Subject to alteration SEES GE 06/2010 Cover picture: Siemens AG ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel GmbH KurtSchumacherStr. 95 D45881 Gelsenkirchen Tel. +49 (0)209 40750845 Fax +49 (0)209 40750844 www.thyssenkrupp.com info.electricalsteel@thyssenkrupp.com
Grain oriented electrical steel PowerCore Our products ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel
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3 Contents Energy efficient transmission and distribution of electrical energy 4 5 PowerCore : The core material for the future 6 7 We supply more than 400 customers worldwide 8 9 Grain oriented electrical steel PowerCore C 10 PowerCore C: Guaranteed magnetic properties 11 PowerCore C: Comparison charts 12 13 Grain oriented electrical steel PowerCore H 14 PowerCore H: Guaranteed magnetic properties 15 PowerCore H: Comparison charts 16 17 Insulation types 18 19 Characteristics 20 23 Comparison chart PowerCore : Further processing information Imprint 24 26 29 30
4 Energy efficient transmission and distribution of electrical energy Global demand for energy is constantly rising, and at the same time resources are becoming increasingly scarce. It is therefore vital to adopt a responsible approach to generating, transforming and distributing electrical energy. The use of ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel s innovative hightech PowerCore C and PowerCore H electrical steels in distribution and power transformers goes a long way towards minimizing core loss in the transmission and distribution of electrical energy. Our PowerCore material makes a significant contribution to protecting the environment throughout the world and to the sustainability of energy resources.
5 AREVA T&D
6 PowerCore : The core material for the future Siemens AG Siemens AG AEM CORES Pty Ltd. AEM CORES Pty Ltd.
7 Grain oriented electrical steel is a highly sophisticated hightech core material. It is used wherever motion is transformed into electrical energy or electrical energy is transformed into motion and where electrical energy is transmitted across large distances. Our research and development departments in Gelsenkirchen and Isbergues continuously optimize the complex production flow and production characteristics of our PowerCore grain oriented electrical steel in a permanent process. Laminated or wound grain oriented electrical steel is the core material used in power and distribution transformers and also in small transformers. We are currently conducting research on your behalf to develop innovative PowerCore products for future applications. Premium PowerCore electrical steel grades significantly reduce noise emissions in transformers, a distinct advantage in the light of growing urbanization. PowerCore electrical steel is so energyefficient that it is now possible to build considerably smaller transformers with the same power output. Since this reduces the consumption of finite resources such as copper, oil and insulating materials, grain oriented electrical steel can be said to make a valuable contribution to environmental sustainability. Applications Large power transformers Distribution transformers Small transformers Current transformers Shunt reactors Wound cores Power generators
8 We supply more than 400 customers worldwide ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel is a leading global manufacturer of hightech recyclable PowerCore grain oriented and non grain oriented electrical steels. Our pledge: To meet the most demanding requirements of our customers sustainably through technologybased production and continuous development of electrical steel. How we fulfill this pledge: We supply more than 400 customers in over 60 countries around the world with our hightech PowerCore electrical steel.
9 Gelsenkirchen Isbergues Bochum Motta Visconti Nashik
10 Grain oriented electrical steel PowerCore C Our high quality PowerCore line includes a complete choice of grain oriented electrical steels, ranging from conventional mm PowerCore C to ultra thin, highly permeable mm PowerCore H which offers ultimate energy savings following domain refinement. Our wide range of products and flexible production methods, which we achieve by coordinating the management of our manufacturing plants, enable us to meet our customers requirements. The excellent magnetic properties of PowerCore grain oriented electrical steel are due to its unique crystallographic texture, which is formed during the complex production process.
