POETRY
KINDS OF STANZAS Couplet Triplet (Tercet) Quatrain Quintet Sestet Septet Octave Two Line Stanza Three Line Stanza Four Line Stanza Five Line Stanza Six Line Stanza Seven Line Stanza Eight Line Stanza
PERFECT RHYME Words sound alike because they share the same ending vowel and consonant sounds. (A word always rhymes with itself.) LAMP STAMP Share the short a vowel sound Share the combined mp consonant sound
NEAR RHYME a.k.a imperfect rhyme, close rhyme ROSE LOSE The words share EITHER the same vowel or consonant sound BUT NOT BOTH Different vowel sounds (long o and oo sound) Share the same consonant sound
END RHYME A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line Hector the Collector Collected bits of string. Collected dolls with broken heads And rusty bells that would not ring.
INTERNAL RHYME A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line. Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary. From The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe
RHYME SCHEME A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but not always). Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually see the pattern. (See next slide for an example.)
SAMPLE RHYME SCHEME The Germ by Ogden Nash A mighty creature is the germ, Though smaller than the pachyderm. His customary dwelling place Is deep within the human race. His childish pride he often pleases By giving people strange diseases. Do you, my poppet, feel infirm? You probably contain a germ. a a b b c c a a
It s the End of the World as we Know It REM That's great, it starts with an earthquake, birds and snakes, an airplane - Lenny Bruce is not afraid. Eye of a hurricane, listen to yourself churn, world serves its own needs, dummy serve your own needs. Feed it off an aux speak,, grunt, no, strength, The ladder starts to clatter with fear fight down height. Wire in a fire, representing seven games, a government for hire and a combat site. Left of west and coming in a hurry with the furies breathing down your neck. Team by team reporters baffled, trumped, tethered cropped. Look at that low playing! Fine, then. Uh oh, overflow, population, common food, but it'll do. Save yourself, serve yourself. World serves its own needs, listen to your heart bleed dummy with the rapture and the revered and the right - right. You vitriolic, patriotic, slam, fight, bright light, feeling pretty psyched. chorus It's the end of the world as we know it. It's the end of the world as we know it. It's the end of the world as we know it and I feel fine. Six o'clock - TV hour. Don't get caught in foreign towers. Slash and burn, return, listen to yourself churn. Locking in, informing, book burning, blood letting. Every motive escalate. Automotive incinerate. Light a candle, light a votive. Step down, step down. Watch your heel crush, crushed. Uh-oh, this means no fear cavalier. Renegade steer clear! A tournament, a tournament, a tournament of lies. Offer me solutions, offer me alternatives and I decline. chorus The other night I dreamt of knives, continental drift divide. Mountains sit in a line Leonard Bernstein. Leonid Brezhnev. Lenny Bruce and Lester Bangs. Birthday party, cheesecake, jelly bean, boom! You symbiotic, patriotic, slam book neck, right? Right.
Classwork Write down the rhyme scheme of the poem. Identify perfect and slant rhyme and internal and end rhymes. Discuss how the rhyme contributes to the poem and write an explanation on the back of the paper.
In group, create a poem in a round Use the picture to get you started. Then each person adds a line to the poem. The poem must contain the following: Quatrain Couplet Triplet Internal and end rhymes Slant and perfect rhymes.
RHYTHM The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.
METER A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a repeating pattern. When poets write in meter, they count out the number of stressed (strong) syllables and unstressed (weak) syllables for each line. They they repeat the pattern throughout the poem.
METER cont. FOOT - unit of meter. A foot can have two or three syllables. Usually consists of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables. TYPES OF FEET The types of feet are determined by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables. (cont.)
METER cont. TYPES OF FEET (cont.) Iambic - unstressed, stressed Trochaic - stressed, unstressed Anapestic - unstressed, unstressed, stressed Dactylic - stressed, unstressed, unstressed
METER cont. Kinds of Metrical Lines monometer = one foot on a line dimeter = two feet on a line trimeter = three feet on a line tetrameter = four feet on a line pentameter = five feet on a line hexameter = six feet on a line heptameter = seven feet on a line octometer = eight feet on a line
SOME TYPES OF POETRY WE WILL BE STUDYING
FREE VERSE POETRY Unlike metered poetry, free verse poetry does NOT have any repeating patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. Does NOT have rhyme. Free verse poetry is very conversational - sounds like someone talking with you. A more modern type of poetry.
