Finding List by Question by State

Finding List by Question by State 1. Is there a state statute of general application that governs the enforceability of covenants not to compete? AL... 1299 AK... 1381 AZ... 1407 AR... 1481 CA... 1549 CO... 1657 CT... 1711 DE... 1797 DC... 1853 FL... 1897 GA... 2135 HI... 2395 ID... 2429 IL... 2479 IN... 2749 IA... 2905 KS... 2977 KY... 3061 LA... 3107 ME... 3191 MD... 3225 MA... 3293 MI... 3405 MN... 3503 MS... 3579 MO... 3613 MT... 3741 NE... 3779 NV... 3833 NH... 3869 NJ... 3921 NM... 3997 NY... 4025 NC... 4213 ND... 4349 OH... 4379 OK... 4479 OR... 4521 PA... 4569 RI... 4745 SC... 4779 SD... 4831 TN... 4877 TX... 4947 UT... 5099 VT... 5155 VA... 5185 WA... 5285 WV... 5335 WI... 5371 WY... 5433 a. What state statutes govern the enforceability of covenants not to compete as regards specific professions? AL... 1309 AK... 1381 AZ... 1407 AR... 1485 CA... 1563 CO... 1663 CT... 1711 DE... 1797 DC... 1854 FL... 1909 GA... 2144 HI... 2397 ID... 2431 IL... 2479 IN... 2749 IA... 2905 KS... 2977 KY... 3061 LA... 3122 ME... 3191 MD... 3225 MA... 3293 MI... 3409 MN... 3503 MS... 3579 MO... 3615 MT... 3744 NE... 3779 NV... 3836 NH... 3870 NJ... 3922 NM... 3997 NY... 4025 NC... 4214 xxxi ND... 4352 OH... 4379 OK... 4484 OR... 4526 PA... 4569 RI... 4745 SC... 4779 SD... 4834 TN... 4878 TX... 4950 UT... 5101 VT... 5156 VA... 5185 WA... 5286 WV... 5335 WI... 5372 WY... 5433

xxxii Covenants Not to Compete 2. What is an employer s interest and how is that defined? AL... 1309 AK... 1381 AZ... 1408 AR... 1486 CA... 1564 CO... 1663 CT... 1715 DE... 1798 DC... 1857 FL... 1910 GA... 2144 HI... 2399 ID... 2431 IL... 2485 IN... 2749 IA... 2906 KS... 2979 KY... 3061 LA... 3123 ME... 3192 MD... 3225 MA... 3298 MI... 3410 MN... 3506 MS... 3579 MO... 3616 MT... 3744 NE... 3780 NV... 3836 NH... 3870 NJ... 3924 NM... 3999 NY... 4026 NC... 4215 ND... 4353 OH... 4379 OK... 4484 OR... 4527 PA... 4569 RI... 4746 SC... 4779 SD... 4834 TN... 4880 TX... 4951 UT... 5101 VT... 5156 VA... 5185 WA... 5287 WV... 5337 WI... 5372 WY... 5434 3. What must the plaintiff be able to show to prove the existence of an enforceable covenant not to compete? AL... 1314 AK... 1382 AZ... 1412 AR... 1490 CA... 1569 CO... 1666 CT... 1719 DE... 1801 DC... 1858 FL... 1921 GA... 2153 HI... 2400 ID... 2432 IL... 2510 IN... 2766 IA... 2909 KS... 2984 KY... 3062 LA... 3126 ME... 3194 MD... 3231 MA... 3311 MI... 3412 MN... 3508 MS... 3581 MO... 3630 MT... 3745 NE... 3785 NV... 3837 NH... 3874 NJ... 3928 NM... 4000 NY... 4042 NC... 4220 ND... 4353 OH... 4382 OK... 4485 OR... 4530 PA... 4579 RI... 4748 SC... 4781 SD... 4835 TN... 4885 TX... 4951 UT... 5102 VT... 5157 VA... 5188 WA... 5289 WV... 5337 WI... 5374 WY... 5435

