On-Air Radio April 2015 Needs Assessment Prepared by Danielle Pearson Date: April 27, 2015 On-Air Radio On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 1
Scope Data compiled in this report covers San Bernardino, Riverside, Orange, and Los Angeles counties. Data were drawn from external sources, including the Employment Development Department s California Labor Market Information, the U.S. Department of Education s Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), O*NET OnLine, and Chaffey College s Colleague Administrative database. Data Sources and Calculations Educational Program Data TOP Code 0604.10 Radio Program of Study The Taxonomy of Programs (TOP) is a standardized system used at the state level to classify programs and courses that are intended to achieve the same outcome at different colleges throughout the state. The TOP code most relevant to on-air radio is 0601.10 Radio. CIP Code Program of Study 09.0701 Radio and Television The Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) is a standardized coding system used at the federal level to facilitate accurate tracking, assessment, and reporting of fields of study and program completion at educational institutions throughout the country. This report draws on the Radio and Television CIP code (09.0701), which maps to the Radio TOP code, to examine employment trends. Completions Data Degree and certificate data for all comparison schools were collected from the U.S. Department of Education s Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). All comparison institutions included in this report are postsecondary and have provided data to IPEDS. IPEDS defines postsecondary education as a formal program designed primarily for students beyond high school age. These include academic, vocational, and continuing education, and exclude avocational and adult basic education programs. Occupational Data SOC Code Occupational Title 25-1122 Communications Teachers, Postsecondary 27-2012 Producers and Directors 27-3011 Radio and Television Announcers 27-3021 Broadcast News Analysts 27-4032 Film and Video Editors The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system is used by federal statistical agencies to classify workers into occupational categories. The Radio and Television CIP code was mapped to the five SOC codes listed in the table above using the crosswalk described in the paragraph below. On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 2
Educational Program to Occupation Crosswalk The TOP-CIP-SOC Crosswalk (Employment Development Department, 2009) was used in this report to map TOP codes to CIP and SOC codes. This crosswalk allows the user to estimate labor market demand for California Community College program completers using SOC based projections from the Labor Market Information Division. Industry Data The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is used by federal statistical agencies to classify business establishments for the purpose of conducting and reporting research on the U.S. business economy. The Standard Occupation Classification codes are mapped to industry data by the California Labor Market Information Division. Industry information is used to observe trends across industries that employ the occupations identified above. On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 3
Introduction and Contents Contents Background Information 5 Regional Job Outlook 8 Largest & Fastest Growing Industry Employers 12 Regional Graduation Summary 17 Sample Certificate Programs 19 Enrollment and Completion in a Similar Program at Chaffey College 20 Regional Definitions Inland Empire includes the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) Los Angeles County includes the Los Angeles- Long Beach-Glendale Metro Division Orange County includes the Santa Ana-Anaheim- Irvine Metro Division Purpose and Goals Chaffey College does not currently offer a certificate in On-Air Radio Production. The proposed On-Air Radio Production Certificate will train students for career paths in the field of radio and electronic media. Coursework will integrate news writing, music programming, talk, and other radio program formats. The program will include hands-on experience on Chaffey College radio 1630 AM and live radio internet streaming. Courses will help students develop radio communication skills, computer skills, problemsolving skills, and technical skills needed for employment in industry. Principles of FCC and AM Alert rules and regulations will also be covered. The purpose of this report is to integrate and analyze data from multiple sources to determine labor market needs for the addition of an On-Air Radio program at Chaffey College. The report describes the regional job outlook and compares it to the number of recent graduates at other regional institutions. Key Terms and Concepts Replacement Jobs: Replacement jobs refer to the number of job openings due to workers leaving an occupation. Annual Openings: Annual openings are calculated by adding the number of new jobs to the number of replacement jobs, divided by the number of years in the projection period. Projections: Projections of employment are calculated by the Employment Development Department and are based on a mathematical formula that includes historical employment and economic indicators along with national, state, and local trends. Occupation: Jobs are grouped into occupations using the federal Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. Industry: Occupations are grouped into industries using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Wages: Hourly wages are reported in percentiles and averages. The 25 th percentile is a useful proxy of entry-level wages and the 75 th percentile of experienced-level wages. On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 4