11 PowerCore C: Guaranteed magnetic properties Grade* Thickness Typical core loss at Guaranteed core loss at Typical polarization at Guaranteed polarization at 1.5 T 1.7 T 1.5 T 1.7 T 1.7 T 1.7 T 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 800 A/m 800 A/m min. T mm inch W/kg W/kg W/lb W/lb W/kg W/lb typ. T C 11023 0.69 1.06 0.41 0.64 1.10 0.66 1.83 1.80 C 12023 0.73 1.15 0.44 0.69 1.20 0.72 1.83 C 12027 0.78 1.16 0.47 0.70 1.20 0.72 1.83 1.80 C 13027 0.82 1.21 0.49 0.74 1.30 0.78 1.83 C 12030 0.81 1.18 0.47 0.70 1.20 0.72 1.83 1.80 PowerCore C 13030 0.84 1.22 0.50 0.72 1.30 0.78 1.83 1.80 C 14030 0.87 1.26 0.52 0.76 1.40 0.84 1.83 C 14035 0.93 1.33 0.56 0.80 1.40 0.84 1.83 1.80 C 15035 0.97 1.40 0.58 0.84 1.50 0.90 1.83 * Other grades available upon request.
12 PowerCore C: Comparison charts EN 10107 mm inch 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg* W/lb* stacking factor T Grade PowerCore M 11023 S 0.73 0.33 1.10 0.50 1.45 0.66 C 11023 M 12023 S 0.77 1.20 0.54 1.58 0.72 C 12023 M 12723 S 0.80 0.36 1.27 0.58 1.67 0.76 1.75 C 12023 M 12027 S 0.80 0.36 1.20 0.54 1.58 0.72 C 12027 M 13027 S 0.85 0.39 1.30 0.59 1.71 0.78 C 13027 M 14027 S 0.89 0.40 1.40 0.64 1.84 0.84 1.75 C 13027 M 13030 S 0.85 0.39 1.30 0.59 1.71 0.78 C 13030 M 14030 S 0.92 0.42 1.40 0.64 1.84 0.84 C 14030 M 15030 S 0.97 0.44 1.50 0.68 1.97 0.89 1.75 C 14030 M 14035 S 1.00 0.45 1.40 0.64 1.84 0.84 0.960 C 14035 M 15035 S 1.05 0.48 1.50 0.68 1.97 0.89 0.960 C 15035 M 16535 S 1.11 0.50 1.65 0.75 2.17 0.99 1.75 0.960 C 15035 stacking factor Grade 2005 version Standards Thickness Maximum core loss Maximum core loss at 1.5 T at 1.7 T J800 * P values informative for 60 Hz. 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb T PowerCore M 11023 S5 0.73 0.33 0.96 0.44 1.10 0.50 1.45 0.66 C 11023 M 12023 S5 0.77 1.01 0.46 1.20 0.54 1.57 0.71 C 12023 C 12027 M 12027 S5 0.80 0.36 1.07 0.49 1.20 0.54 1.58 0.72 M 13027 S5 0.85 0.39 1.12 0.51 1.30 0.59 1.68 0.76 C 13027 M 13030 S5 0.85 0.39 1.15 0.52 1.30 0.59 1.71 0.78 C 13030 M 14030 S5 0.92 0.42 1.21 0.55 1.40 0.64 1.83 0.83 C 14030 M 14535 S5 1.03 0.47 1.36 0.62 1.45 0.66 1.91 0.87 0.960 C 14035 M 15535 S5 1.07 0.49 1.41 0.64 1.55 0.70 2.04 0.93 0.960 C 15035 stacking factor Grade Standards Thickness Maximum core loss Maximum core loss at 1.5 T at 1.7 T J800 ASTM A 876/ A 876 M mm inch 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb T PowerCore 23 G 045** 0.75 0.34 0.99 0.45 1.80 0.940 C 12023 23 H 070* 1.17 0.53 1.54 0.70 1.80 0.940 C 12023 27 G 051** 0.85 0.39 1.12 0.51 1.80 C 13027 27 H 074* 1.24 0.56 1.63 0.74 1.80 C 12027 30 G 058** 0.97 0.44 1.28 0.58 1.80 C 14030 30 H 083* 1.39 0.63 1.83 0.83 1.80 C 14030 35 G 066** 1.11 0.50 1.46 0.66 1.80 C 15035 35 H 094* 1.57 0.71 2.07 0.94 1.80 C 15035 * H: Conventional grain oriented electrical steel tested at 1.7 T. ** G: Conventional grain oriented electrical steel tested at 1.5 T. 2008 version IEC 6040487 mm inch 2009 version Standards Thickness Maximum core loss Maximum core loss at 1.5 T at 1.7 T J800