Finding List by Question by State xxxiii a. Does the signing of a covenant not to compete at the inception of the employment relationship provide sufficient consideration to support the covenant? AL... 1318 AK... 1384 AZ... 1413 AR... 1493 CA... 1570 CO... 1666 CT... 1723 DE... 1804 DC... 1859 FL... 1926 GA... 2159 HI... 2400 ID... 2435 IL... 2526 IN... 2769 IA... 2912 KS... 2985 KY... 3064 LA... 3128 ME... 3195 MD... 3233 MA... 3313 MI... 3414 MN... 3509 MS... 3583 MO... 3632 MT... 3746 NE... 3788 NV... 3837 NH... 3878 NJ... 3931 NM... 4001 NY... 4045 NC... 4224 ND... 4353 OH... 4386 OK... 4486 OR... 4531 PA... 4587 RI... 4749 SC... 4783 SD... 4836 TN... 4888 TX... 4972 UT... 5105 VT... 5158 VA... 5191 WA... 5290 WV... 5339 WI... 5376 WY... 5437 b. Will a change in the terms and conditions of employment provide sufficient consideration to support a covenant not to compete entered into after the employment relationship has begun? AL... 1319 AK... 1384 AZ... 1413 AR... 1493 CA... 1571 CO... 1667 CT... 1724 DE... 1805 DC... 1859 FL... 1927 GA... 2159 HI... 2401 ID... 2435 IL... 2527 IN... 2769 IA... 2913 KS... 2985 KY... 3064 LA... 3129 ME... 3195 MD... 3233 MA... 3314 MI... 3414 MN... 3510 MS... 3583 MO... 3634 MT... 3747 NE... 3788 NV... 3838 NH... 3878 NJ... 3932 NM... 4001 NY... 4046 NC... 4225 ND... 4353 OH... 4387 OK... 4486 OR... 4532 PA... 4593 RI... 4750 SC... 4784 SD... 4836 TN... 4888 TX... 4977 UT... 5105 VT... 5158 VA... 5191 WA... 5290 WV... 5339 WI... 5376 WY... 5438

xxxiv Covenants Not to Compete c. Will continued employment provide sufficient consideration to support a covenant not to compete entered into after the employment relationship has begun? AL... 1320 AK... 1384 AZ... 1414 AR... 1493 CA... 1571 CO... 1667 CT... 1726 DE... 1805 DC... 1860 FL... 1927 GA... 2159 HI... 2401 ID... 2435 IL... 2528 IN... 2769 IA... 2913 KS... 2985 KY... 3065 LA... 3130 ME... 3195 MD... 3233 MA... 3318 MI... 3415 MN... 3513 MS... 3583 MO... 3635 MT... 3747 NE... 3789 NV... 3838 NH... 3879 NJ... 3932 NM... 4001 NY... 4046 NC... 4229 ND... 4354 OH... 4388 OK... 4486 OR... 4535 PA... 4599 RI... 4750 SC... 4785 SD... 4837 TN... 4889 TX... 4978 UT... 5106 VT... 5158 VA... 5191 WA... 5292 WV... 5339 WI... 5376 WY... 5439 d. What factors will the court consider in determining whether time and geographic restrictions in the covenant are reasonable? AL... 1321 AK... 1384 AZ... 1414 AR... 1494 CA... 1571 CO... 1667 CT... 1728 DE... 1806 DC... 1861 FL... 1928 GA... 2159 HI... 2402 ID... 2436 IL... 2535 IN... 2770 IA... 2914 KS... 2986 KY... 3669 LA... 3132 ME... 3197 MD... 3235 MA... 3322 MI... 3416 MN... 3515 MS... 3584 MO... 3636 MT... 3751 NE... 3790 NV... 3840 NH... 3879 NJ... 3933 NM... 4001 NY... 4048 NC... 4235 ND... 4354 OH... 4394 OK... 4486 OR... 4536 PA... 4601 RI... 4751 SC... 4787 SD... 4838 TN... 4890 TX... 4980 UT... 5106 VT... 5159 VA... 5192 WA... 5294 WV... 5340 WI... 5377 WY... 5441

