Lao Basic Course Volume 2 School of Language Studies

Lao Basic Course Volume 2 School of Language Studies East Asian & Pacific Languages Lao Section September 2014

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Table of Contents CYCLE 43 He s impolite, isn t he? Yes, he is. Nobody wants to see his face.... 199 CYCLE 44 ໃຜ, ໃຜ, ກ, ບ ໆ as negative inclusive indefinite nouns This house is bigger than that one, isn t it? No, it, isn t. It s smaller.... 201 Comparative of stative verbs CYCLE 45 Which of these three women is the prettiest? They are equally pretty.... 205 CYCLE 46 Stative verb with ກວໆາໝ ໆ as superlative degree (or limited number) How many dollar do you have left? (I have) two dollars left.... 209 CYCLE 47 ເຫ as a verb indicating a remainder of something Are we out of coffee? No, we still have some.... 212 CYCLE 48 ໝ contrasted with ເຫ Do you still have questions? Yes, I (still) do.... 217 CYCLE 49 ຊ ງ ຢໆ for continuing situations Are you still out of work? No, I got a job a long time ago.... 220 ແໆ ນແລວ used to indicate a situation that began in the past and continues into the present CYCLE 50 Your book has already been stolen, isn't that right?... 223 That s right, it has (already been stolen). ຍ ກ in passive constructions with certain verbs

CYCLE 51 What color are his shoes? They re black.... 229 CYCLE 52 Names of colors How well do you sing? Not very well.... 234 CYCLE 53 ໂພ too ບ ໆ ປານໃ not very, ປານໃ? How? Does he read fast? Pretty fast.... 239 CYCLE 54 ສ ມຄວນ pretty as a modifier Don t eat too much.... 242 ຢໆາ in negative request forms CYCLE 55 Where have you been (to)? I ve been to the doctor s.... 247 CYCLE 56 ໄປ ມາ used to indicate recent completion of some activity Where did this plane come from? It came from Bangkok..... 249 CYCLE 57 ມາແໆ used to show point of origin Why are you washing your hands? I m washing my hand to eat.... 252 CYCLE 58 Word order of verb phrases of purpose From where to where? From when to when?... 258 CYCLE 59 ແໆ...ຫາ and ຈາກ/ແໆ...ເຍ ງ/ຫາ/ອ in extent of space or period of time constructions What s the matter with you? I have (a headache).... 266 ເປ ນຫຊ ງ what s the matter with? and words referring to illness CYCLE 60 Why didn t you come to school? Because I was sick.... 271 ເປ ນຫຊ ງ...ຈ ໆງ and ເພາະວໆາ in asking and giving reasons for some activity

CYCLE 61 How do you feel about him? I pity him.... 276 Verbs of emotion CYCLE 62 Do you think he will come? Yes, I think he ll come.... 280 Verbs of thinking and saying with ວໆາ CYCLE 63 Is it dangerous? Yes, it s very dangerous.... 285 Stative verbs with ຫລາຊ CYCLE 64 Do you believe he ll pass the exam? Yes, I do.... 292 ນບ? in questions CYCLE 65 You will read, and then what will you do? I ll read, then I ll go eat.... 299 ແລວ as a sentence connective CYCLE 66 Did you write the letter yet? No, not yet. (or) Yes, I ve already written.... 303 ແລວ and ຊ ງ as aspect particles CYCLE 67 Have you finished recording? Yes, I have. (or) No, not yet.... 310 Verb phrase with ແລວ CYCLE 68 Who are you going to fix the car for? I ll fix it for him.... 317 ໃຫ as a benefactive verb CYCLE 69 What do you want me to do? I want you to stay with him.... 322 ຢາກ and ຢາກໃຫ CYCLE 70 What were you going to have him do for you?... 328 I was going to have him type letters for me. ໃຫ as benefactive and causative verb

CYCLE 71 What s the table made of? Wood.... 332 ເອ ວຊ with materials CYCLE 72 What did he write with? With a pen.... 338 ວຊ with instrumental CYCLE 73 What will you use for making a fire? Charcoal.... 343 Instrumental use of ໃ CYCLE 74 What s a clock for? To tell time.... 348 ມ ໄວສ າລ ບ to indicate use or purpose of CYCLE 75 Where s he stationed now? Right now he s in Pakse.... 352 Time expressions CYCLE 76 He will be transferred very soon, is that true? That s right.... 358 Time expressions with direct reference to present time CYCLE 77 How much longer will you be here? Two more weeks.... 363 ກ and ຊ ງ ກ with time expressions CYCLE 78 What kind of food do you normally like to eat? Spicy food.... 370 Modals: ມ ກ CYCLE 79 Must he choose a guide? Yes, he must.... 374 Modals: ງ, ຄວນ, າ, ຄ, ຄ ງ CYCLE 80 Have you ever been to Laos? Yes, I have. (or) No, I never have been.... 382 ເຄ ຊ to indicate having experienced something

CYCLE 81 Is there anybody that is going to help him? Yes, I am.... 386 Indefinite pronoun ໃຜ after ມ CYCLE 82 What do we call liquid that we get from an orange? Orange juice.... 391 CYCLE 83 What do we call a person who is always drunk? A drunkard.... 394 CYCLE 84 What do we call a person who fixes cars? An auto mechanic... 398 CYCLE 85 What do we call a person who pilots a plane? A pilot.... 403

Cycle 43 M-1 To be his friend À ï À² º ì¾ To be involved (concerned) ¹ û ú¼ To live (in it) µúø To take this road ê¼ ê¾ À š To use this room à û¹ûº š No one wants to be his ຍ ໃ à µ¾ À ñ À² º ì¾. friend. No one wants to be ຍ ໃ à µ¾ ¹ û ú¼. concerned. No one wants to live ຍ ໃ à µ¾ µúø. (in it). No one wants to use this ຍ ໃ à µ¾ à û¹ûº š. room. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 199

M-2 Impolite Ò ²¾ Stingy person ô š«not so important Ò ð¾ ñ ¾ à Small ûº Dangerous ñ ¾ He is very impolite. ì¾ Ò ²¾ ¹ì¾. He is a very stingy person. ì¾ À ï ô š«¹ì¾. This matter is not so important. À윺 š Ò î¾ ï ¾ Ã. This house is very small. À»óº ¹ìï š ûº ¹ì¾. This road is very dangerous. ê¾ À š ï ¾ ¹ì¾. C-1 A. He is impolite, isn't he? A.? B. Yes, he is very impolite. B. No one wants to see his face. C-2 A. Why doesn't anybody want to A. see his face?? B. No one wants to see his face B. because he is so impolite. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 200

Cycle 44 M-1 Prettier than ¾ ú¾ More spacious than û¾ ú¾ Less space than ÀÀ ú¾ Cheaper than «õ ú¾ More expensive than ÀÀ² ú¾ Higher than ø ú¾ This house is prettier À»óº ¹ìï š ¾ ú¾¹ìï. than that one. This house is more À»óº ¹ìï š û¾ ú¾¹ìï. spacious than that one. This house has less À»óº ¹ìï šàà ú¾¹ìï. space than that one. This house is less cheaper À»óº ¹ìï š«ó ú¾¹ìï. than that one. This house is more À»óº ¹ìï šàಠú¾¹ìï. expensive than that one. This house is higher than À»óº ¹ìï š ö ú¾¹ìï. that one. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 201

M-2 Run fast ÀÀìú Ä Price ì¾ ¾ As big as ù úêò As new as ù úàê ¾ This car runs as fast as ìô ï š ÀÀìú Ä Àê ¾ ï ï ï. that one. This car has same price ìô ï š ì¾ ¾Àê ¾ ï ï ï. as that one. This car is as big as ìô ï š ù úêò ñ ï ï. that one. This car is ìô ï š ù úàê ¾ ï ï ï. as new as that one. C-1 A. This house is bigger than that one A. isn't it?? B. No, this house is as (big) as that one. B. C-2 A. This car runs as fast as that one, A. doesn't it?? B. No, this one runs faster than that one. B. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 202