13 PowerCore C: Comparison charts 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb T Grade PowerCore 23 G 110 1.10 0.50 C 11023 27 G 120 1.20 0.54 C 12027 27 G 130 1.30 0.59 C 13027 30 G 130 1.30 0.59 C 13030 30 G 140 1.40 0.64 C 14030 35 G 145 1.45 0.66 0.960 C 14035 35 G 155 1.55 0.70 0.960 C 15035 stacking factor Grade Standards Thickness Maximum core loss Maximum core loss at 1.5 T at 1.7 T J100 GOST 21427.183 mm inch 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb T 2000 version JIS C2553 mm inch stacking factor PowerCore 3404 1.60 1.60 0.97 3405 1.50 1.61 0.97 C 15035 C 15035 3406 1.43 1.62 0.97 C 14035 3404 1.50 1.60 0.96 C 14030 3405 1.40 1.61 0.95 C 14030 3406 1.33 1.62 0.95 C 13030 3405 1.38 1.61 0.95 C 13027 3406 1.27 1.62 0.95 C 13027 3407 1.20 1.72 0.95 C 12027 1983 version Standards Thickness Maximum core loss Maximum core loss at 1.5 T at 1.7 T J800
14 Grain oriented electrical steel PowerCore H ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel s hightech core material PowerCore H has been largely responsible for increasing the efficiency of power and distribution transformers. PowerCore H grades have a more defined crystallographic texture than PowerCore C grades. This reduces both total core loss and magnetostriction, making PowerCore H grades the material of choice for transformers used in areas requiring low noise emissions. The use of PowerCore H can also significantly reduce total manufacturing costs for transformers, a major advantage in the face of rising raw material costs. PowerCore H is the core material for the future! Cost benefits due to: lower core weights more compact dimensions Higher energy efficiency due to: minimum noload losses better capitalization of losses Reduced noise emissions due to: extremely low level of magnetostriction improved insulation properties
15 PowerCore H: Guaranteed magnetic properties Grade* Thickness Typical core loss at Guaranteed core loss at Typical polarization at Guaranteed polarization at 1.5 T 1.7 T 1.5 T 1.7 T 1.7 T 1.7 T 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 800 A/m 800 A/m min. T PowerCore mm inch W/kg W/kg W/lb W/lb W/kg W/lb typ. T H 08523 0.59 0.81 0.36 0.49 0.85 0.51 1.91 H 09023 0.63 0.86 0.39 0.52 0.90 0.54 1.91 H 09523 0.66 0.91 0.40 0.55 0.95 0.57 1.89 H 10023 0.68 0.96 0.41 0.58 1.00 0.60 H 09027 0.66 0.87 0.40 0.52 0.90 0.54 1.91 H 09527 0.70 0.92 0.42 0.55 0.95 0.57 1.91 H 10327 0.73 0.97 0.44 0.58 1.03 0.62 1.89 H 10030 0.74 0.98 0.44 0.59 1.00 0.60 1.91 H 10530 0.77 1.02 0.46 0.61 1.05 0.63 1.91 H 11130 0.80 1.06 0.49 0.64 1.11 0.66 1.90 * Other grades available upon request.