Background Information Radio Radio programs in California Community Colleges include history, theories, principles, techniques, functions, technologies, and creative processes of radio. 1 The descriptions of job duties associated with the Radio TOP code are provided by the Occupational Information Network. 2 Communications Teachers, Postsecondary 2 Postsecondary Communications Teachers teach courses in communications, such as organizational communications, public relations, radio/television broadcasting, and journalism. This profession includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Typical Tasks Evaluate and grade students class work, assignments, and papers. Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduate or graduate students on topics such as public speaking, media criticism, and oral traditions. Initiate, facilitate, and moderate classroom discussions. Compile, administer, and grade examinations, or assign this work to others. Maintain student attendance records, grades, and other required records. Maintain regularly scheduled office hours to advise and assist students. Prepare course materials such as syllabi, homework assignments, and handouts. Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, course materials, and methods of instruction. Advise students on academic and vocational curricula and on career issues. Supervise undergraduate or graduate teaching, internship, and research work. 1 California Community Colleges, Chancellor s Office, Taxonomy of Programs, Sixth Edition (Corrected Version). 2 O*Net Online: http://www.onetonline.org/find/ On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 5
Producers 2 Producers plan and coordinate various aspects of radio, television, stage, or motion picture production, such as selecting scripts, coordinating writing, directing and editing, and arranging financing. Typical Tasks Write and edit news stories from information collected by reporters and other sources. Coordinate the activities of writers, directors, managers, and other personnel throughout the production process. Research production topics using the internet, video archives, and other informational sources. Review film, recordings, or rehearsals to ensure conformance to production and broadcast standards. Monitor postproduction processes to ensure accurate completion of details. Conduct meetings with staff to discuss production progress and to ensure production objectives are attained. Perform administrative duties, such as preparing operational reports, distributing rehearsal call sheets and script copies, and arranging for rehearsal quarters. Resolved personnel problems that arise during the production process by acting as liaisons between dissenting parties when necessary. Hire directors, principal cast members, and key production staff members. Arrange financing for productions. Radio and Television Announcers 2 Radio and Television Announcers speak or read from scripted materials, such as news reports or commercial messages, on radio or television. They may announce artists or titles of performances, identify the station, or interview guests. Typical Tasks Prepare and deliver news, sports, or weather reports, gathering and rewriting material so that it will convey required information and fit specific time slots. Read news flashes to inform audiences of important events. Identify stations, and introduce or close shows, using memorized or read scripts, and/or ad-libs. Select program content, in conjunction with producers and assistants, based on factors such as program specialties, audience tastes, or requests from the public. Study background information to prepare for programs or interviews. Comment on music and other matters, such as weather or traffic conditions. Interview show guests about their lives, their work, or topics of current interest. Discuss various topics over the telephone with viewers or listeners. Host civic, charitable, or promotional events that are broadcast over television or radio. Make promotional appearances at public or private events to represent their employers. On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 6