NOTES 1) Two things may be equal or unequal as far as some quality (goodness, etc.) is concerned consequently, there are in language, constructions that may be labeled 'Comparison of Equality' and 'Comparison of Inequality'. (a) The Comparison of Inequality construction in Lao is. NP 1 + Vs + + NP 2 (This house pretty more that one) 'This house is prettier than that one.' (b) The Comparison of Equality construction is: NP 1 + Vs + + NP 2 (This car old equal to that one.) 'This car is as old as that one'. When the stative verb refers to 'size', may replace in construction like the one above: 'This car is as big as that one.' The stative verb may be replaced by V + adverb in either of the constructions above: 'This car runs faster than that one.' 'This car runs as fast as that one.' 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 203

APPLICATION 1. Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a)? (Is she taller than you?) (b) (Your house is as pretty as his.) (c) (He walks faster than you do.) (d) (This story is more interesting than that one.) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (He's as intelligent a person as you are.) (He drives faster than your friend.) (Nobody is as evil (bad as he is.) (This book is as cheap as that one.) (This mango is as big as that one.) (This watch is more expensive than that one.) (50,000,000 kip. That's very expensive.) (He is selling it cheaper today than yesterday.) (It's much more delicious than that.) Answers: 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 204

Cycle 45 M-1 Performer ñ ½Á The prettiest ¾ ú¾¹ øú The loveliest ¹ û¾»ñ ú¾¹ øú The ugliest š»û¾ ú¾¹ öú The best-mannered»¼»ûº ú¾¹ øú The most bashful šº¾ ú¾¹ öú Which of these three à ¾ ô š À í¾ ò ú¾ ñ ½Á ໄà performers do you think is ¾ ú¾¹ úø? the prettiest?? Which of these three à ¾ ô š À í¾ ò ú¾ ñ ½Á ໄà performers do you think is ¹ û¾»ñ ú¾¹ øú? loveliest?? Which of these three à ¾ ô š À í¾ ò ú¾ ñ ½Á ໄເຈ performers do you think is š»û¾ ú¾¹ úø? the ugliest?? Which of these three à ¾ ô š À í¾ ò ú¾ ñ ½Á ໄà performers do you think is»¼»ûº ú¾¹ úø? the best mannered?? Which of these three à ¾ ô š À í¾ ò ú¾ ñ ½Á ໄà performers do you think is šº¾ ú¾¹ úö? the most bashful?? 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 205

M-2 Equally pretty ¾ Àê ¾ ï Equally skilful À Àê ¾ ï Equally nice ñàê ¾ ï To be educated Ä û»ñ ¾ ô ¾ The same age ñº¾ õàê ¾ ï Have a lot of work ó ¼ ¹ì¾ Have salary óà ò À õº These three performers are equally pretty. ï ½Á ¾ ô š ¾ Àê ¾ ï. These three performers are equally skilful. ï ½Á ¾ ô š À Àê ¾ ï. These three performers are equally nice. ï ½Á ¾ ô š ñàê ¾ ï. These three performers are equally educated. ï ½Á ¾ ô š Ä û»ñ ¾ ô ¾ Àê ¾ ï. These three performers are the same age. ï ½Á ¾ ô š ñº¾ õàê ¾ ï. These three performers have equal large amount of work. ï ½Á ¾ ô š ñ ¼ ¹ì¾ Àê ¾ ï. These three performers have ñ ½Á ¾ ö š ñà ð À óº Àê ¾ ï. equal salaries. C-1 C-2 A. Of these three performers who do A. you think is the prettiest?? B. I think these three performers are B. equally pretty. A. Of these three performers there's one A. who is the prettiest, don't you think?,? B. No, I think they are equally pretty. B. NOTES 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 206

1) The construction for Comparison of Inequality when more than two objects are being compared is: NP (Number of Objects) + NP (Subjects) + Vs + (of these 3 persons which performers pretty more group) 'Which of these three performers is the prettiest?' 'group' always occurs in this construction. The classifier is used before because it is the classifier for Observe the following construction with a different classifier: 'Which of these three bananas is the most delicious?' 2. The construction of Comparison of Equality when three or more objects are being compared is: NP (Subject) + Vs + 'These three women are equally tall.' 'equal, equally' may also occur after NP: (These three women have age equal) 'These three women are the same age.' 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 207

APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences: (a) (Which of the four children is the most loveable?) (b) (Which of these three women do you think is the most bashful?) (c) (These six books are equally priced..) (d) (These five boys have equal amounts of money.) (e) (These two carpenters work equally skillfully.) (f) (Which of these three soldiers drives the fastest? (g) (Which of these three students is the most studious?) (h) (Which is the biggest of these three chickens?) (i) (Those three bottles have equal amounts of water in them.) (j) (Of those three artisans, which can change a tire the fastest?) Answers: 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 208

Cycle 46 M-1 Book, (classifier), ¹ö Money, kip À ò, ó Rice, bag À í¾, «ö Fish, (classifier) ¾, ª Bullet, (classifier) ìø õ, ìø Hand grenade, (classifier) ì½à ó õ, ìø Beer, bottle À¹ìí¾À ງ, ÀÀ û Sign, slogan, û¾, ð¾ ñ Sheet (classifier) ÀÀ ú, ໃ Now I have two books ¼ š ûº ñ À¹ìõº µúø ບຄນທ. left. Now I have two million ¼ š ûº ñ À¹ìõºÀ ò µúø º ìé¾ ó. kips left. Now I have two bags of ¼ š ûº ñ À¹ìõºÀ í¾ດúø º «ö. rice left. Now I have two fish left. ¼ š ûº ñ À¹ìõº ¾µúø º ª. Now I have two bottles ¼ š ûº ñ À¹ìõºÀ¹ìí¾À ງµúø º ÀÀ û. of beer left. Now I have two slogan ¼ š ûº ï À¹ìóº û¾ ð¾ ñ ດ ໃ signs left. º ÀÀ ú. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 209

M-2 Money, dollar À ò, Â ì¾ Sack, (classifier) «ö, (¹ ú ) Banana, (classifier) ¹ ¾ É, (¹ ú ) Article, story ö ¾, À윺 Member, person ½ ¾ ò, ö People, family ö, º ö Towel (classifier) û¾à ñ ¹ û¾, ( õ ) Brush, brush teeth, «øàà û, (classifier) ºñ How many dollars do you À í¾ ñ À¹ìõºÀ ò µ úø ñ  ì¾? have left?? How many sacks do À í¾ ñ À¹ìõº«ö µúø ñ ¹ ú? you have left?? How many bananas do you À í¾ ñ À¹ìõº¹ ¾ û µúø ñ ¹ ú? have left?? How many articles (a c À í¾ ñ À¹ìõº ö ¾ µøú ï À윺? written) do you have? left? How many members do À í¾ ñ À¹ìõº ½ ¾ ò µúø ñ ö? you have left?? How many towels do you À í¾ ñ À¹ìõº û¾à ñ ¹ û¾µúø ñ õ? have left?? How many tooth brushes À í¾ ñ À¹ìõºÀÀ «øàà û µøú ñ ºñ? do you have left?? 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 210

C-1 C-2 A. Now they have two sacks of rice A. left, isn't that right?? B. Yes, that's right, now they have B. two sacks (of rice) left. A. How many bananas do you have A. left?? B. I have five bananas left. B. C-3 A. Of what objects of cloth do A.? you have two left? B. I have two towels left. B.? NO APPLICATION 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 211

Cycle 47 M-1 Rice À í¾ Pepper ¹ ¾ À ñ Fish sauce ໄາ ¾ Salt À õº Sugar Õª¾ Black pepper ²ò ແê Bread À í¾ Meat š Our rice is all gone. À í¾à»ö¾¹ ö ÀÀìû. Our (green, red) pepper ¹ ¾ À ñ À»ö¾¹ ö ÀÀìû. is all gone. Our fish sauce is all gone. Õ ¾À»ö¾¹ ö ÀÀìû. Our salt is all gone. À õºà»ö¾¹ ö ÀÀìû. Our sugar is all gone.. Õª¾ À»ö¾¹ ö ÀÀìû. Our black pepper is all gone.. ²ò ÄêÀ»ö¾¹ ö ÀÀìû. Our bread is all gone.. À í¾ À»ô¾¹ ô ÀÀìû. Our meat is all gone. š À»ô¾¹ ô ÀÀìû. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 212