16 PowerCore H: Comparison charts EN 10107 mm inch 50 Hz W/kg 50 Hz W/lb 60 Hz W/kg* 60 Hz W/lb* stacking factor T Grade PowerCore M 8523 P 0.85 0.39 1.12 0.51 H 08523 M 9023 P 0.90 0.41 1.18 0.54 H 09023 M 9523 H 09523 P 0.95 0.43 1.25 0.57 M 10023 P 1.00 0.45 1.32 0.60 H 10023 M 9027 P 0.90 0.41 1.18 0.54 H 09027 M 9527 H 09527 P 0.95 0.43 1.25 0.57 M 10327 P 1.03 0.47 1.36 0.62 H 10327 M 10030 P 1.00 0.45 1.32 0.60 H 10030 M 10530 P 1.05 0.48 1.38 0.63 H 10530 M 11130 P 1.11 0.50 1.46 0.66 H 11130 M 12535 P 1.25 0.57 1.65 0.75 0.960 ** stacking factor Grade 2005 version Standards Thickness Maximum core loss at 1.7 T J800 * P values informative for 60 Hz. ** Available upon request. IEC 6040487 mm inch 50 Hz W/kg 50 Hz W/lb 60 Hz W/kg 60 Hz W/lb T PowerCore M 8523 P5 0.85 0.39 1.12 0.51 H 08523 M 9023 P5 0.90 0.41 1.19 0.54 H 09023 H 09523 M 9523 P5 0.95 0.43 1.25 0.57 M 10023 P5 1.00 0.45 1.32 0.60 H 10023 M 9027 P5 0.90 0.41 1.19 0.54 H 09027 M 9527 P5 0.95 0.43 1.25 0.57 H 09527 M 10027 P5 1.00 0.45 1.32 0.60 H 09527 M 11027 P5 1.10 0.50 1.45 0.66 H 10327 M 10530 P5 1.05 0.48 1.38 0.63 H 10530 M 11030 P5 1.10 0.50 1.46 0.66 H 11130 M 12030 P5 1.20 0.54 1.58 0.72 H 11130 M 11535 P5 1.15 0.52 1.51 0.68 0.960 * M 12535 P5 1.25 0.57 1.64 0.74 0.960 * M 13535 P5 1.35 0.61 1.77 0.80 0.960 * stacking factor Grade 2008 version Standards Thickness Maximum core loss at 1.7 T J800 * Available upon request. ASTM A876/ A 876 M mm inch 50 Hz W/kg 50 Hz W/lb 60 Hz W/kg 60 Hz W/lb T PowerCore 23 Q 054* 0.90 0.41 1.19 0.54 0.940 H 09023 23 P 060** 1.01 0.46 1.32 0.60 0.940 H 10023 27 Q 057* 0.96 0.43 1.26 0.57 H 09527 27 P 066* 1.11 0.50 1.46 0.66 H 10327 * Q: Laser scratched high permeability grain oriented electrical steel tested at 1.7 T. ** P: High permeability grain oriented electrical steel tested at 1.7 T. 2009 version Standards Thickness Maximum core loss at 1.7 T J800
17 PowerCore H: Comparison charts JIS C2553 mm inch 50 Hz W/kg 50 Hz W/lb 60 Hz W/kg 60 Hz W/lb stacking factor T Grade PowerCore 23 R 085 0.85 0.39 H 08523 23 P 090 0.90 0.41 H 09023 23 P 095 0.95 0.43 H 09523 23 P 100 1.00 0.45 H 10023 27 R 090 0.90 0.41 H 09027 27 R 095 0.95 0.43 H 09527 27 P 100 1.00 0.45 H 10327 27 P 110 1.10 0.50 * 30 P 105 1.05 0.48 H 10530 H 11130 30 P 110 1.10 0.50 30 P 120 1.20 0.54 * 35 P 115 1.15 0.52 0.960 * 35 P 125 1.25 0.57 0.960 * 35 P 135 1.35 0.61 0.960 * 2000 version Standards Thickness Maximum core loss at 1.7 T J800 * Available upon request. GOST 21427.183 mm inch 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb stacking factor T Grade PowerCore 3407 1.26 1.72 0.95 3408 1.20 1.74 0.95 H 11130 H 11130 3408 1.14 1.74 0.94 H 10327 1983 version Standards Thickness Maximum core loss Maximum core loss at 1.5 T at 1.7 T J100
18 Insulation types
19 Insulation types Color Color deviations may occur, but will not affect the properties Coated sides Annealing resistance Phosphate over glass film: grey Both sides Under inert gas as per DIN IEC 6040412 Chemical resistance to transformer oil Thickness of coating 840 C/2 h Good 2 μm5 μm Designation according to IEC 6040411 EC5G Designation according to ASTM A976 C5 over C2 Surface insulation resistance at room temperature as per DIN IEC 6040411 >10 Ω cm2 The grain oriented electrical steel is supplied with a thin anorganic coating on the glass film layer which forms during annealing. A coating thickness of 2 to 5 μm provides good electrical resistance and a high stacking factor. The coating, which is annealing resistant up to 840 C, enables wound cores and punched laminations to be stress relief annealed. The coating is chemically resistant to any fluid it may be exposed to during the production process. It is unaffected by, and likewise does not affect, the different types of transformer oils.