Broadcast News Analysts 2 Broadcast News Analysts analyze, interpret, and broadcast news received from various sources. Typical Tasks Analyze and interpret news and information received from various sources to broadcast the information. Write commentaries, columns, or scripts, using computers. Examine news items of local, national, and international significance to determine topics to address, or obtain assignments from editorial staff members. Coordinate and serve as an anchor on news broadcast programs. Edit news material to ensure that it fits within available time or space. Select material most pertinent to presentation, and organize this material into appropriate formats. Gather information and develop perspectives about news subjects through research, interviews, observation, and experience. Present news stories, and introduce in-depth videotaped segments or live transmissions from on-the-scene reporters. Film and Video Editors 2 Film and Video Editors edit moving images on film, video, or other media. They may edit or synchronize soundtracks with images. Typical Tasks Organize and string together raw footage into a continuous whole according to scripts or the instructions of directors and producers. Review assembled films or edited videotapes on screens or monitors to determine if corrections are necessary. Trim film segments to specified lengths, and reassemble segments in sequences that present stories with maximum effect. Determine the specific audio and visual effects and music necessary to complete films. Set up and operate computer editing systems, electronic titling systems, video switching equipment, and digital video effects units to produce a final product. Select and combine the most effective shots of each scene to form a logical and smoothly running story. Edit films and videotapes to insert music, dialogue, and sound effects, to arrange films into sequences, and to correct errors, using editing equipment. Cut shot sequences to different angles at specific points in scenes, making each individual cut as fluid and seamless as possible. Mark frames where a particular shot or piece of sound is to begin or end. Verify key numbers and time codes on materials. On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 7
Regional Job Outlook Projected Regional Job Outlook The table below displays 2012 employment estimates and 2022 projections for the five occupations associated with Radio and Television. Data for Broadcast News Analysts was limited to Los Angeles County. Projected growth differed by region: jobs for Producers and Directors are expected to grow by almost 30%, and by approximately 23% for Radio and Television Announcers in the Inland Empire; Postsecondary Communications Teachers jobs are expected to rise by almost 20% in Los Angeles County; and Film and Video Editor positions are expected to increase by approximately 20% in Orange County. Total Estimated 2012 Jobs Total Projected 2022 Jobs Projected Growth (%) Ave. Annual New Job Openings Ave. Annual Replacement Job Openings Ave. Annual Total Job Openings Communications Teachers, Postsecondary State of California 3,200 3,500 300 (9.4%) 30 50 80 Inland Empire 310 330 20 (6.5%) 2 5 7 Los Angeles CO 1,140 1,190 50 (4.4%) 5 17 22 Orange CO 260 310 50 (19.2%) 5 4 9 Producers and Directors State of California 29,100 32,000 2,900 (10.0%) 290 980 1,270 Inland Empire 310 400 90 (29.0%) 9 9 18 Los Angeles CO 22,950 24,800 1,850 (8.1%) 185 776 961 Orange CO 650 760 110 (16.9%) 11 22 33 Radio and Television Announcers State of California 3,600 3,700 100 (2.8%) 10 70 80 Inland Empire 300 370 70 (23.3%) 7 6 13 Los Angeles CO 1,570 1,560-10 (-0.6%) -1 33 32 Orange CO -- -- -- -- -- -- State of California, Inland Empire, Orange CO Broadcast News Analysts -- -- -- -- -- -- Los Angeles CO 380 340-40 (-10.5%) -4 17 13 Film and Video Editors State of California 10,100 10,900 800 (7.9%) 80 80 160 Inland Empire -- -- -- -- -- -- Los Angeles CO 8,500 8,980 480 (5.7%) 48 65 113 Orange CO 230 280 50 (21.7%) 5 2 7 Source: Labor Market Information Division, Employment Development Department, Occupation Profile, on the Internet at: http://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/ (visited April 27, 2015). On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 8
Projected Job Growth by Region The graphs below show the projected growth from 2012 to 2022 of occupations that employ completers of Radio and Television programs, such as the On-Air Radio Production Certificate proposed. 50 Postsecondary Communications Teachers 40 % Growth 30 20 19.2 10 9.4 6.5 4.4 0 California Inland Empire LA County Orange County 50 Producers and Directors 40 % Growth 30 20 29.0 16.9 10 10.0 8.1 0 California Inland Empire LA County Orange County On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 9
50 Radio and Television Announcers 40 % Growth 30 20 10 0-10 2.8 23.3-0.6 N/A California Inland Empire LA County Orange County % Growth 50 40 30 20 10 0-10 -20 Broadcast News Analysts N/A N/A N/A -10.5 California Inland Empire LA County Orange County 50 Film and Video Editors 40 % Growth 30 20 21.7 10 7.9 5.7 0 N/A California Inland Empire LA County Orange County Source: Labor Market Information Division, Employment Development Department, Occupation Profile, on the Internet at: http://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/ (visited April 27, 2015). On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 10