M-2 Rice À í¾ Butter ໄາ ñ À ó Lard ນ າ ñ ¹ ø Salad dressing ນ າ ñ ½¹ìñ Onion ñ - Garlic ñ ê¼ Cucumbers ¹ ¾ ÀÀª Beans ¹ ¾ «Our rice is almost gone. À í¾à»ö¾ã û ¹ ö ÀÀìû. Our butter is almost ນ າ ñ À óà»ö¾ã û ¹ ö ÀÀìû. gone. Our lard is almost gone. ນ າ ñ ¹ øà»ö¾ã û ¹ ö ÀÀìû. Our salad dressing is ນ າ ñ ½¹ìñ À»ö¾Ã û ¹ ö ÀÀìû. almost gone. Our onions are almost ï À»ô¾ເກໄ ¹ ö ÀÀìû. gone. Our garlic is almost ñ ê¼ À»ö¾Ã û ¹ ö ÀÀìû. gone. Our cucumbers are ¹ ¾ ÀÀª À»ö¾Ã û ¹ ö ÀÀìû. almost gone Our beans are almost ¹ ¾ «À»ô¾Ã û ¹ ö ÀÀìû. gone. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 213

M-3 Fish sauce ນ າ ¾ Salt À õº Black pepper ²ò ແ Onions ï Bread À í¾ Beef š ô Fruit ¹ ¾ Ä û We still have fish sauce. ນ າ ¾À»ö¾ ñ µøè. We still have salt. À õºà»ö¾ ñ ດ ໃ. We still have black pepper. ²ò ÄêÀ»ö¾ ñ ດ ໃ. We still have onions. ï À»ô¾ ï ດ ໃ. We still have bread. À í¾ À»ô¾ ï ດ ໃ. We still have beef. š ô À»ô¾ ï µöè. We still have fruit. ¹ ¾ Ä ûà»ö¾ ñ µøè. C-1 C-2 C-3 A. Are we out of pepper? A.? B. Yes, we are out of it. B. A. Are we nearly out of salad A. dressing?? B. Yes, we are almost out of it. B. A. Are we out of pepper? A.? B. No, we still have some. B. «¾ ¹¾ º ªú¾ Å ê ﻼ Áªúì½ ô ñë À! À ö¾ ñ ດøÈ ¹ìõ à û¹ ö Áìû? ñ Ò¹ ö. ñ À¹ìõºµøÈ ð¹ìõ ¹ ö Áìû. ເກໄ ¹ ö Áìû ð ¹ìõ ú¾ ñ ¹ì¾ µøè? 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 214

NOTES 1) means 'to be used up'. It is used to indicate that the supply of something is exhausted: ' The fish sauce is all gone.' When precedes it indicates that the supply is nearly used up. The manner in which something was consumed can be indicated by putting a verb before : 'eaten up', etc. 2) is used to indicate that something remains from an amount that was originally set-aside for some special purpose. Observe the use of in sentences: (to me still remains book 2) 'I have two books left.' (of the ones I brought back from Germany.) The classifier phrase indicating the amount is not immediately next to its NP but follows 3) is used to indicate that a certain situation still continues to exist. It may be used without but with some difference in meaning. Compare: 'We still have bananas.' (There's no need to buy any more). 'We still have bananas (left over from making a banana cake).' 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 215

APPLICATION 1. Fill in the blanks: (a) (b) (c)? (How many members do you have left?) (Our butter is almost gone.) (Our garlic is all gone.) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (We still have salt.)? (Are we out of pepper?) (We still have beef.), (We're out of it.) (I have two fish left.) (i) (They ate up the food.) (j) (k) (l) (Now I have two kips left.)! (Time's up!)? (How many bananas do you have left?) Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 216

Cycle 48 M-1 Money À ò Idea, thought ¾ ò Will power, encouragement ð¾ìñ à Worry, concern ¾ À ñ ¹ú Punishment, penalty Âê Time À ì¾ Contract, agreement ñ ¾ Hope ¹ ñ They are already broke. ະÀ í¾¹ ö À ò ÀÀìû. They are already out of ະÀ í¾¹ ö ¾ ò ÀÀìû. idea. They are already ະÀ í¾¹ ö ð¾ìñ à ÀÀìû. discouraged.. They are already free of ະÀ í¾¹ ö ¾ À ñ ¹ú ÀÀìû. concern.. Their time is up already. À ì¾ ະÀ í¾¹ ö ÀÀìû. Their contract is ¾ ະÀ í¾¹ ö ÀÀìû. already over. They have no more hope. ະÀ í¾¹ ö ¹ ñ ÀÀìû. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 217

M-2 Patience ¾ ºö êö Question 𾫾 Problem ñ ¹¾ Relations, one another ¾ ð¾²ñ, ñ Dislike ¼ ñ Love one another»ñ ÀÀ² ñ They still have patience. À ö¾à í¾ ñ ó ¾ ºö êö µøè. They still have questions. À ö¾à í¾ ñ ó 𾫾 ດ ໃ.. They still have problems. À ö¾à í¾ ñ óບñ ¹¾µøÈ.. They still have relations À ö¾à í¾ ñ ó ¾ ð¾²ñ ñ µøè. with one another. They still dislike one À ö¾à í¾ ñ ¼ ñ ñ µøè. another. They still love one À ö¾à í¾ ñ»ñ ÀÀ² ñ ດ ໃ. another. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 218

C-1 C-2 C-3 A. Are you broke? A.? B. Yes, I'm broke. B. A. Are they still of a mind (to...)? A.? B. Yes, they are. B. A. Are you already free of concern? A.? B. No, I am still {concerned B. {worried NO APPLICATION 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 219

Cycle 49 M-1 Live, dwell º¾ແ ດ ໃ House À»õº To be in the military À ñ ê½¹¾ To be out of work ¹ທໃ¾ ¾ To be tied up with work ¾ ¼ To be indebted (to) À ï ¹ š Go out ºº Ä Carry out a mission or duty ½ªò ñ ¾ To be locked up «õ ñ To lose one's way ¹ìö ê¾ Is she still living in your ì¾ ñ º¾ແ µøúà»õº À í¾ µøú ð? house?? Is he still in the service? ì¾ ñ À ñ ê½¹¾ µøú ð?? Is he still out of work? ì¾ ñ ¹ທໃາ ¾ µøú ð?? Is he still tied up with ì¾ ñ ¾ ¼ µøú ð? his work?? Is he still indebted to ì¾ ï À ï ¹ šà í¾ µøú ð? you?? Is he still going out on ì¾ ñ ºº Ä ½ªò ñ ¾ µøú ð? the mission?? Is he still locked up? ì¾ ñ «õ ñ µøú ð?? Is he still lost? ì¾ ñ ¹ìö ê¾ µøú ð?? 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 220

M-2 Leave the military service ºº ê½¹¾ To have work to do ó ¼ À»ñ To be free of work ¹ລ ¾ ¼ Pay off one's debt à û¹ š¹ ô To be released, to be let go «õ úº Go away, escape from ¹ ó ¾ Stop À ö¾, ດ ຈ He left the service a long ì¾ ºº ê½¹¾ ÀÀªú ö ÀÀìû. time ago. He got a job a long time ì¾ ó ¼ À»ñ ÀÀªú ö ÀÀìû. ago. He has had spare time ì¾ ¹ລ ¾ ¼ ÀÀªú ö ÀÀìû. for a long time. He paid off his debts ì¾ Ã û¹ š¹ ô ÀÀªú ö ÀÀìû. a long time ago. He was released a long ì¾ «õ úº ÀÀªú ö ÀÀìû. time ago. He left me a long time ì¾ ¹ ó ¾ ûº ÀÀªú ö ÀÀìû. ago. He stopped going out on the ì¾ À ö¾ºº Ä ½ªò ñ ¾mission a long time ago ÀÀªú ö ÀÀìû. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 221

