University of Thi Qar College of Education for Humanities RHETORICAL DEVICES IN ENGLISH AND ARABIC JOURNALISM : A CONTRASTIVE STUDY A Thesis submitted to the Council of the College of Education for Humanities-University of Thi Qar in Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics by Dhurgham Mageed Abdzaid Supervised by Professor Raad Shakir Al-Nawas(Ph.D.) 2016 A.D 1437 A.H
جامعة ذي قار كلية التربية للعلوم اإلنسانية االدوات البالغية في الصحافة االنجليسية والعربية : دراسة مقارنة رسالت هقدهت الى هجلس كليت التربيت للعلىم االنسانيت / جاهعت ذي قار وه جزء هن هتطلباث نيل شهادة الواجستير/ اداب ف علن اللغت من قبل ضرغام مجيد عبدزيد بأشراف األستاذ الدكتور رعد شاكر النواش 2417 ه 1026 م
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Raad Shakir Al-Nawas for his sincere help, invaluable comments, and insightful remarks throughout the course of my research Many thanks are due to my instructors at the MA program in the Department of English / University of Thi-Qar namely Prof. Mohammed Jasim Betti (Ph.D.), Prof. Zainab Kadhim Igaab and Dr. Raheem Khalaf Al-Zubaidy. Many thanks are also due to the library staff at the Department of English/ College of Education for Humanities; University of Thi-Qar for providing me with the required references. Finally, my endless gratitude is to my family for their support, help, and patience throughout the course of my research. I am really grateful to my brothers and sisters for the help and support they offered me during the whole MA study. ABSTRACT Rhetoric is a tool that helps to enhance composition : its aim is to express, persuade, inform a personal thought or entertain the reader. Some of these rhetorical devices are Metaphor, Repetition and Simile. This study is concerned with reviewing and investigating three rhetorical devices ( metaphor, repetition and simile ) within a suitable theoritical background about these three rhetorical devices then applying
this theoretical background to English and Arabic journalism. This study is also concerned with detecting, analyzing and discussing metaphor, repetition and simile in English and Arabic journalistic texts then it compares the results of analysis and discussion. It tries to testify the hypotheses postulated in the study to arrive at some similarities and differences between English and Arabic Journalistic texts. The study consists of six chapters and a bibliography. Chapter One introduces the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedure,significance, limits of the of the study. Chapter Two involves explanation of rhetoric in general and types of metaphor, repetition and simile in English. Chapter Three shows the types of Metaphor, Repetition and Simile in Arabic.Chapter Four introduces a discussing and analyzing of English journalism in terms of types of Metaphor, Repetition and Simile. Chapter Five introduces an analysis of Arabic journalism in terms of types of metaphor, repetition and simile. Chapter Six states the findings of the study together with the recommendations and suggestions for further studies. This study aims highlitghting the functions of these rhetroical devices regarding journalism in English and Arabic, it also aims at finding out the similarities and differences between English and Arabic regarding the data in hand. Through this research, it is hypothesized that rhetorical study is used more in English journalistic texts compared to Arabic journalistic ones. Another hypothesis of this study is that English journalists use Metaphor, Repetition and Simile more than Arab journalists.this study hypothesizes
that there are differences and similarities in terms of types of Metaphor, Repetition and Simile between the two languages. This study concludes that rhetorical devices are phenomena which are common in both English and Arabic, also it concludes that metaphor is used more frequently by English journalists rather than by Arabic journalsits. Another conclusion of this study is that metaphor, repetition and simile are used by the journalsits, but they are different because of language relatively. Subject TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem of the study 1.2 Aims of the Study 1.3 Hypotheses 1.4 Procedures 1.5 Significance of the study 1.6 Limits of the study CHAPTER TWO : RHETORICAL DEVICES IN ENGLISH 2.1 Introduction to Rhetoric 2.2 Metaphor 2.2.1 Defining Metaphor 2.2.2 Metaphor & Conception 2.2.3 Types of Metaphor Page No. VI VII IX XI XII 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 8 10 12 17
2.2.4 Functions of Metaphors 2.3 Repetition 2.3.1 Definitions Of Repetition 2.3.2 Types Of Repetitions 2.3.3 Functions of Repetition 2.4 Simile 2.4.1 Elements Of Simile, Markers and Structure 2.4.2 Types of Simile 2.4.3 Functions of Simile CHAPTER THREE : RHETORICAL DEVICES IN ARABIC AND MODEL OF THE STUDY 3.1 Metaphor 3.1.1 Types Of Metaphor 3.1.2 Functions of Metaphor 3.2 Repetition 3.2.1 Types of Repetition 3.2.2 Functions of Repetition 3.3 Simile 3.3.1 Definitions Of Simile 3.3.2 Parts or simile 3.3.3 Types of Simile 3.3.4 Functions of Simile 3.4 Model Of The Study CHAPTER FOUR : ANALYSING METAPHOR, REPETITION AND SIMILE IN ENGLISH JOURNALISM 4.1 Analysing Metaphor 4.2 Analyzing Repetition 4.3 Analyzing Simile CHAPTER FIVE : ANALYSING METAPHOR, REPETITION AND SIMILE IN ARABIC JOURNALISM 5.1 Analysing Metaphor 5.2 Analysing Repetition 5.3 Analysing Simile CHAPTER SIX : COMPARISONS, CONCLUSIONS, 21 23 24 25 28 33 34 36 37 39 39 40 42 44 45 49 52 53 53 55 56 59 63 63 72 79 83 83 92 101 104
RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 6.1 Comparisons 6.2 Conclusions 6.3 Recommendations 6.4 Suggestions for Further Research BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES APPENDIX A : English Journalistic Texts APPENDIX B : Arabic Journalistic Texts ABSTRACT IN ARABIC 104 107 110 111 112 123 123 138 150 LIST OF TABLES Table Table 1 : Number of Metaphor in English Journalistic texts Table 2 : Number of Repetition in English Journalistic texts Table 3 : Number of Metaphor in Arabic Journalistic texts Page No. 72 79 92 Table 4 : Number Repetition in Arabic journalistic texts 101 Table 5 : A Comparison of rhetorical devices in English and Arabic journalistic Discourse 109
LIST OF FIGURES Figure Diagrame 1 : RHETORICAL DEVICES IN ENGLISH Diagrame 2 : RHETORICAL DEVICES IN ARABIC Page No. 61 62