BLANK VERSE POETRY from Julius Caesar Written in lines of iambic pentameter, but does NOT use end rhyme. Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once. Of all the wonders that I yet have heard, It seems to me most strange that men should fear; Seeing that death, a necessary end, Will come when it will come.
LYRIC A short poem Usually written in first person point of view Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene Do not tell a story and are often musical (Many of the poems we read will be lyrics.)
NARRATIVE POEMS A poem that tells a story. Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry b/c the poet needs to establish characters and a plot. Examples of Narrative Poems The Raven The Highwayman Casey at the Bat The Walrus and the Carpenter
The Ballad of Gilligan's Island by George Wyle and Sherwood Shwartz - Just sit right back and you'll hear a tale, A tale of a fateful trip That started from this tropic port Aboard this tiny ship. The mate was a mighty sailing man, The skipper brave and sure. Five passengers set sail that day For a three hour tour, a three hour tour. The weather started getting rough, The tiny ship was tossed, If not for the courage of the fearless crew The minnow would be lost, the minnow would be lost. The ship set ground on the shore of this uncharted desert isle With Gilligan The Skipper too, The millionaire and his wife, The movie star The professor and Mary Ann, Here on Gilligan's Isle. source: http://www.lyricsondemand.com/tvthemes/gilligansislandlyrics.html So this is the tale of the castaways, They're here for a long, long time, They'll have to make the best of things, It's an uphill climb. The first mate and the Skipper too, Will do their very best, To make the others comfortable, In the tropic island nest. No phone, no lights no motor cars, Not a single luxury, Like Robinson Crusoe, As primitive as can be. So join us here each week my friends, You're sure to get a smile, From seven stranded castaways, Here on "Gilligan's Isle."
Artist: Simon and Garfunkel Song: I Am a Rock Lyrics A winter's day In a deep and dark December; I am alone, Gazing from my window to the streets below On a freshly fallen silent shroud of snow. I am a rock, I am an island. I've built walls, A fortress deep and mighty, That none may penetrate. I have no need of friendship; friendship causes pain. It's laughter and it's loving I disdain. I am a rock, I am an island. Don't talk of love, Well, I've heard the word before. It's sleeping in my memory. I won't disturb the slumber of feelings that have died. If I never loved I never would have cried. I am a rock, I am an island. I have my books And my poetry to protect me; I am shielded in my armor, Hiding in my room, safe within my womb. I touch no one and no one touches me. I am a rock, I am an island. And a rock feels no pain; And an island never cries.
"Angels" by Enya from the 1991 album "Shepherd Moons." Angels, answer me, are you near if rain should fall? Am I to believe you will rise to calm the storm? For so great a treasure words will never do. Surely, if this is, promises are mine to give you. mine to give... Here, all too soon the day! Wish the moon to fall and alter tomorrow. I should know heaven has her way - each one given memories to own. Angeles, all could be should you move both earth and sea Angeles, I could feel all those dark clouds disappearing... Even, as I breathe comes an angel to their keep. Surely, if this is promises are mine to give you. mine to give...
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
ONOMATOPOEIA Words that imitate the sound they are naming BUZZ OR sounds that imitate another sound The silken, sad, uncertain, rustling of each purple curtain...
ALLITERATION Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?
ASSONANCE Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry. (Often creates near rhyme.) Lake Fate Base Fade (All share the long a sound.)
ASSONANCE cont. Examples of ASSONANCE: Slow the low gradual moan came in the snowing. - John Masefield Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep. - William Shakespeare
SIMILE A comparison of two things using like, as than, or resembles. She is as beautiful as a sunrise.
METAPHOR A direct comparison of two unlike things All the world s a stage, and we are merely players. - William Shakespeare
EXTENDED METAPHOR A metaphor that goes several lines or possible the entire length of a work.
Hyperbole Exaggeration often used for emphasis.
PERSONIFICATION An animal given humanlike qualities or an object given life-like qualities. from Ninki by Shirley Jackson Ninki was by this time irritated beyond belief by the general air of incompetence exhibited in the kitchen, and she went into the living room and got Shax, who is extraordinarily lazy and never catches his own chipmunks, but who is, at least, a cat, and preferable, Ninki saw clearly, to a man with a gun.
IMAGERY Language that appeals to the senses. Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell. then with cracked hands that ached from labor in the weekday weather... from Those Winter Sundays
Literary Criticism New Criticism: focused on the text and literary devices of a work of literature Bio/Historical Criticism: literary work as a reflection of the author's life and times Moralistic Criticism: Judge the value of the literature on its moral lesson or ethical teaching