Finding List by Question by State xxxv e. Who has the burden of proving the reasonableness or unreasonableness of the covenant not to compete? AL... 1322 AK... 1385 AZ... 1419 AR... 1495 CA... 1573 CO... 1668 CT... 1731 DE... 1806 DC... 1861 FL... 1933 GA... 2182 HI... 2402 ID... 2437 IL... 2542 IN... 2774 IA... 2917 KS... 2988 KY... 3071 LA... 3132 ME... 3197 MD... 3239 MA... 3324 MI... 3418 MN... 3517 MS... 3585 MO... 3638 MT... 3752 NE... 3791 NV... 3841 NH... 3882 NJ... 3934 NM... 4002 NY... 4051 NC... 4243 ND... 4354 OH... 4399 OK... 4486 OR... 4537 PA... 4606 RI... 4751 SC... 4789 SD... 4839 TN... 4891 TX... 4982 UT... 5107 VT... 5160 VA... 5195 WA... 5295 WV... 5340 WI... 5378 WY... 5442 f. What type of time or geographic restrictions has the court found to be reasonable? Unreasonable? AL... 1323 AK... 1385 AZ... 1419 AR... 1496 CA... 1573 CO... 1668 CT... 1732 DE... 1807 DC... 1862 FL... 1935 GA... 2184 HI... 2402 ID... 2437 IL... 2543 IN... 2775 IA... 2918 KS... 2989 KY... 3071 LA... 3132 ME... 3198 MD... 3240 MA... 3324 MI... 3419 MN... 3517 MS... 3586 MO... 3639 MT... 3753 NE... 3791 NV... 3841 NH... 3883 NJ... 3934 NM... 4002 NY... 4051 NC... 4243 ND... 4354 OH... 4399 OK... 4486 OR... 4537 PA... 4607 RI... 4751 SC... 4789 SD... 4839 TN... 4891 TX... 4984 UT... 5107 VT... 5161 VA... 5196 WA... 5295 WV... 5341 WI... 5379 WY... 5442

xxxvi Covenants Not to Compete g. Will the court allow a customer restriction to substitute for, or complement, a geographic restriction? AL... 1331 AK... 1385 AZ... 1423 AR... 1504 CA... 1577 CO... 1671 CT... 1741 DE... 1812 DC... 1864 FL... 1945 GA... 2221 HI... 2404 ID... 2439 IL... 2559 IN... 2788 IA... 2924 KS... 2994 KY... 3075 LA... 3141 ME... 3200 MD... 3246 MA... 3331 MI... 3429 MN... 3523 MS... 3587 MO... 3647 MT... 3754 NE... 3796 NV... 3843 NH... 3887 NJ... 3936 NM... 4002 NY... 4061 NC... 4257 ND... 4356 OH... 4409 OK... 4489 OR... 4539 PA... 4621 RI... 4753 SC... 4795 SD... 4842 TN... 4899 TX... 4993 UT... 5111 VT... 5162 VA... 5215 WA... 5298 WV... 5345 WI... 5390 WY... 5444 4. If the restrictions in the covenant no to compete are unenforceable because they are overbroad, are the courts permitted to modify the covenant to make the restrictions more narrow and to make the covenant enforceable? If so, under what circumstances will the courts allow reduction and what form of reduction will the courts permit? AL... 1332 AK... 1387 AZ... 1424 AR... 1508 CA... 1578 CO... 1672 CT... 1746 DE... 1813 DC... 1865 FL... 1947 GA... 2235 HI... 2405 ID... 2440 IL... 2561 IN... 2789 IA... 2925 KS... 2994 KY... 3077 LA... 3142 ME... 3201 MD... 3248 MA... 3331 MI... 3432 MN... 3525 MS... 3588 MO... 3649 MT... 3754 NE... 3797 NV... 3843 NH... 3889 NJ... 3937 NM... 4003 NY... 4062 NC... 4260 ND... 4356 OH... 4410 OK... 4489 OR... 4539 PA... 4622 RI... 4753 SC... 4797 SD... 4842 TN... 4899 TX... 4996 UT... 5112 VT... 5162 VA... 5219 WA... 5299 WV... 5345 WI... 5391 WY... 5444

