS 5 This course will offer students a comprehensive introduction to the works of Geoffrey Chaucer by concentrating on the linguistic, aesthetic and cultural aspects of his major writings. Topics of discussion will include, but will not be limited to, the relationship between the individual and power structures in Medieval England. Students will also study the prevailing religious, racial and gender differences, and class rivalries in Chaucer s time, as well as the relationship between history and cultural memory. ELL 366 Postcolonial Literature (3-0) ECTS 5 8
This course focuses on postcolonial literature from around the world including Britain, America, Asia and Africa. Students will be aimed to become a more sophisticated reader of postcolonial literature by examining characteristics of the twentieth century postcolonial writing with an emphasis on gender, race and ethnicity and analyze a variety of texts from different genres like novel, poetry and short fiction. By the end of the course, students will have gained an awareness of other cultures and literatures. ELL 368 Gothic Tradition in Literature (3-0) ECTS 5 This course will offer students the Gothic genre by starting with the original Gothic novel, Horace Walpole s The Castle of Otranto. In addition to this, readings will include well-known Works like Frankenstein and Dracula. While studying this genre, students explore the evolution of the forms and styles of Gothic novels and will become familiar with theories of the Gothic such as the sublime, terror and horror. ELL 370 Second Foreign Language IV (3-0) ECTS 5 Students will acquire knowledge of a second language other than English at an upperintermediate level. Students will give presentations, participate in debates and read texts which are relatively complex. ELL 372 Victorian Literature (3-0) ECTS 5 Students will acquire knowledge of the major political, social, economic, and literary characteristics of the Victorian period through a critical examination of important themes addressed by Victorian novelists, poets and playwrights through their works. Students will study the works of such canonical writers like Emily Bronte, Charles Dickens and Oscar Wilde. Students will learn to identify significant characteristics that distinguish early Victorian texts from their predecessors and successors. ELL 461 Special Topics in Fiction (3-0) ECTS 5 In this course special topics in fiction are studied through the representative works of selected writers. At the end of the course, students will be able to demonstrate an understanding of special concepts about fictional works. ELL 465 Advanced Translation Studies I (3-0) ECTS 5 This course will offer an overview of translation studies as a specific area of study with translation theory as a crucial component. Students will be engaged in translating different types of texts. Students will also develop an understanding of the problems involved in the translation process, including cross-cultural aspects, and will undertake regular translations of literary texts from Turkish to English and English to Turkish. Upon the completion of this module, students will be able to apply specific translation strategies to various texts that they will be required to translate. Students will also demonstrate an ability to use conventional punctuation and diction for certain documents, and to choose appropriate discourse in compliance with the original language from which they translate. ELL 467 Special Topics in Poetry (3-0) ECTS 5 This course covers a study of verse forms through the selected Works from selected poets. Students are expected to read and interpret poetry with an emphasis on structure and the period. ELL 469 Special Topics in Drama (3-0) ECTS 5 9
Students will acquire knowledge of major British and European playwrights from the Restoration period to the 20 th century. Students will read and critically assess a selection of plays in terms of their social, cultural and ideological contexts. ELL 471 Second Foreign Language V (3-0) ECTS 5 Students will acquire advanced skills in a chosen language other than English. This course includes translation and interpretation assignments, workshops, role-plays, and laboratory exercises. ELL 473 Modernist Literature (3-0) ECTS 5 The aim of this course is to provide a critical understanding of Modernist Literature through the works of famous modernist writers (Samuel Beckett, James Joyce, Joseph Conrad, T.S. Eliot, William Faulkner, John Steinbeck, E.E. Cummings, Sylvia Plath, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Butler Yeats, Ezra Pound, Ernest Hemingway, Virginia Woolf, D.H. Lawrence, and Gertrude Stein) ELL 462 Post Modern Novel (3-0) ECTS 5 This course offers students an opportunity to become familiar with developments in postmodern fiction. With the novels studied in this course, students will be able to describe, analyze and debate postmodern European novel. A wide variety of critical and theoretical approaches will help students develop their analytical thinking skills. ELL 464 Film Adaptations (3-0) ECTS 5 This course provides students to examine the relation between literary Works and their visual adaptations in detail through analytical perspective. While studying major works students will be able to see differences and similarities involved in an adaptation process. ELL 466 Advanced Translation Studies II (3-0) ECTS 5 This course will familiarize students with theories of translation which they will use for translating different types of texts within a workshop context. Students will develop an understanding of problematic issues involving inter-cultural factors that emerge during the process of translation. In addition, students will develop and expand strategies for translating literary texts from both English to Turkish and Turkish to English. ELL 468 Irish Literature (3-0) ECTS 5 This course will focus on Irish literature, history and politics from early periods to the present. Within the scope of the course students will read major figures of Irish Literature such as Joyce, Yeats and Beckett. ELL 470 Special Topics in American Literature (3-0) ECTS 5 This course includes intensive study of selected authors, literary movements and themes of American Literature. Topics may include Transcendentalism, Naturalism, African-American slave narratives, the Harlem Renaissance, and Metafiction. ELL 472 Second Foreign Language VI (3-0) ECTS 5 Students will attend and participate in activities and workshops to improve their translation and interpretation skills in their chosen languages. The course includes written assignments, workshops, role-plays, and laboratory exercises. 10
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