20 Characteristics Dimensions Standard strips Inside diameter Width Nominal thickness Slit width 508 mm 9501,000 mm mm Inside diameter Width Nominal thickness 508 mm 6 mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Geometric tolerances Thickness tolerances Max. tolerance on the nominal thickness Max. difference in thickness parallel to the direction of rolling within a sheet or in a length of strip of 1,500 mm Max. difference in thickness perpendicular to the direction of rolling at a minimum distance of 40 mm from the edges Tolerances for widths Standard widths ±0.020 mm 0.025 mm 0.020 mm ±1 mm Slit width* 150 mm 0/0.2 mm >150400 mm 0/0.3 mm >400750 mm 0/0.5 mm >7501000 mm 0/0.6 mm * Plus tolerances must be stipulated with order. Other characteristics and tolerances Residual curvature Edge camber Max. distance for a sample 500 mm in length applicable for width >150 mm Max. edge camber for a measuring length of 1,500 mm applicable for width >150 mm 35 mm Deviation from the shearing line due to internal stresses Max. measured gap within a strip length of 1,500 mm applicable for width >500 mm Flatness (wave factor) 1 mm Max. wave factor applicable for width >150 mm 1.5 % The measuring methods for thickness and width are given in the product standards EN 10107 and IEC 6040487. Burr height (only for slit width) Max. burr height 0.5 mm 0.025 mm All other measuring methods and definitions are given in EN 10251 and IEC 604049. The quoted values are in many cases better than those specified in the EN or IECNorm.
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22 Characteristics
23 Typical physical properties Saturation polarization J S 2.03 T Coercive field strength H S 5 A/m Curie temperature Tc Density p m Electrical resistivity p e 745 C/1,345 F 7.65 kg/dm3 0.48 μωm Ultimate tensile strength R m longitudinal in rolling direction 330370 MPa transverse to rolling direction 390420 MPa Yield point R p 0,2 longitudinal in rolling direction 300340 MPa transverse to rolling direction 330360 MPa Elongation A l=80 longitudinal in rolling direction 614 % transverse to rolling direction 2448 % Hardness HRB 15T HV 5 7585 170180 Stacking factor, thickness mm 95.5 % mm 96.0 % mm 96.5 % mm 97.0 %
24 Comparison chart Units Magnetic flux density B in and magnetic polarization J to be to obtain multiplied by T = Wb/m2 = Vs/m2 10 4 T 10 4 Wb/cm2 = Vs/cm2 G T 6.45 x 10 4 lines/square inch Vs/cm2 10 4 T G 10 4 T lines/square inch 1.55 x 10 5 T A/cm Magnetic field strength H A/m 0.01 A/m 57 Oe A/m 0.0254 Ampereturns/inch A/cm 100 A/m Oe 79.6 A/m Ampereturns/inch 39.37 A/m Total core loss PS W/kg 0.4536 W/lb W/lb 2.20462 W/kg cm 0.3937 inch inch 2.54 cm cm2 0.155 square inch square inch 6.45 cm2 cm3 0.061 cubic inch cubic inch 16.4 cm3 Length Area A Volume V Mass m g 0.0353 ounce kg 2.20462 pound ounce 28.35 g pound 0.4536 kg N = kgm/s2 0.102 kp kp 9.81 N = kgm/s2 N/mm2 0.102 kp/mm2 N/mm2 145 pounds/square inch (psi) Force F Tensile strength Re, R p, R m kp/mm2 9.81 N/mm2 pounds/square inch (psi) 6.90 x 10 3 N/mm2 Temperature T C x 1.8 + 32 F F x 0.556 17.8 C
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26 PowerCore : Further processing information Grain oriented electrical steel is used to build magnetic cores. It should be noted that the best magnetic properties are found only in the rolling direction. If the magnetization is outside the rolling direction, core loss will increase substantially, e.g. at 90 to the rolling direction, the loss increases by a factor of more than three and at 60 it increases by a factor of more than four. It is therefore essential that the steel is magnetized as precisely as possible along the rolling direction in the whole magnetic circuit. Mechanical stress Mechanical stress has a highly negative effect on the magnetic properties of grain oriented electrical steel. The strips can become exposed to this type of stress for a variety of reasons: external forces (external stresses) plastic deformation (internal stresses) External stress is caused by excessive or uneven compression forcing the magnetic core laminations