Renaissance II - 14/1 (Impact and further development of renaissance)
14/1/2018 (Sun) Notes - Humanities - Renaissance II Impacts of Renaissance 1. Art - Painting A long-term influence of development of art and architecture Theme Style and Technique (Properties of Renaissance Art) Materials Influences Religion -> Human Affairs (Humanism) Realism - Making paintings more realistic Surrealism - Making paintings more modern Use of perspectives - More views in terms of parallel lines Brighter in color - Not dark Color - Oil Painting, more classical and beautiful color Light & Shadow - There is shadow - More realistic Use of golden ratio - Proportion in 1.618 Different types and more varieties Oil Paint Many significant artists (E.g. Da Vinci) and became the role model and fundamental design for western art nowadays Interpretation of an Art: What are the features of renaissance can be seen in this art? 1. Realism - The girl is more realistic 2. Use of perspectives - A background 3. Not dark at all, good background 4. Oil Paint, Classical and beautiful 5. Use of golden ratio (As shown in the golden sprawl on the picture) (Mona Lisa drawn by Da Vinci) 6. More about human affairs, non-religious elements
2. Architecture A long-term influence of development of European art and architecture Theme Style and Technique (Properties of Renaissance Architecture) Materials Influences Emphasize on humans (Statues - Represent humans) Symmetry - Axis of symmetry, making it 對稱 Proportion - Golden Ratio, 1:1/1:2 etc, similar s Geometry - Use more shapes e.g. Dome, sphere 球體 Pillars - 柱子 (Greco-roman style) Pediments - 山形牆 (Greco-roman style) Arches - 拱門 (Arc, circular) Dome - 圓頂 Complicated Order Stone Marble ( 大理石 ) Stucco ( 灰泥 ) Terracotta ( 紅陶 ) 1. Influence to further european architecture (e.g. Neoclassicism 新古典主義 ) and modern european architecture (e.g. Contemporary art 現代主義藝術 ) 2. Elements and style spread fast in America in 20th century
3. Golden Ratio (Maths) The golden ratio defines the standard of beauty How is the standard of beauty? Good-looking, looks very comfortable and beautiful Eye-catching Smooth and beautiful The golden sprawl is type of beauty looking object Through mathematics behind the golden spiral. The Mathematical number/ratio that represents standard of beauty (golden ratio) is 1:1.618 Applications of Golden Ratio - Applies in many different variations 1. Mathematics a. Golden Rectangle, Golden Triangle, Golden Spiral, Pentagram( 五角星 ), Golden Rhombi ( 菱形 ) b. Golden Ratio - the most irrational number 2. Biology a. Common patterns found in the nature are in golden ratios (E.g. Spiral) [Logic: Things that we see in the nature are normal and look comfortable because their nature are in golden ratio] 3. Achieve balance and beauty in Western Art 4. Applied to modern graphic design, architectural design, photo framing, music composition... (In golden ratio - Beautiful) (Not in golden ratio - ugly)
4. Literature and movable printing press Influence - Spread of Knowledges Knowledges throughout Renaissance: Knowledge is no longer controlled or limited by the church Book content not only limited to religion but a huge variety like love, romance, criticism to church, adventure Books are written in different languages (various native languages) which let more people know how to read and learn Impacts on rise of universities More people could study in universities Peoples can discuss different topics and new concepts were created Movable-type Printing Press Invented by Gutenberg (1452) Can print books -> Copy and copy much -> Faster rate in printing books -> Books became cheaper and affordable for the public
5. Humanism and the voyages of discovery (15th Century to 16th Century) People were more curious in the world and other human places -> Start to explore more on the world (i.e. America) -> Merchants wanted to expand their business -> Invested on explorer or even sailed by themselves Fact - Columbus discovered America -> Increase trade Explorer drew new world map - 4 oceans and 7 continents Fact - A more correct map in accurate scale New navigation method was invented Fact - Mercator Projection Initiated the European Colonization of the new world Changes: People were free from church s believe and affected by humanism Expand their territories by rulers Influences: Many sea routes and places were discovered European colonization (E.g. Australia, U.S., India) Global Business is possible Advanced technology in mapping is developed (E.g. GPS)
6. Humanism and Science -> Reformation (16th Century to 17th Century) Background Late Middle Age - Church was corrupted and people lost trust to church More people were educated in Renaissance (Rise of universities) -> Develop critical thinking Humanism: Traditional beliefs are wrong and ppl. do not trust and believe the church, they questioned and challenge the church -> Weaken power of church Process of Reformation Oct 1517, German priest Martin Luther (Philosophy and law) -> Criticize the wrong things of the church (e.g. Selling indulgence) -> Start Reformation The church expelled 驅逐 Luther and he set up the Protestant Church ( 新教 ) later on. By Luther s reformation, he believed and promoted Universal Justification. Universal Justification 大眾稱義 - All sinners could be forgiven if they believed in god therefore they could get a new life.
7. Humanism and Science -> The Enlightenment (17th Century-18th century) Knowledges were no longer controlled by the church and traditional beliefs were proved wrong Rise of universities - More popular and people are more educated People use reasons to solve the problem (Humanism: People find out reasons for their proofs) -> Use of rationality -> Age of Reasons@Enlightenment People start to criticize inequality and injustice in society, discuss topics like government system or education Enlightenment - Age of reasons, philosophical inquiry