Finding List by Question by State xxxvii 5. What must the employer prove to obtain a preliminary injunction enforcing the covenant not to compete? AL... 1333 AK... 1388 AZ... 1427 AR... 1509 CA... 1581 CO... 1672 CT... 1748 DE... 1815 DC... 1866 FL... 1952 GA... 2248 HI... 2405 ID... 2441 IL... 2565 IN... 2802 IA... 2926 KS... 2997 KY... 3078 LA... 3148 ME... 3202 MD... 3254 MA... 3335 MI... 3438 MN... 3527 MS... 3588 MO... 3650 MT... 3755 NE... 3799 NV... 3848 NH... 3892 NJ... 3940 NM... 4003 NY... 4067 NC... 4264 ND... 4356 OH... 4414 OK... 4491 OR... 4540 PA... 4630 RI... 4756 SC... 4798 SD... 4845 TN... 4901 TX... 5001 UT... 5112 VT... 5163 VA... 5222 WA... 5302 WV... 5346 WI... 5394 WY... 5447 6. If it is a necessary element of proof, how does the employer establish irreparable harm? AL... 1338 AK... 1388 AZ... 1429 AR... 1511 CA... 1584 CO... 1673 CT... 1753 DE... 1819 DC... 1867 FL... 1969 GA... 2251 HI... 2408 ID... 2442 IL... 2575 IN... 2811 IA... 2937 KS... 2999 KY... 3079 LA... 3150 ME... 3206 MD... 3258 MA... 3343 MI... 3441 MN... 3530 MS... 3588 MO... 3650 MT... 3757 NE... 3800 NV... 3849 NH... 3894 NJ... 3942 NM... 4005 NY... 4077 NC... 4269 ND... 4357 OH... 4418 OK... 4492 OR... 4542 PA... 4638 RI... 4757 SC... 4801 SD... 4846 TN... 4903 TX... 5010 UT... 5118 VT... 5164 VA... 5225 WA... 5303 WV... 5348 WI... 5396 WY... 5450

xxxviii Covenants Not to Compete 7. What is the standard of review on appeal of a trial judge s decision, following a preliminary injunction hearing, enforcing or refusing to enforce a covenant not to compete? AL... 1339 AK... 1388 AZ... 1429 AR... 1512 CA... 1584 CO... 1673 CT... 1757 DE... 1819 DC... 1868 FL... 1974 GA... 2254 HI... 2408 ID... 2443 IL... 2577 IN... 2813 IA... 2940 KS... 3001 KY... 3080 LA... 3152 ME... 3207 MD... 3260 MA... 3346 MI... 3443 MN... 3534 MS... 3589 MO... 3655 MT... 3757 NE... 3800 NV... 3850 NH... 3895 NJ... 3944 NM... 4005 NY... 4086 NC... 4273 ND... 4357 OH... 4421 OK... 4492 OR... 4542 PA... 4646 RI... 4758 SC... 4803 SD... 4846 TN... 4903 TX... 5016 UT... 5120 VT... 5164 VA... 5229 WA... 5303 WV... 5349 WI... 5396 WY... 5450 8. If the employer terminates the employment relationship, is the covenant enforceable? AL... 1340 AK... 1389 AZ... 1431 AR... 1512 CA... 1585 CO... 1674 CT... 1758 DE... 1820 DC... 1869 FL... 1977 GA... 2256 HI... 2408 ID... 2443 IL... 2582 IN... 2819 IA... 2941 KS... 3001 KY... 3081 LA... 3152 ME... 3208 MD... 3261 MA... 3346 MI... 3443 MN... 3535 MS... 3589 MO... 3656 MT... 3758 NE... 3801 NV... 3850 NH... 3896 NJ... 3945 NM... 4006 NY... 4087 NC... 4275 ND... 4357 OH... 4422 OK... 4493 OR... 4542 PA... 4649 RI... 4758 SC... 4803 SD... 4846 TN... 4904 TX... 5020 UT... 5120 VT... 5165 VA... 5229 WA... 5304 WV... 5349 WI... 5397 WY... 5453

