Seattle IFMA Education Symposium June 2017 The Riddles of LED Lighting Chris Lewis, CFM
LED Lighting A little history: Q: When was the LED invented?
What s taking so long? The first LED s were not in the visible spectrum and were very low powered. Later LED s were red and eventually showed up in things like indicator lights and seven segment displays.
What s taking so long? It wasn t until high output blue LED s (2006) and the development of phosphor coatings that white LED s became viable. Fortunately, like other electronics, the technology is getting better and LED s are becoming less expensive. As pricing approaches parity to existing lighting, adoption for general lighting has increased.
More like a computer than a light bulb Familiar with Moore s Law? As time passes, expertise and efficiency soars (lumens per watt) As production goes up, costs go down. Manufacturing experience provides better consistency of color More players equals more innovation, competitive pricing
Other Factors Legislation helps (ban on full wattage incandescent) Environmental concerns (Mercury in Fluorescent) Maintenance Savings? More on this later
Are all lights LED in the Future? Probably but which kind? LED, OLED LED Point Sourced, can be arranged grids, rings and rows. OLED can be made in sheets and strips and can be flexible.
Which Color?
What do all the numbers mean?
The LED lighting industry is awash with confusing jargon and abbreviations. Here s four for starters:- L70, LM79, LM80, TM21. So what do they mean? L70 is simply a measure of the time taken for a light source to degrade to 70% of its original output. It is usually measured in hours and usually refers to degradation of total light output ie: lumens. As in my new LED L70 is 123hours (not a good result, must try harder). LM79, more properly referred to as LM-79-08 is a Test Method authored by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) titled Approved Method: Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products. This essentially defines a set of methodologies for laboratory testing of solid state luminaires and other light sources. LM80, more properly referred to as LM-80-08 is also a Test Method authored by the IESNA. It is titled Approved Method: Measuring Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources. In contrast to LM79 this defines a test method for long-term life testing of component-level LED devices. LM80 is not much use on its own and does not of itself define how to extrapolate lab-measured LED lifetime test data to enable future lifetime prediction. That s where TM21 comes in. Full name TM-21-11, titled Projecting Long Term Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources, TM21 details how to extrapolate short-term LED component test data to predict future performance.
How long do they really last? 10,000 hours? 50,000 hours? 100,000 hours? One Meellion Hours?
So, how long do they really last? Rigorous testing is required, but take most claims with a grain of salt. Most LED s have not been around long enough to verify claimed life spans. Also keep in mind that the numbers claimed represent the amount of time until the lamp degrades to 70% of its initial lumen output. https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/01/f19/led_luminaire_lifetime_guide_sept2014.pdf
What do all of these symbols mean? http://www.intertek.com/marks/etl/ http://www.rohsguide.com/ https://www.fcc.gov/general/equip ment-authorization-procedures https://www.designlights.org/ http://www.lightingfacts.com/ https://www.energystar.gov/
How to be an LED lamp consumer. How
Which form factor? No?
Getting closer
Much better
Too far? Everything old is new again!
What about Linear lamps? Nope!
What about Linear lamps? Much Better!
What type of Linear lamp? TYPE A LINEAR LED TUBES Type A Lamps are a fluorescent ballast compatible lamp with exceptions. These exceptions are expansive, in fact almost every manufacturer suggests consulting their list of compatibilities before installing LED T8 tubes. We have found that there are even scenarios where the LED lamp product is not compatible with ballasts from the same manufacturer. The benefits of this type are that they come in different wattages and beam angles, and lumen output for this type can be controlled by the existing ballast: Low Power (LP), Normal Power (NP), and High Power (HP). Most often, these lamps are installed as a simple relamp project, but it is important to consider the age of your ballasts when choosing this type. If you intend to change ballasts the week after you install these LED lamps, that may undermine the goals and objectives of your project. Whether or not type A is going to be the best solution for your project depends greatly on your maintenance story. TYPE B LINEAR LED TUBES Type B lamps are a direct wire lamp, the most dangerous of the three. This lamp requires the ballast to be removed and the sockets wired direct to line voltage. This system will also require an un-shunted socket, where terminals on the ballast are wired independently. Even though the fixtures are to be marked as having a direct wired lamp, the potential for an LED ballast or LED driver type lamp being installed is great. This will cause severe problems including lamp failure, sparking, even fires. Because you eliminate the need for a ballast, these lamps are chosen when trying to maximize maintenance savings, but safety must be part of the overall consideration to choose a lamp of this type. TYPE C LINEAR LED TUBES Type C Lamps are an LED lamp with a fixture mounted driver, the drivers are now available with three different standard outputs as well as programmable for more or less output depending on the light levels required. The Type C lamp is also similar to an LED fixture, as you have a light engine and a separate driver. These lamps aren t considered nearly as often as they should be. They typically offer the longest life, and dimming capability that the others do not. The reason they re not chosen as often is due to their higher price point. Total Cost of Owning a lighting system should be evaluated when considering whether these are affordable for your project. The type C lamp has just recently achieved controllability using different Mili-amp Drivers. The drivers are more expensive, but in some instances the will achieve a higher lamp life rating 60,000 versus 50,000 hours.
What about Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)? Much Better!
What about Halogen? 35-50W 6W Much Better!
What about HID? = or Yes!
Lamps or Luminaires?
New or retrofit?
When do you switch? Major Remodels Group Relamp Corporate Mandate How do you prioritize? Parts no longer available? Complaints Common areas Restrooms
How do you pay for them? Free money? Ask your utilities. Maintenance Savings Longer lifespan means fewer trips to replace lamps.
Are there any drawbacks? Point Source Intensity can be an issue Some products are of poor quality Product lifespan (new versions appear quickly) Heat can seriously shorten LED lifespan Constant improvement means anything you purchase is soon out of date
What about maintenance? Can I get parts? Do I care?
The Fred Hutch LED story (so far). Questions?