C-1 C-2 C-3 A. Is he still living in you house? A.? B. Yes, he is still living in my B. house. A. Has he already left the service? A.? B. Yes, he left the service a long B. time ago. A. Is he still tied up with the work? A.? B. No, he was free (of work) B. a long time ago NO APPLICATION 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 222

Cycle 50 M-1 Run; good, well ÀÀìú, ó Have; condition, state ó, ½²¾ Detain; to be detained ñ, «õ ñ Break down À² Rubber, tire µ¾, ຖຈ Fix, repair ÀÀ Buy, buyer œ, ໄ œ Still?? µúø ð? Is his car still running ìö ì¾ ñ ÀÀìú ó µúø ð? well?? Is his car still in good ìö ì¾ ñ ó ½²¾ ó µøú ð? condition?? Is his car still broken ìö ì¾ ñ À² µúø ð? down?? Is his car still without ìö ì¾ ñ ຍ ໃ ຖ ຈ ດ ໃ ð? tires?? Is his car still being ìö ì¾ ñ ÀÀ µøú ð? fixed?? Is he still unable to find ìö ì¾ ñ Ò ó ໄ œ µúø ð? a buyer for his car?? 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 223

M-2 Die ª¾ Old; much, many, very À ¾; ¹ì¾ Repair, fix; complete ÀÀ ; ÀÀìû Run, able to run ÀÀìú, ÀÀìú Ä û Sell ¾ Steal, they ìñ, À ö¾ Fire, catch fire ij, ແĹ û Gain back, get back Ä û õ His car is already broken down. ìö ì¾ ຽÀÀìû. His car is already very old. ìô ì¾ À ¾¹ì¾ ÀÀìû. His car has already been fixed. ìö ì¾ ÀÀ ÀÀìû Å. His car is already. ìö ì¾ ÀÀìú Ä ûààìû. running. His car has already been ìö ì¾ ¾ ÀÀìû. sold. His car has already been ìö ì¾ «õ À ö¾ìñ ÀÀìû. stolen. His car was already ìö ì¾ «õ ijĹ ûààìû. burned up. He's already gotten his ì¾ Ä ûຖຈຖາທ õ ÀÀìû. car back. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 224

C-1 A. Is your car still running well? A.? B. Yes, my car is still running well. B.. C-2 C-3 A. His car has already been stolen, A. isn't that right?? B. That's right, his car has B. already been stolen. A. Is his car still running well? A.? B. No, his car is broken down. B. " ñ ÒÄ " " ñ óà ò " " ñ À¹ìõºË" " ò  ñ ¹û¾ ¾êó", ìº ²¾ ñ»¼ ະນ ¾ ¾ à û ú¾ " ñ " ºº Ã¹É û¾ À! ²ûº ñ š ðໃຄ šá ùÉÀ ö¾à í¾à í¾ã Áªúì½ ½²¾ ¾. NOTES (for Cycles 48, 49, 50) 1) When is used with abstract Nouns like 'will, spirit', it refers to an absence or lack of something. 'to be discouraged', 'to have no hope', 'to be no longer under punishment'. 2) is a nominalizer, i. e. when it is placed before VP, the VP is changed into NP; + VP = NP 'to be concerned' 'worry, concern' The nouns formed in this manner are all Abstract Nouns. 3) means 'to still have one's mind on (doing something) or 'not to have given up the idea of (doing something)'. 'He hasn't given up the idea of being a farmer yet.' 4) after VP indicates 'mutuality' or 'reciprocity' in an action; it functions somewhat like a reflexive pronoun (myself, himself, etc.) in English: 'They still dislike each other.' 5) When occurs before certain VP, it functions somewhat like be in the passive in English: 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 225

'He is still locked up.' 'His car has already been stolen usually occurs before verbs, such as 'to lock up', 'fire burn up', to praise, etc. Most verbs such as etc. may occur with either 'active' or 'passive' meaning, thus 'to sell' or 'to be sold', etc. 6) (lit. 'since a long time already') 'a long time ago' is used to indicate that situation has been in effect for some time. 'He left the military service a long time ago'. 7) means 'to do any kind of work.' means 'to have work to do, to have a job.' means 'to be free of work'. It has nothing to do with employment. means 'to be tied up in, or very much involved in your job or work. ' means 'to be out of a job, unemployed'. 8) means 'debt'. Person means 'to be indebted to a person'. means 'to pay off debts'. APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) (b) (He's out of patience.) (The contract has already expired.) (c) (Two questions still remain.) (d)? (Are you concerned, worried?) Answers: 1(a) (b) (c) (d) 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 226

(e) (China still has relations with Burma.) (f)? (Haven t you given up the idea of being a teacher yet?) (g) (They still dislike each other.) (h)? (Do you have work to do?) (i) (Cars are sold cheap there) (j) (I still have ten minutes left.) (k) (His shirt has already burned.) (l) (How long was he locked up?) (m) (Your friend was released a long time ago.) (n)? (How many kip do you still owe him?) (o) (He's still living at my house.) (p) (I don't owe you a single kip.) (q) (I paid off my debts a long time ago.) (r) His car already been fixed.) (s)? (Do you still know how to take pictures?) Answers: 1(e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) (s) 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 227

(t)? (Has his house been built yet?) (u) (The door is still open.) (v) (They still love each other.) (w)? (Where did he get lost?) (x) (He has been released already because he has already paid his debt to society.) (y) (I didn't say anything because I was already out of ideas.) Answers: 1(t) (u) (v) (w) (x) (y) 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 228

Cycle 51 M-1 Red ó ÀÀ White ó ¾ Yellow ó À¹ìõº Sky ó ³û¾ Black ó ð¾ Green ó ¼ Color ó My shirt is red.. À œº ûº óàà. My shirt is white.. À œº ûº ó ¾. My shirt is yellow.. À œº ûº óà¹ìõº. My shirt is blue.. À œº ûº ó³û¾. My shirt is black.. À œº ûº ó ð¾. My shirt is green.. À œº ûº ó ¼. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 229

M-2 Sugar ó Õª¾ Grey óàêö¾ Light green ó ¼ ºúº Dark yellow óà¹ìõº ÀÀ ú Blackish red ó ð¾àà What color is your shirt, À œºà í¾ ó¹ ñ, ó Õª¾ ຍ ໃ ÀÀ ú ð? it's brown, isn't it?,? What color is your shirt, À œºà í¾ ó¹ ñ, óàêö¾ ຍ ໃ ÀÀ ú ð? it's grey, isn't it?,? What color is your shirt, À œºà í¾ ó¹ ñ, ó ¼ ºúº ຍ ໃ ÀÀ ú ð? it's light green, isn't it?? What color is your shirt, À œºà í¾ ó¹ ñ, óà¹ìõº ÀÀ ú ຍ ໃ ÀÀ ú ð? it's dark yellow, isn't it?? What color is your shirt, À œºà í¾ ó¹ ñ, ó ð¾àà ຍ ໃ ÀÀ ú ð? it's blackish red, isn't it?? 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 230

M-3 Pants  û, ໄຄ Neck tie ¾ຣ½ ñ Shoes À ó Lao skirt Socks «ö Àêí¾, ຊ ຄ Brief- case ½À ö¾ What color are his pants??  û ì¾ ó¹ ñ? What color is his necktie?? ¾ຣ½ ñ ì¾ ó¹ ñ? What color are his shoes?? À ó ì¾ ó¹ ñ? What color is her Lao skirt?? ì¾ ó¹ ñ? What color are his socks?? «ö Àêí¾ì¾ ó¹ ñ? What color is his briefcase?? ½À ö¾ì¾ ó¹ ñ? C-1 C-2 A. What color is you tie? A.? B. My tie is red. B. A. What color are your shoes? A. They are brown, aren't they?? B. Yes, my shoes are brown. B. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 231