Hourly Wages by Region This table displays the first quarter 2014 hourly wage statistics of individuals employed in occupations for Radio and Television program completers. No data were available for Postsecondary Communications Teachers. Wages in the Los Angeles area are consistently the highest, even in comparison to the state as a whole. Mean Hourly Rate 25 th Percentile Median Hourly Rate 75 th Percentile Communications Teachers, Postsecondary State of California -- -- -- -- Inland Empire -- -- -- -- Los Angeles CO -- -- -- -- Orange CO -- -- -- -- Producers and Directors State of California $59.45 $30.49 $45.60 -- Inland Empire $34.85 $22.62 $34.75 $41.87 Los Angeles CO $63.29 $32.15 $50.03 -- Orange CO -- -- -- -- Radio and Television Announcers State of California $26.58 $13.02 $17.32 $28.61 Inland Empire $14.75 $10.20 $13.37 $17.12 Los Angeles CO $29.55 $13.45 $18.34 $34.93 Orange CO -- -- -- -- Broadcast News Analysts State of California $46.83 $21.94 $35.66 $57.69 Inland Empire -- -- -- -- Los Angeles CO -- -- -- -- Orange CO -- -- -- -- Film and Video Editors State of California $45.21 $24.18 $38.26 $55.64 Inland Empire $26.58 $19.06 $25.68 $28.81 Los Angeles CO $47.75 $26.46 $41.73 $57.22 Orange CO -- -- -- -- -- Indicates there are no data available. Source: Labor Market Information Division, Employment Development Department, Occupation Profile, on the Internet at: http://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/ (visited April 27, 2015). On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 11
Largest and Fastest Growing Industry Employers Largest Industry Employers of TV and Radio Occupations The graphs below display the 2012 staffing patterns of the largest industries employing occupations stemming from Radio and Television (including TV/film/video) programs across the state of California. The majority of Producers and Directors and Film and Video Editors work in the Motion Picture and Video Industry. The majority (or all) of Radio and Television Announcers and Broadcast News Analysts work in Radio and Television Broadcasting. 2,500 Communications Teachers, Postsecondary Number of Employees 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Junior Colleges Colleges and Universities Producers and Directors Number of Employees 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 12
Radio and Television Announcers 2,500 2,000 Number of Employees 1,500 1,000 500 0 Radio and Television Broadcasting Motion Picture and Video Industries Spectator Sports Broadcast News Analysts 700 600 Number of Employees 500 400 300 200 100 0 Radio and Television Broadcasting On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 13
Film and Video Editors 7,000 6,000 Number of Employees 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Source: Labor Market Information Division, Employment Development Department, Staffing Patterns, on the Internet at: http://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/iomatrix/staffing-patterns1.asp (visited April 28, 2015). Change Over Time of the Largest Industry Employers of Radio and Television Occupations The graphs below displays the growth patterns from 2012 to 2022 of the largest industries employing Postsecondary Communications Teachers, Producers and Directors, Radio and Television Announcers, Broadcast News Analysts, and Film and Video Editors in the state of California. Growth or stagnation is expected for Postsecondary Communications Teachers, Producers and Directors, and Film and Video Editors, while Radio and Television Announcer and Broadcast News Analyst industries are expected to reduce job opportunities. Communications Teachers, Postsecondary 20% 18% 18% Percent Change 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 5% 0% Junior Colleges Colleges and Universities On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 14
Producers and Directors 60% 50% 50% Percent Change 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 11% 4% 21% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Radio and Television Announcers 0% -1% 0% 0% -1% Percent Change -2% -2% -3% -3% -4% -4% -5% -5% -4% Radio and Television Broadcasting Motion Picture and Video Industries Spectator Sports On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 15
Broadcast News Analysts 0% -2% Percent Change -4% -6% -8% -10% -12% -14% -16% -18% -17% Radio and Television Broadcasting Film and Video Editors 30% 25% 25% 25% Percent Change 20% 15% 10% 11% 5% 0% 0% 0% 0% Source: Labor Market Information Division, Employment Development Department, Staffing Patterns, on the Internet at: http://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/iomatrix/staffing-patterns1.asp (visited April 28, 2015). On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 16
