15 2 JOURNAL OF PALAEOGEOGRAPHY Vol. 15 No. 2 Apr. 2013 1671-1505 2013 02-0283 - 10 DOI 10. 7605 /gdlxb. 2013. 02. 024 1644 1949 * 1 1 2 1 2 1 北京师范大学地理学与遥感科学学院, 北京 100875 2 教育部北京师范大学环境演变与自然灾害重点实验室, 北京 100875 1644 1949 4 6 1884 1949 65 87. 8% 1 55 a 83. 3% 1985 2011 E-mail zhangxiangping85@163. com P532 A Reconstructing series of historical typhoon frequency from 1644 AD to 1949 AD in Yangtze River Delta area Zhang Xiangping 1 Ye Yu 1 2 Fang Xiuqi 1 2 1 School of Geography Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 2 Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster Ministry of Education. Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 Abstract Based on the characteristics of strong winds heavy rains tidal surge and floods associated with the process of typhoon and related descriptions in chorographies a table of description for identifying historical typhoon disasters was made. Information on historical typhoon from historical chorographies was extracted from the table and the Historical Typhoon Database in 1644-1949 AD in the Yangtze River Delta area was made. Referring to knowledge about modern typhoon the criteria for identifying historical typhoon including 4 direct standards and 6 assisted evidences was confirmed in terms of words about * 2010CB950103 2008BAK50B07 40901099 2012-07 - 25 2012-11 - 06
284 historical typhoon typhoon weather phenomenon typhoon disaster chains surge situations storms duration winds direction terrain. According to the historical chorographies in 1884-1949 AD typhoon activities occurred 65 times which equal to 87. 8% of the frequency of meteorological observation. The number of year with the frequency difference in typhoon activities reconstructed by two ways smaller than one is 55 and totals 83. 3%. It means that the series of historical typhoon based on historical chorographies is reliable. This research could suggest a method for reconstructing the series of historical typhoon frequency and is very useful for the research on long-term typhoon activities under the background of climate change. Key words chorographies historical typhoon Yangtze River Delta area About the first author Zhang Xiangping born in 1985 is a doctoral candidate of grade 2011 in Beijing Normal University. She is currently engaged in environmental evolution in the past and historical disasters reconstruction. E-mail zhangxiangping85@163. com. 1 Liu et al. 2001 2007 2007 2004 2004 Trenberth 2005 Webster et al. 2005 2006 Chan 2006 2010 2007 500 a 4 5 2007 2009 2010 4 Grossman 2001 Miller et al. 2006 2008 Wheeler et al. 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 1 2 3 4 300a
15 2 1644 1949 285 2 1 2011 2! 1# # $ " () % $0 *+ ), - Fig. 1 1 &./ 0 50 100 km Location of Yangtze River Delta area 2006a 2006b 2006c 4 1999 2004 1997 751 1949 2002 3 1988 8 12 7 8 8 8 17. 2 m /s 8 1 2 300 a 1644 1949 1 2027 234 1975 5353 2 1924 3 189 1000 1. 1976.. 2. 1978. 234 1975. 3. 1980..
286 Table 1 1 Division and description of typhoon weather and disaster phenomenons / Table 2 2 Structure of typhoon original records table ID1 Long ID 4 3 1732 1 1732001 String String Long 5 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10110 String String String String String 1 String String 413 168 154 10% 52% 21% 9% 8% 4 4 6 4. 1 1 1881
15 2 1644 1949 287 1680 1680 8 3 1 7 14 1823 1645 7 14 1 1823 7 2 3 2 1 2 1877 1676 2 3 2 3 5 11 4 1670 2 1 ~ 8 d 4 1 1 3 1 6 7 ~ 8 3 31 h 2004 1892 1744 1. 9 ~ 3. 4 d 1788 2 d 98. 6% 3 d 40. 5% 3 ~ 8 d 4 d 1744 7 98. 6% 5 d 86. 5% 6 d 66. 2% 7 d 29. 7% 8 d 1 4. 1% 2007 2007 < 2. 4 4. 2 Liu 2001 1 1 d 5 10 7 9 1 1892 1645 11 4 1874 1933 1879 2
288 1934 1645 3 6 ~ 8 NNW N NNE NE 4 10 ~ 20 d 64% 4 64% NNE 8 d 4 1752 1696 1875 1848 1886 1687 5 NW WNW W 1883 1922 WSW 1931 2 24% 25% 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 E!"/% 1883 SSW SSE 1901 1883 2 S 2005 Fig. 2 Frequency distribution of wind directions when 6 Shanghai is stricken by typhoon after Xu 2005 5 1644 1949 2005 1971 2002 SW NNW N NNE NE SE ENE ESE
15 2 1644 1949 289 5 ~ 8 3 2027 1644 3 1656 Table 3 Structure of typhoon subject table 1679 1722 ID1 Long ID1 ID2 Long ID2 9 7 ID1 2 ID2 173200101 1732001 1 String String String String String String String String String String 1654 4 6 300 a 4 4 Table 4 Structure of typhoon process table 1 String Long Long String String String String String String String 1865 1885 1962 192 10% 1030 52% 1222 62% 414 21% 171 9% 155 8% 1 ~ 4 1962 1357 69. 2% 605 274 249 16 4 5 1883 1924 189 10%
290 1000 52% 413 21% 168 74 9% 154 8% 65 1189 62% 1319 45 60. 8% 605 66 a 240 217 66 a 31 14 4 47% 24 a 1 36. 3% 15 a 5 12. 1% 3 3 a 4. 5% 1644 1949 1 3 6 87. 8% 9 a 8 a 2 55 a 83. 3% 69. 7% 5 7 1884 1949 5 4 %#& 11#()*+,!" 3 2 1 0 1650 1700 17501800 1850 1900 1950 #$/ AD Fig. 3 3 1644 1949 Series of historical typhoon frequency in Yangtze River Delta area from 1644 AD to 1949 AD Table 5 5 1884 1949 Comparison between frequency of typhoon reconstructed by historical chorographies and that by meteorological observations from 1884 AD to 1949 AD / 0 1 2 3 4 31 47% 15 22. 7% 1 1. 5% 0 0 0 0 47 71. 2% 9 13. 6% 7 10. 6% 1 1. 5% 2 3% 19 28. 8% 31 47% 24 36. 3% 8 12. 1% 1 1. 5% 2 3% 66 100%
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