NOTES 1) 'color' normally precedes the word for colors, i. e., '(color) red', '(color) green', etc. 2) Sentences with in the predicate are normally verb less. S NP NP N Pron N V s S 'My shirt is (color) red' 3) Verbs of color usually occur as modifiers of and are questioned with 'What (kind)? Q:? 'What color's your shirt?' A: '(It's) green.' 4) Color verbs may be modified by the addition of 'dark (in shade)' and 'light (in shade)', thus means 'light green' and 'dark red.' Mixtures are sometimes indicated by using two color verbs such as 'reddish black', or 'yellowish white'. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 232

APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) (What color is this boat?) (b) (That shirt is red.) (c) (That large orange is green, isn't it?)? (d)? (Does he have a blue glass?) (e) (That chicken's brown.) (f) (Her raincoat is light green.) (g) (Your shoes are black.) (h)? (What color is her Lao skirt?) (i) (My briefcase is dark brown.) (j) (Your tie is yellow.) Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 233

Cycle 52 M-1 Walk; fast, quick ; ú¾ ; Ä Slow, work û¾, À»ñ ¼ Gentle; speak, say ; úº ; À í¾ Loud, speak ñ, À í¾ Long time, stay, there ö, µøú, ¹ Difficult, like ¾, ñ Much, many; eat ; ¹ì¾ ; ò He walks too fast. ì¾ ú¾ Ä Â². He works too slow.. ì¾ À»ñ ¼ û¾â². He speaks too softly.. ì¾ À í¾ úº ². He speaks too loud. ì¾ ຽທໄ¾ ñ ². He stayed there too long.. ì¾ µøú¹ ö ². He likes to make things ì¾ ñ ¾ ². harder than they are. He eats too much. ì¾ ò ¹ì¾ ². 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 234

M-2 Walk fast ú¾ Ä Pretty, beautiful; dance ¾ ; ³ûº Learn, study; good»¼ ; À Sings songs; melodious»ûº À² ; ú Able to speak a language Ä û²¾ ¾ Lift, weight ö, ໄາ¹ ñ How fast does she walk?? ì¾ ú¾ Ä ¾ Ã? How well does she dance?? ì¾ ³ûº ¾ ¾ Ã? How is he doing in his studies?? ì¾»¼ À ¾ Ã? How well does she sing? ì¾»ûº À² ú ¾ Ã?? How well can he speak Lao? ì¾ Ä û²¾ ¾ì¾ ó ¾ Ã?? How much weight can ì¾ ö ນ າ¹ ñ Ä û¹ì¾ ¾ Ã? he lift?? 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 235

M-3 Walk, fast ú¾, Ä High, ascend, it ø, ຂ ໄ, ñ Strong, powerful; car ; ÀÀ» ; ìö Write; pretty, beautiful ; ¼ ; ¾ Learn, fast»¼, Ä He doesn't walk that fast. ì¾ ú¾ ÒÄ ¾ Ã. It doesn't go up that high. ñ Ò ø ¾ Ã. His car doesn't have much ìö ì¾ ÀÀìú Ò ÀÀ» ¾ Ã. power. His handwriting is not ì¾ ¼ Ò ¾ ¾ Ã. that pretty. He doesn't learn that fast. ì¾»¼ ÒÄ ¾ Ã. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 236

M-4 Drive, fast ñ ìö, Ä Exercise ºº ð¾ìñ Physical, often (»ú¾ ) ¾, À윺 Give, much Àºö¾Ã¹û, ¹ì¾ Take; all, completely Àºö¾Ä ; ¹ ö Eat, all entirely ò, ¹ ö He didn't drive that fast. ì¾ Ò ñ ìö Ä ¾ Ã. He doesn't do much ì¾ Òºº ìñ ¾ À윺 Å physical exercise. ¾ Ã. He didn't give that much. ì¾ ÒÀºö¾Ã¹û¹ì¾ ¾ Ã. He didn't take all the books. ì¾ ÒÀºö¾ Ä ¹ ö. He's not going to eat all of it. ì¾ Ò ò ¹ ö. C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 A. You speak too fast. Speak slowly, A. please. B. I'm sorry. I'll speak slowly. B. A. How well does she dance? A.? B. She doesn't dance very well. B. A. Is he going to drive fast? A.? B. No. He's not going to drive fast. B. A. Is his handwriting pretty? A.? B. His handwriting is not very pretty. B. ö ñ À À ½ ö º Áªúì½²¾ º ô»¼ š Áìû êö ê ¾ À í¾ã º ñ»¼ À! ö ະນ ¾ ¾ ±ô ¹ñ à ²¾ C ºº ºó Áìû Áªú À뜺 ½ º! ìº º½êò ¾»ø ²¾ ªú¾ Å À! 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 237

NOTES 1) 'to be in excess' normally occurs after stative verbs 'He walks too fast. The negative form of is... paan-daj 'Not very'. The position of in the sentence is important: Compare paan-daj 'He doesn't walk very fast' or 'He isn't walking very fast' (because he doesn't want to) with 'He doesn't walk very fast' (because he is unable to walk faster). 2) The form paan-daj is used after the stative verb in questions to find out the manner in which an activity is being carried out: 'How well does she sing?' APPLICATION 1) Write out reasonable answer to the following questions: (a)? (b) (c)?? Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (d) (e) (He closed the door too quickly.) (He's not driving very fast (because he doesn't want to). (f) (She doesn't sing very melodiously (because she has a very poor voice.) (g) (h) (You read very fast.) (He speaks Lao too slowly.) Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 238

Cycle 53 M-1 Read fast ºú¾ Ä Speak clearly À í¾á û Explain thoroughly º½êò ¾ 콺¼ Be a good student»¼ ó Be a good learner»¼ À Does he read fast?? ì¾ ºú¾ Ä ð? Did he speak clearly?? ì¾ À í¾á û ð? Did he explain it thoroughly?? ì¾ º½êò ¾ 콺¼ ð? Is he a good student?? ì¾»¼ ó ð? Is he a good learner?? ì¾»¼ À î? 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 239

M-2 Smart À, ະນ າຈ Clear ÀÀ û Serious»û¾ ÀÀ» To be drunk À ö¾ Enjoyable ú Pretty skilful. À ô. Pretty clear. ÀÀ û ö. Pretty serious..»û¾ ÀÀ» ö. Pretty drunk. À ö¾ ö. Pretty enjoyable. ú ö. C-1 C-2 C-3 A. Does he read fast? A.? B. Pretty fast. B. A. How fast does he read? A.? B. Pretty fast. B. A. Is he a pretty good student? A.? B. Pretty good (skilful). B. NOTES 1) 'suitably, property' is used after stative verbs to indicate a degree which is neither too much in one direction nor the other. 'He reads fairly fast.' 2) When 'to be difficult' occurs after an action verb, it indicates that the action is taken with difficulty: 'It is difficult to explain.' 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 240

APPLICATION 1) Answer the following questions with an indication that the action referred to is done fairly well: (a)? (b)? (c)? (d)? Fill in the blanks using the English as a guide. (e) (He told the story in detail.) (f). (He drank several bottles of beer. He's pretty drunk.) (g) (He drives pretty fast.) (h) (Going to the movies is pretty good fun.) (i)? (Is it difficult to close that window over there?) (j) (His explanations are not very thorough.) (k) (It's not very difficult to contact that person.) (l) (Changing a tire is fairly difficult.) (m) (She types fairly well.) (n) (He is rather seriously ill.) Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 241

Cycle 54 M-1 Eat ò Drive fast ñ ìö Ä Be noisy ³ö Be lazy š û¾ Complain, grumble Don't eat too much!! µú¾ ò ¹ì¾! Don't drive too fast!! µú¾ ñ ìö Ä ¹ì¾! Don't be too noisy!! µú¾³ö ¹ì¾! Don't be too lazy!! µú¾ š û¾ ¹ì¾! Don't complain too much!! µú¾ ¹ì¾! 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 242

M-2 Touch ÀÀª½ªûº Block the way ªñ ê¾ Make noise À»ñ ¼ ñ Disturb ìö Step on, grass µ¼, ¹ û¾ Smoke ø µ¾ Please don't touch!! ½ë ¾µú¾ÀÀª½ªûº! Please don't block the way!! ½ë ¾µú¾ªñ ê¾! Please don't make noise!! ½ë ¾µú¾À»ñ ¼ ñ! Please don't disturb (anyone)!! ½ë ¾µú¾ìö! Please don't step on the grass!! ½ë ¾µú¾µ¼ ¹ û¾! Please don't smoke!! ½ë ¾µú¾ ø µ¾! 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 243