Finding List by Question by State xxxix 9. If the court finds the employee has breached the restrictive covenant, will the court measure the period of injunction from the date of termination of employment or from the date of the court order? AL... 1340 AK... 1389 AZ... 1432 AR... 1513 CA... 1585 CO... 1674 CT... 1759 DE... 1821 DC... 1869 FL... 1980 GA... 2260 HI... 2409 ID... 2443 IL... 2584 IN... 2821 IA... 2941 KS... 3002 KY... 3082 LA... 3153 ME... 3208 MD... 3262 MA... 3348 MI... 3344 MN... 3535 MS... 3591 MO... 3663 MT... 3759 NE... 3802 NV... 3851 NH... 3896 NJ... 3947 NM... 4006 NY... 4090 NC... 4276 ND... 4357 OH... 4423 OK... 4493 OR... 4543 PA... 4658 RI... 4758 SC... 4804 SD... 4848 TN... 4904 TX... 5021 UT... 5121 VT... 5165 VA... 5232 WA... 5305 WV... 5350 WI... 5397 WY... 5454 10. What damages may an employer recover and from whom for breach of a covenant not to compete? AL... 1341 AK... 1389 AZ... 1434 AR... 1513 CA... 1586 CO... 1674 CT... 1759 DE... 1822 DC... 1870 FL... 1983 GA... 2261 HI... 2409 ID... 2444 IL... 2584 IN... 2822 IA... 2942 KS... 3003 KY... 3082 LA... 3153 ME... 3208 MD... 3263 MA... 3351 MI... 3446 MN... 3536 MS... 3591 MO... 3666 MT... 3759 NE... 3802 NV... 3851 NH... 3898 NJ... 3948 NM... 4007 NY... 4092 NC... 4278 ND... 4357 OH... 4452 OK... 4493 OR... 4544 PA... 4659 RI... 4759 SC... 4804 SD... 4848 TN... 4906 TX... 5022 UT... 5121 VT... 5166 VA... 5234 WA... 5305 WV... 5350 WI... 5397 WY... 5455

xl Covenants Not to Compete 11. Does a liquidated damage clause for breach of the covenant not to compete preclude injunctive relief to enforce the covenant? AL... 1344 AK... 1390 AZ... 1434 AR... 1516 CA... 1590 CO... 1676 CT... 1762 DE... 1826 DC... 1871 FL... 1987 GA... 2265 HI... 2409 ID... 2447 IL... 2586 IN... 2827 IA... 2943 KS... 3009 KY... 3083 LA... 3156 ME... 3210 MD... 3265 MA... 3352 MI... 3447 MN... 3539 MS... 3593 MO... 3668 MT... 3759 NE... 3804 NV... 3852 NH... 3900 NJ... 3950 NM... 4008 NY... 4097 NC... 4282 ND... 4357 OH... 4426 OK... 4494 OR... 4544 PA... 4668 RI... 4760 SC... 4807 SD... 4849 TN... 4908 TX... 5025 UT... 5124 VT... 5166 VA... 5237 WA... 5307 WV... 5351 WI... 5398 WY... 5456 12. What choice of law rules apply to determine which state s law will govern an action seeking to enforce a covenant not to compete? AL... 1344 AK... 1390 AZ... 1435 AR... 1517 CA... 1590 CO... 1676 CT... 1763 DE... 1827 DC... 1871 FL... 1991 GA... 2267 HI... 2409 ID... 2447 IL... 2587 IN... 2828 IA... 2943 KS... 3009 KY... 3084 LA... 3157 ME... 3210 MD... 3266 MA... 3352 MI... 3447 MN... 3539 MS... 3593 MO... 3669 MT... 3760 NE... 3804 NV... 3852 NH... 3900 NJ... 3951 NM... 4009 NY... 4098 NC... 4282 ND... 4358 OH... 4426 OK... 4495 OR... 4545 PA... 4669 RI... 4761 SC... 4807 SD... 4849 TN... 4908 TX... 5026 UT... 5125 VT... 5167 VA... 5238 WA... 5307 WV... 5351 WI... 5400 WY... 5456