Regional Graduation Summary Education and Training 1 Postsecondary Communications Teachers are generally expected to have obtained a Doctorate degree. Employers of Producers and Directors are usually looking for candidates with both work experience and a bachelor s degree or higher. Producers are expected to have a considerable amount of work-related skill, knowledge, or experience, as well as on-the-job and/or vocational training. Preparation for a career as a Radio or Television Announcer usually requires training in vocational schools, related on-the-job experience, or an associate s degree. Broadcast News Analyst positions generally require a four-year bachelor s degree, along with a considerable amount of work-related skill, knowledge, and experience. Film and Video Editor positions typically require training in vocational schools, related on-the-job experience, or an associate s degree, although some require a bachelor s degree. Employees in these occupations typically need one or two years of training involving both on-the-job experience and informal training with experienced workers. Regional Completers in Radio and Television Programs The table below displays the number of program completers in the 2013-14 academic year at regional institutions offering Radio and Television programs. Besides Chaffey College, there are 19 institutions offering degrees and/or certificates below the baccalaureate level across the four-county region. Radio and Television Institution Name Award Level < 1 Year Certificate 1 to < 2 Year Associate s Degree Certificate 2 to < 4 Year Certificate Chaffey College 0 -- 7 -- Cerritos College -- -- 1 -- College of the Canyons -- -- 1 -- El Camino College Compton College El Camino Community College District 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 10 -- Fullerton College 7 0 22 -- Glendale Community College 2 -- 1 -- Long Beach City College -- 16 7 -- Los Angeles City College 33 -- 3 -- Los Angeles Valley College -- 7 10 -- Mt. San Antonio College 1 3 18 -- Pasadena City College 1 7 1 -- Rio Hondo College -- 0 0 -- Riverside City College 7 -- 6 -- Saddleback College 18 -- 6 -- On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 17
San Bernardino Valley College 1 -- 7 -- Santa Ana College 0 5 6 -- Santa Monica College -- 8 13 -- Santiago Canyon College 0 -- -- -- The Academy of Radio and TV Broadcasting -- 36 -- -- Total 72 82 120 -- Note: -- indicates that this type of degree is not offered. 0 indicates that this degree is offered but no degrees or certificates were granted. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, on the Internet at: http://www.nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/ 1 http://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/ (visited April 29, 2015). On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 18
Sample Certificate Programs Radio and Television Programs at Other Regional Institutions Mt. San Antonio College offers a Radio On-Air Certificate. The table below illustrates the Mt. SAC courses required to earn this certificate. Radio On-Air Certificate MSAC Course MSAC Course Description MSAC Class Units RTV 01 Introduction to Broadcasting 3 RTV 02 On-Air Personality Development 3 RTV 05 Radio-TV Newswriting 3 RTV 07A Commercial Voice-Overs 3 RTV 11A Beginning Radio Production 3 RTV 11B Advanced Radio Production 3 RTV 15 Broadcast Business Practices 3 RTV 16 Broadcast Career Preparation 3 RTV 97A Radio/Entertainment Industry Seminar 1 RTV 97B Radio/Entertainment Industry Internship 1 RTV 97C KSAK Radio/Internet Radio Internship 1 + 9 elective course units On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 19
Enrollment and Completion in a Similar Program at Chaffey College Description of Broadcasting and Cinema Chaffey College currently offers an Associate s Degree and a Certificate in Broadcasting and Cinema, which draws on similar knowledge as involved in On-Air Radio Production. A description of the Broadcasting and Cinema Certificate in the 2014-15 Course Catalog reads: Students may arrange their own program of courses in broadcasting and cinema production, including cinema studies, producing, broadcast audio, television and radio announcing, radio production, scriptwriting, postproduction editing, TV production, cinema, and HDTV production. Aspects that are similar to the On-Air Radio Certificate currently in place at Mt. San Antonio College include various courses and seminars in broadcasting, production, and audio recording. This program might be used as a model for the addition of the aforementioned On-Air Radio Production certificate program at Chaffey College. Certificate and Enrollment Data for Broadcasting and Cinema Enrollment To estimate the annual student enrollment in On-Air Radio Production programs at Chaffey College, the enrollments of students in related courses were identified. The table below depicts the number of students at Chaffey College enrolled in courses that might be required to earn a Certificate in On-Air Radio Production. Course Course Description Fall 2012 Spring 2013 Term Fall 2013 Spring 2014 BRDCAST 55 Beginning Audio Production 0 32 0 34 0 BRDCAST 67 Beginning Radio Production 0 0 0 0 33 BRDCAST 3 Introduction to Electronic Media 47 0 47 0 46 Note: Enrollment numbers reflect all students who were enrolled at census. Fall 2014 Certificate Completion The annual student completers from the 2011-12 through the 2013-14 Academic Year in the Broadcasting and Cinema program at Chaffey College were also identified to estimate the number of completers that might be expected in a production-focused certificate program. Award Type Academic Year Total 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Degree 4 4 8 16 Certificate 5 3 4 12 On-Air Radio Needs Assessment Page 20