M-3 Enter À í¾ Smoke ø µ¾ Open À ó Pass, race ú Trespass ìú ìõ Dump trash «šà¹ œº Pick flowers À ñ º Ä û Do not enter. ¹û¾ À í¾ Do not smoke. ¹û¾ ø µ¾. Do not open. ¹û¾ À ó. Do not pass. ¹û¾ ú. Do not trespass. ¹û¾ ìú ìõ. No dumping. ¹û¾ «šà¹ œº. Do not pick flowers. ¹û¾ À ñ º Ä û. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 244

C-1 C-2 C-3 A. I don't want him to eat too much. A. would you please tell him for me. B. Don't eat too much. B. A. What did they tell us? A.? B. They told us, please don't touch. B. A. What does that sign say? A.? B. No, smoking. B. ìñ ¾ ±ô ¹ñ À² Àªñ à ô»¼ š ð óáªú ú¾ ùñ ñ»¼ º ñ ÒùûÀ»ñ à ¹ìõ ùûÀ ö¾à í¾ ½ªò ñ ª¾ º º ¾ ëø. ¾ ±ô ¹ñ ùûÀ ñ Ä û ¾ Ä າ½ ¾. NOTES 1) The request form in Lao is the Verb phase without NP (subject): 'Go eat!' The request may be softened by putting (Lit. 'kindness') 'please' before NP, 'Please speak slower' or by putting after VP: 'Walk faster, please.' 2) The negative request form is: 'don't' + VP: 'Don't eat too much.' This request form may also be softened by putting before it: 'Please don't block the way.' 3) In written Lao 'It is forbidden to' is normally used. One sometimes sees signs like this: 'No Smoking'. is rarely used in spoken Lao in this construction. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 245

APPLICATION Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) (Please don't smoke.) (b) (A sign) (No Trespassing.) (c) (Don't be too lazy.) (d) (Read loudly, please.) (e) (Walk fast.) (f) (Don't answer that question.) (g) (Sign) (No picture taking here.) (h) (Don't cook too much.) (i) (Don t dump it out there.) (j (Please put it over there.) (k) (Sign): (Don't enter.) (l) (Don't eat too much hot spicy food.) Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 246

Cycle 55 M-1 Where Ã? What ¹ ñ? Where have you been (to)?? À í¾ä à ¾? (You just come back) what did you do?? À í¾ä ¹ ñ ¾? M-2 Pagoda, temple ñ To eat (meal) ò À í¾ See the doctor Ä ¹¾¹ ð To get a shot ñ µ¾ Warehouse ¾ À ñ À ô I've been to the temple. ûº Ä ñ ¾. I've been to eat. ûº Ä ò À í¾ ¾. I've been to see the doctor. ûº Ä ¹¾¹ ð ¾. I've come back from ûº Ä ñ µ¾ ¾. getting a shot. I've been to the warehouse. ûº Ä ¾ À ñ À º ¾. C-1 C-2 A. Where have you been? A.? B. I've been to school. B.. A. (You just come back) What did you do? A.? B. I've been to eat. B.. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 247

NOTES 1) The construction... is used to indicate that someone is returning from having been to some place or having done something: 'I've just been to the temple'. 'I've been out to eat.' The type of question may reflect the difference referred to above:?? 'Where have you been?' 'What have you been doing?' (Lit. What do you come from doing?) APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences: (a) (I've been to eat.) (b)? (What have you been doing?) (c) (I've been to get a shot.) 2) Answer the following questions according to the actual situation: (d) (e) (f) (g)???? 3) Translate the following sentences into English: (h) (i) (j) Answers: 1(a) 1(b) 1 (c) 2 Your answers depend on what you have been doing. 3 (h) He just came back from unlocking that door (i) My friend has just come back from fighting in Vietnam (j) He has been standing in line for half an hour. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 248

Cycle 56 M-1 You (pl.) ² À í¾ Book (classifier), ¹ö Car (classifier) ìö, ñ Airplane (classifier) À»õº ò, ìð¾ Gun (classifier) õ, ½ º Paper, sheet (classifier) À Éງ, ÀÀ ú Boat (classifier) À»õº, ìð¾ Where did you all come from?? ² À í¾ ¾ÀÀªúÃ? Where did this book come from?? ¹ô š ¾ÀÀªúÃ? Where did this car come from?? ìô ï š ¾ÀÀªúÃ? Where did this airplane come from?? À»óº ð ìî¾ š ¾ÀÀªúÃ? Where did this gun come from?? ó ½ º š ¾ÀÀªúÃ? Where did this paper come from?? Àຈ ງ ú š ¾ÀÀªúÃ? Where did this boat come from?? À»óºìî¾ š ¾ÀÀªúÃ? 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 249

M-2 Market ະນ ¾ Bring Àºö¾ ¾ School »»¼ Paksan ¾ ñ Luang Prabang ¹ì ²ë½ ¾ Bring... Àºö¾... ¾ Office building » ¾ Policeman ªð¾ນ We came from the market. ² ûº ¾ÀÀªúªະນ າຈ. He brought this book ì¾ Àºö¾ ¹ô š ¾ÀÀªú from school. »»¼. This car came from Paksan. ìô ï š ¾ÀÀªú ¾ ï. This boat came from À»óºìî¾ š ¾ÀÀªú¹ì Luang Prabang. ²ë½ ¾. I brought this piece of ûº Àºö¾ຽໄງ ú š ¾ paper from the office. ÀÀªú» ¾. The policeman brought ªð¾ນ Àºö¾ õ ½ º this gun. š ¾. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 250

C-1 C-2 C-3 A. Where are you coming from? A.? B. I come from my house. B. A. Where did this airplane come from? A.? B. It came from Bangkok. B. A. Where did this book come from? A.? B. I brought it from school. B. ໃຄ ö ½«¾ ½ ¾ - Áìû ùû ñ»¼ -À ñ -ªö ½Á  ¾ ö ê½ ¾ ¹ìõ «¾ Àºö¾ ì¾ ì½º¼ ªú¾ Å ¾ ñ -Áì½ - ñ, -À ñ ªí ú¾: ö º ö µõ ìö ñ µøè-à ö, ò ຖຈ ¾, ¹ìõË ª¾ ½«¾ ê º źó. úº ½Ã¹û ñ»¼ ±ô ¹ñ ðຈ ö ùûÁ úã ú¾ êè¾ -Ä É²¾À ö -¾-À í¾±ô ¹ñ ö»¼ ö Ä É ó ö Áìû À ງ úº ; Ò º¾ ½-À ñ - ¾ À ງÀ ì¾à ¾Å. NOTES + Location is used refer to the point of origin of something (i. e. the starting point of a trip, the place where something was made, etc.). It is similar in usage to. Neither nor refer to the birthplace of a person. Q:? 'Where did the plane come from?' A: 'It came from Bangkok.' APPLICATION 1. How would you find out where certain thing originated, such as Japanese cars, German beer, etc.? 2. How would you find out where a certain vehicle had just come from, such as an airplane, bus, etc.? Answers: to both 1. and 2. are: (NP)? 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 251

Cycle 57 M-1 Take Àºö¾...Ä / ¾ Chicken Ä ú Sell ¾ Buy and take œä Read ºú¾ Shave ÀÀ«Head ¹ö Enter the priesthood Get dressed ÀÀªú ª Festival Hire û¾ Look at, look after À Offspring ìø Request»ûº ð Help; assist úº Remove, take off ö ºº Wash ìû¾ Hand õ 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 252

He is taking the chickens to sell. ì¾ທòàºö¾ä úä ¾. He is buying the book to read. ì¾ທ œ Ä ºú¾. He is having his head shaved ì¾ «¹ö. to enter the priesthood. He is dressing up to go ì¾ ÀÀªú ªÄ. to the festival. He is hiring someone to ì¾ û¾ ö ¾À ìö. come and look after his children. He is requesting them ì¾ທò»ûº ðã¹û to come and help. À ö¾à í¾ ¾ úº. He is removing his shoes ì¾ ö À ó ºº Ä û. and putting them away. He is washing his hand ì¾ ìû¾ õ ò À í¾. in order to eat. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 253