Finding List by Question by State xli a. What rule does the state apply when considering a choice of law provision in a covenant not to compete case? AL... 1344 AK... 1390 AZ... 1435 AR... 1517 CA... 1590 CO... 1676 CT... 1763 DE... 1827 DC... 1872 FL... 1991 GA... 2267 HI... 2409 ID... 2447 IL... 2587 IN... 2828 IA... 2944 KS... 3009 KY... 3084 LA... 3157 ME... 3210 MD... 3266 MA... 3352 MI... 3447 MN... 3539 MS... 3593 MO... 3669 MT... 3760 NE... 3804 NV... 3852 NH... 3900 NJ... 3951 NM... 4009 NY... 4098 NC... 4282 ND... 4358 OH... 4426 OK... 4495 OR... 4545 PA... 4669 RI... 4761 SC... 4807 SD... 4849 TN... 4908 TX... 5026 UT... 5125 VT... 5167 VA... 5238 WA... 5307 WV... 5351 WI... 5400 WY... 5456 b. In the absence of a choice of law provision, what rule does the state apply in a covenant not to compete case? AL... 1347 AK... 1391 AZ... 1435 AR... 1518 CA... 1601 CO... 1678 CT... 1764 DE... 1830 DC... 1872 FL... 1994 GA... 2269 HI... 2410 ID... 2449 IL... 2592 IN... 2831 IA... 2947 KS... 3011 KY... 3086 LA... 3159 ME... 3211 MD... 3268 MA... 3357 MI... 3451 MN... 3543 MS... 3594 MO... 3670 MT... 3760 NE... 3805 NV... 3853 NH... 3900 NJ... 3952 NM... 4009 NY... 4103 NC... 4285 ND... 4359 OH... 4428 OK... 4496 OR... 4547 PA... 4673 RI... 4762 SC... 4808 SD... 4850 TN... 4909 TX... 5031 UT... 5127 VT... 5167 VA... 5240 WA... 5309 WV... 5352 WI... 5403 WY... 5457

xlii Covenants Not to Compete c. Has the state considered forum selection or consent to jurisdiction clauses in a covenant not to compete case? AL... AK... 1391 AZ... 1435 AR... 1518 CA... 1601 CO... 1679 CT... 1766 DE... 1830 DC... 1872 FL... 1994 GA... 2270 HI... 2411 ID... 2450 IL... 2592 IN... 2832 IA... 2948 KS... 3011 KY... 3086 LA... 3160 ME... 3211 MD... 3269 MA... 3358 MI... 3453 MN... 3545 MS... 3594 MO... 3672 MT... 3761 NE... 3805 NV... 3854 NH... 3901 NJ... 3952 NM... 4010 NY... 4104 NC... 4286 ND... 4361 OH... 4430 OK... 4496 OR... 4548 PA... 4675 RI... 4764 SC... 4809 SD... 4851 TN... 4910 TX... 5032 UT... 5128 VT... 5167 VA... 5242 WA... 5309 WV... 5353 WI... 5404 WY... 5457 13. Law review articles and other resources that examine the law of covenants not to compete in this state. AL... 1347 AK... 1391 AZ... 1437 AR... 1519 CA... 1605 CO... 1681 CT... 1768 DE... 1830 DC... 1872 FL... 1995 GA... 2271 HI... 2412 ID... 2451 IL... 2593 IN... 2833 IA... 2948 KS... 3012 KY... 3087 LA... 3161 ME... 3212 MD... 3269 MA... 3359 MI... 3455 MN... 3546 MS... 3594 MO... 3674 MT... 3762 NE... 3808 NV... 3854 NH... 3902 NJ... 3954 NM... 4010 NY... 4105 NC... 4287 ND... 4361 OH... 4432 OK... 4497 OR... 4548 PA... 4678 RI... 4765 SC... 4809 SD... 4851 TN... 4911 TX... 5035 UT... 5131 VT... 5168 VA... 5242 WA... 5310 WV... 5354 WI... 5405 WY... 5458

Finding List by Question by State xliii 14. Illustrative Cases AL... 1349 AK... 1392 AZ... 1440 AR... 1521 CA... 1613 CO... 1683 CT... 1769 DE... 1832 DC... 1874 FL... 2001 GA... 2278 HI... 2413 ID... 2454 IL... 2599 IN... 2835 IA... 2949 KS... 3013 KY... 3088 LA... 3163 ME... 3212 MD... 3271 MA... 3364 MI... 3457 MN... 3548 MS... 3595 MO... 3677 MT... 3763 NE... 3809 NV... 3855 NH... 3903 NJ... 3956 NM... 4011 NY... 4109 NC... 4291 ND... 4361 OH... 4434 OK... 4498 OR... 4549 PA... 4683 RI... 4766 SC... 4811 SD... 4852 TN... 4914 TX... 5047 UT... 5132 VT... 5169 VA... 5245 WA... 5311 WV... 5354 WI... 5407 WY... 5458