into a wavy or curved shape. Internal stress is generated along the cut edges during each slitting operation or as a result of bending the sheet or subjecting it to tension beyond the yield point. This sometimes unavoidable stress can be almost completely eliminated by stress relief annealing. Material can be annealed in a continuous annealing line under air (shorttime annealing) or in a box annealing line under a nitrogen atmosphere (longtime annealing). Whether or not the material is stress relief annealed depends on the conditions at the customers place of installation. Annealing by the customer Shorttime annealing Laminations are usually subjected to shorttime annealing in a roller furnace. This process takes a few minutes and requires a soaking time of 1 to 2 minutes at a maximum temperature of 860 C. Since the laminations are annealed under an air atmosphere, the cut edges oxidize, thus creating an insulating coating. Any grease or oil from earlier processing stages is burnt off and is generally harmless in small quantities.
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28 PowerCore : Further processing information Longtime annealing Wound cores and stacking transformers undergo longtime annealing in a boxtype furnace. Longtime annealing should be carried out under the following conditions: Soaking temperature: 820 C, max. 840 C to 850 C Soaking time: 2 hours (the coolest part of the material must be at least 800 C) Cooling: Preferably within the furnace to about 200 C to 300 C Protective atmosphere: Preferably 100 % nitrogen. The addition of hydrogen is not recommended. The heating, soaking and cooling times are largely determined by the type and size of furnace and the amount of annealing material. The annealing cycle must be adapted to the above parameters. As a general rule, heating the material too quickly may result in local overheating, especially in the outer cores. This risk can be reduced by controlling the temperature with a thermocouple near the heating conductors. The soaking time must be long enough to ensure that the annealing material reaches the soaking temperature (minimum 800 C) throughout. If the material cools down too quickly, the cores may warp or distort. It is further recommended that the soaking temperature is controlled by thermocouples positioned at the hottest and the coolest points of the annealing material. The cores should be allowed to cool down in the furnace to a temperature between 200 C to 300 C to avoid quenching effects during unloading. The annealing material must be free from grease, oil and other organic substances to prevent carburization. Domain refined material Stress relief annealing of laserirradiated PowerCore H reverses the reduction in core loss produced by the laser treatment. The special design of our laser beam ensures that the excellent adhesive properties and the high resistance value of the insulation are preserved in our laserirradiated PowerCore H grades. As a result, laserirradiated PowerCore H grades show the same favorable noise behavior in the finished transformers as PowerCore H grades that have not been laser treated. Siemens AG
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30 Imprint Editor ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel GmbH SalesService KurtSchumacherStr. 95 D45881 Gelsenkirchen Tel. +49 (0)209 40750845 Fax +49 (0)209 40750844 Email: info.electricalsteel@thyssenkrupp.com www.tkes.com Copyright ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel GmbH The given values serve only as guidelines. We do not guarantee specific properties without a written agreement. PowerCore is a registered brand name of ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel. Design GK Marketing Service GmbH Essen www.gkmas.de Printed by ThyssenKrupp Printmedia GmbH Duisburg www.thyssenkruppprintmedia.com Pictures courtesy of AEM Cores Pty Ltd.: Page 6 see small picture below center and right AREVA T&D: Page 4, 5 Siemens AG: Cover, page 6 see big picture, small picture below left, page 29
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