M-2 Buy œ Paint ໄາ ó Bring Àºö¾... ¾ Shave one's head ÀÀ«¹ö Build a fire ñ ij Go up Ä Come down ìö ¾ Park a car º ìö Follow ð¾ä What is he buying the ì¾ œ ໄາ ó ¾À»ñ ¹ ñ? paint for?? What is he having his ì¾ ÀÀ«¹ö À»ñ ¹ ñ? head shaved for?? What is he starting a? ì¾ທ ñ ijÀ»ñ ¹ ñ? fire for? What is he going up ì¾ Ä À»ï ¹ ï? there for?? What is he coming down? ì¾ ìö ¾À»ñ ¹ ñ? here for? What is he parking? ì¾ º ìö À»ñ ¹ ñ? the car for? What is he following ì¾ ð¾à ö¾à í¾ ¾À»ñ ¹ ñ? them here for?? 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 254

C-1 A. Why is he getting dressed? A.? (get dressed to go the festival) B. He is getting dressed to go to the festival. B. C-2 A. What are you going to do? (Hire someone) A.? B. I'm going to hire someone. B. A. What are you going hire someone for? A.? (to look after the children) B. I'm hiring someone to come to look B. after my children. C-3 A. What are you doing? (Washing my hands) A.? B. I'm washing my hand. B. A. Are you washing your hands in A. order to read?? B. No, I'm washing my hands in order to eat. B. à - ô š, êè¾ - ö À¹ñ Áìû ú¾ À»ö¾Ã û òëò ¾¹ì¾ ªò ªÒ ñ, À ñ ªí ú¾: "Ä ìû¾ õ ¾ ò À í¾". ໃຄ«¾ ﻼ û «¾ ê À ô¾-à í¾ ½ªûº ªº û ະÂນ ê à û òëò ¾¹ì¾ ªò ñ-à -. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 255

NOTES 1) In English Verb Phrases of Purpose may be joined to other VP by to, as in: NP + VP + to - VP (Purpose) He brought chicken to sell. Compare this with Lao: NP + VP + VP (Purpose) He brought chicken (to) sell.' 2) means 'to enter the Buddhist priesthood'. All young Lao men of the Buddhist religion are supposed to spend some period of time during their lives living as monks in a monastery. One's head is shaved and all worldly possessions are given away before entry. 3) A is a temple fair. Each temple has at least one a year as an occasion for reading certain Buddhist scriptures and also as a means of raising money to take care of temple needs. Many kinds of amusements (dances, songs, games, etc.) and many kinds of food are available. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 256

APPLICATION Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (He will borrow my book to read.) (There's no water in his house. He'll take his car out to wash it.) (He'll take pictures to send to his friend.) (He'll take off his new shoes to put them away.) (He'll bring you to translate the book for him.) (He'll come down to check our work.) (g) (He'll stop his bus to pick up passengers.) (h) (He would like to be a monk priest. He'll shave his head in order to enter the priesthood.) (i) (j) (He told me to build a fire to cook with.) (He'll go up to sleep on the second floor.) Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 257

Cycle 58 M-1 Nine Five-thirty Monday À í¾ ¹û¾Â À ñ ñ Friday ñ Morning À í¾ Night time ໃາ õ Today œ š Tomorrow œº City À õº Vientiane ¼ ñ Luang Prabang ¹ì ²ë½ ¾ House À»õº From nine to five-thirty. ÀÀªú-À í¾â ¹¾¹É¾Â À. From Monday through Friday. ÀÀªú ñ ñ ¹¾ ñ. From morning to dark. ÀÀªú-À í¾¹¾ Ô. From today to tomorrow. ÀÀªú œ š¹¾ œº. From the city of Vientiane ÀÀªúÀ õº ¼ ñ ¹¾ to Luang Prabang. À õº ¹ì ²½ ¾. From my house to yours. ÀÀªúÀ»õº ûº ¹¾À»õº À í¾. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 258

M-2 Where (question) à Day œ Which (question) à Time À ì¾ When (question) À ì¾ã Clock, watch, o'clock  From ¾ Reach, get to À«ò From where to where?? ÀÀªúà ¹¾Ã? From what day to what day?? ÀÀªú œã ¹¾ œã? From when to when? ÀÀªúÀ ì¾ã ¹¾À ì¾ã?? From what time to what? ÀÀªú ñ  ¹¾ ñ Â? time? From where to where?? ¾ à À«ò Ã? 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 259

M-3 Drive ñ Car ìö Ride Airplane À»õº ò Inter-city bus ìö  ¾ Make a trip À ó ê¾ He is going to drive from Vientiane to Luang Prabang He is going to fly from Vientiane to Luang Prabang ຖາທ ຂ ຍຖຈ ໃ-າກ ທ ຄ ແນ ທຄະຍາຄ ຖາທຂ ໃຽປ ບຍ ໃ-າກ- ທ ຄ ແນ ທຄະຍາຄ He is going to take a city bus from Vientiane to Luang Prabang He is going to take a trip from Vientiane to Luang Prabang ຖາທ ຂ ໃຖຈຈງາ ໃ-າກ ທ ຄ ແນ ທຄະຍາຄ ຖາທ ຽຈ າຄ ໃ-າກ ທ ຄ ແນ ທຄະຍາຄ 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 260

M-4 Reach, get to»º Build û¾ Mend, repair, restore ûº ÀÀ Pile up, head up ²ø They will build the road from this village to that one ຽ ໃ ະໄາຄຊະໜ າກ-ໃ ຍໄາ ໄແ ຽຊ ຄ ນາ-ປບຈ ຍໄາ ໄ They will repair the road from this village to that one ຽ ໃ ະໄບຊະໜ າກ-ໃ ຍໄາ ໄແ ຽຊ ຄ ນາ-ປບຈ ຍໄາ ໄ They are going to raise the level of the road from this village to that one ຽ ໃ ະ ຊະໜ າກ-ໃ ຍໄາ ໄແ ຽຊ ຄ ນາ-ປບຈ ຍໄາ ໄ 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 261

M-5 Drive a car ñ ìö Age? º¾ Live with µøú ð¾ Wait for «û¾ Go home, return À õº û¾ Try, attempt ²ະ ¾ ¾ Last, final êû¾ I will drive until I get to Luang Prabang. He lived with his parents until he reached the age of 21. I ll wait for him until it s time to go home. I ll keep trying until the last day ຂໄບງ ñ ìö ແ ປບຈ-ຽຊ ຄ ນ ທຄະຍາຄ ຖາທດ ໃາ ໃ ໃຖາທ ປບຈ-ຽຊ ຄ ບາງ ຖາທແຈໄາທຽບ ຈ ຂໄບງ ຊໄາຖາທ ປບຈ-ຽຊ ຄ ຽທຖາÀ õº û¾ ຂໄບງ ະງາງາແ ປບຈ-ຽຊ ຄ ໄ êû¾ 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 262

C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 A. He drove from where to where? A.? B. He drove from his house to his B. office. A. You will be here from what day A. to what day?? B. I will be here from Monday to A. Sunday. A. You are going to drive from A. Vientiane to where?? B. I'm going to drive from Vientiane B. to Luang Phrabang. A. Then what will you do? A.? B. I'm going to fly from B. Luang Phrabang to Muangsing. A. Until what time are you going to A. wait for him?? B. I'll wait for him until twelve B. o'clock. ¹ìñ ¾ ¾ ±ô ¹ñ ö ìú¼ óáìû ìº «¾ ñ»¼ À! À ö¾à í¾ ½»¼ ²¾ ¾ì¾ Ä»º À õº Ã? ¹ìõ ú¾ À ö¾à í¾ ½»¼ ²¾ ¾ì¾ ÁªúÀ õº Ã Ä ¹¾À õº Ã? Áì½ œ À ö¾à í¾»¼ Áªú ñ  ¹¾ ñ Â? ຈ ງ ½ ò ຽຖ ໄບຄ ½ º ª ºó À! «û¾¹¾ êè¾ Áªú ຽຖ ໄບຄ ê À ï ¹ û¾ ö à ñ ð ½ úº ñ»¼ Ä É¹ì¾ ê õ. ຽຖ ໄບຄ ê Áªú ð ²ະ ¾ ¾ ùû ñ À¹ ¾½ ö ñ ¼ ¾ ºñ Áêû ò º ñ»¼, À ñ ªí ú¾: ìñ ² ê À ï ï ¾ êö, êè¾ ðð Áªú ຽຖ ໄບຄ ê ú¼ ï ¼ û¾ ¾ À õº ; «û¾¹¾ À ö¾à í¾à ñ ²ñຈ êະ ¾ º ðຈ Áªú ຽຖ ໄບຄ ú¼ ñ ¾ ø ±ñ Áì½ ìé¼ ñ, Áì½ É¾ ¾ ɾ ¾ªÈ¾ Å, š À ï ªí. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 263

NOTES In Lao there are several ways to refer to an extent of space or period of time that is bounded in both ends. 1) is used if static space or duration of time is referred to: From Vientiane to Luang-phabang from 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. 2) If emphasis is on motion between two points in space,. is used. { 'He will drive from Vientiane to Luang Prabang.' Frequently the means of transportation is indicated in constructions of this type ( etc.). 3) If emphasis is on reaching a certain limit or goal. 'to reach', 'to or towards', or 'to arrive at' may be used: { 'They will build a road from this village to that village' The reference is usually to a known goal or limit. 4) { is used to indicate that some activity will proceed only until a certain limit is reached. It may not be known when that limit will be reached. 'I will wait for her until it's time to go home. (but no longer)' { 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 264

APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences using the English as a guide: (a) (They study from 9.00 a.m.to 4.00 p.m) (b)? (In America most people work from what day to what day?) (c) (d) (e) (It takes one hour to fly from Vientiane to Luang Phrabang.)? (You studied Lao from what lesson to what lesson?)? (Are you going to drive a car or go by boat from Vientiane to Pakse?) (f)? (The Chinese are going to build a road from their city to what city?) (g) (h) (i) (j) p (It is 60 kilometers from Vientiane to Phonhong.) (Some Americans live with their parents up to age 21.) (They will sit here playing until it's time to go home.(and no longer).' (They won't stay in this town as long as 2 weeks.) Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 265

Cycle 59 M-1 Stomach ache À ñ êûº A headache / ຽ ຍນທ / ¹ö To have fever À ñ Ä û To have a cold À ñ ¹ ñ To have diarrhea «º êûº To have a cough À ñ ĺ To be dizzy ò ¹ö He has stomach ache. ì¾ À ñ êûº. He has a headache. ì¾ ¹ö. He has a fever. ì¾ À ñ Ä û. He has a cold. ì¾ À ñ ¹ ñ. He has diarrhea. ì¾ «º êûº. He has a cough. ì¾ À ñ ĺ. He is dizzy. ì¾ ò ¹ö. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 266

M-2 What's wrong?? À ñ ¹ ñ? Sick Ò ½ ¾ Getting better Ä Condition º¾ ¾ Very sick Ò ½ ¾ ¹ì¾ Recover ¹¾, À ö¾ What's wrong with him?? ì¾ À ñ ¹ ñ? Is he sick?? ì¾ Ò ½ ¾ ð? Is he getting better? ì¾ Ä ÀÀ úààìû ð?? How is his condition? º¾ ¾ º ì¾ À ñ ÀÀ Ã?? Is he very sick?? ì¾ Ò ½ ¾ ¹ì¾ ð? Has he recovered?? ì¾ ¹¾ ÀÀìû ð? Has he recovered?? ì¾ À ö¾ààìû ð? 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 267

M-3 Not very serious. Ò»û¾ Á» ¾ Ã! Very serious!»û¾ Á» ¹ì¾! A little better! ó Á úáìû! Much better! ó ¹ì¾ Áìû! Worse than before!  ìö ú¾-à ¾ Still the same! ²ð ¾ -À ¾ C-1 C-2 A. What's wrong with you? A.? B. I have a stomach ache. B. A. Is he sick? A.? B. Yes, he is sick, he has a cough. B. Ã¹É ñ»¼ ö Àºö¾À ú¾ ì¾ Ä µû¼ µ¾ À² º ö ê ìï º»ï ¾-ດ ໃ» ¹ ð. Ã¹É ñ»¼ ºó ö ö ú¾ -À ñ ö À ñ Áìû «¾ - ªº ú¼ ñ º¾ ¾ - º -ì¾. NOTES 1) means 'to hurt'. It is used to refer to the feeling one has right after an injury; hence it is usually temporary. means 'to ache'. It normally refers to a more lasting sensation than. would refer to a bump on the head, where as, would refer to the 'headache' that might come from the bump. In some cases the above distinction doesn't exist and is one kind of painful sensation and is another. 2) + name of disease may also be used to indicate what particular ailment one has, such as 'He has a cold.' means 'to catch cold.' 3) 'to be dizzy' may be followed by 'head'. means 'to be dizzy (in the head)'. means 'to pour out (as with liquids, etc.)' When occurs with it means 'dysentery, diarrhea'. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 268

4) Either of the following may be used interchangeably to inquire about the health of a person:? 'What's wrong with him?'? 'Is he sick?'? 'How is his condition?' To inquire whether a person's sickness is subsiding:? 'Is he getting better?'? 'Has she recovered?' 5) 'up, go up' and 'down, go down' are both used after stative verbs to indicate a situation that is in process of change indicates an 'upward' change ( 'getting better); whereas, indicates a 'downward' change ( 'becoming worse, worsening'.) ( lit. 'Than old') 'than before' may occurs after or. (lit. equal in extent to old) 'still the same' is used to refer to conditions that have not undergone change. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 269

APPLICATION 1) Complete the following sentences according to the English; (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (He has a stomach ache.) (I'm very sick.) (The situation hasn't changed.) (What's the matter with you?) (Does he have a cough?) (He has flu.)? (Has he recovered yet? Not yet.) (My head hurts worse than before.) (i ) (He doesn't have a stomach ache.) (j) (k) (He couldn't come to work because he had a bad stomach ache.) (When we aren t well, we should go to the doctor's) (l), (The doctor said he was very sick. He may have to go to the hospital.) (m). (We shouldn't go stay with people who have colds because we might catch cold.) (n). (Yesterday he had a headache but he didn't rest. Today his condition has become much more serious.) Answers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f (g) ( ) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 270

Cycle 60 M-1 Come to work ¾ ¾ Question, ask «¾ Answer ªº Take a rest ²ñ úº Eat ò Get to go Ä ûä Why doesn't he come À ñ ¹ ñ ì¾ ¾ ¾?Ò to work?? Why did he ask? À ñ ¹ ñ ì¾ ແຈໄ«¾?? Why doesn't he À ñ ¹ ñ ì¾ Òªº? answer?? Why doesn't he take a À ñ ¹ ñ ì¾ Òແຈໄ²ñ úº? rest?? Why did he eat (it)? À ñ ¹ ñ ì¾ ແຈໄ ò? Why didn't he get to go? À ñ ¹ ñ ì¾ Ò Ä ûä?? 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 271

M-2 Sick Ò ½ ¾ Understand À í¾ã Know»ûø Have time óà ì¾ To be hungry ¹ò Come late ¾ û¾ Because he is sick. À²¾½ ú¾ì¾ Ò ½ ¾. Because he doesn't understand. À²¾½ ú¾ì¾ ÒÀ í¾ã. Because he didn't know. À²¾½ ú¾ì¾ Òແຈໄ»ûø. Because he doesn't have time. À²¾½ ú¾ì¾ Ò óà ì¾. Because he is hungry. À²¾½ ú¾ì¾ ¹ó. Because he comes late. À²¾½ ú¾ì¾ ¾ û¾. 09/23/2014 7:28 AM 272