BOOK TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Literary Forms POETRY Verse Epic Poetry Dramatic Poetry Lyric Poetry SPECIALIZED FORMS Dramatic Monologue EXERCISE: DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE Epigram Aphorism EXERCISE: EPIGRAM Satire Direct (formal) satire Indirect satire Horatian satire Juvenalian satire EXERCISE: SATIRE FICTION Novel Novel of incident Novel of character Realistic novel Romance Bildungsroman Historical novel Epistolary novel Antinovel
Metafiction Short Story Novella DRAMA Comedy High and low comedy Farce Romantic comedy Comedy of manners Stock characters Tragedy Classical tragedy Tragic hero Hamartia Hubris Anagnorisis Peripeteia Catharsis Senecan tragedy Revenge tragedy Domestic tragedy Tragicomedy Romance Theater of the Absurd Periods of Drama Ancient Greek Roman English medieval Morality plays Mystery plays Elizabethan and Jacobean
Restoration and Eighteenth Century Modern Figurative Language FIGURES OF THOUGHT (TROPES) Simile Metaphor Tenor Vehicle Mixed metaphor Metaphysical conceit Extended metaphor Subtext EXERCISES: SIMILES AND METAPHORS Personification Allegory Pathetic fallacy Synecdoche Metonymy EXERCISE: PERSONIFICATION, PATHETIC FALLACY, SYNECDOCHE, AND METONYMY Irony Verbal irony Sarcasm Structural irony Unreliable narrator Dramatic irony Tragic irony Cosmic irony EXERCISES: IRONY TROPES DEPENDENT ON CONTRASTING LEVELS OF MEANING
Hyperbole Understatement Litotes Paradox Oxymoron Periphrasis Pun Equivoque EXERCISE: TROPES DEPENDENT ON CONTRASTING LEVELS OF MEANING FIGURES OF SPEECH (SCHEMES) Apostrophe Invocation Rhetorical Question Anaphora Antithesis Chiasmus EXERCISE: FIGURES OF SPEECH (SCHEMES) Rhetorical Strategies Diction Formal vs. colloquial language Abstract vs. concrete language Poetic diction Allusion Parody Analogy EXERCISES: DICTION, ALLUSION, AND ANALOGY Imagery Symbolism Atmosphere EXERCISES: IMAGERY, SYMBOLISM, AND ATMOSPHERE
Repetition Selection and Order of Details Epiphany EXERCISES: REPETITION, SELECTION AND ORDER OF DETAILS, AND EPIPHANY Narration VOICE Narrator POINT OF VIEW First-Person Third-Person Third-person omniscient Intrusive narrator Objective narrator Narrator in drama Third-person limited Stream of consciousness Second-person EXERCISE: POINT OF VIEW CHARACTERIZATION Flat Characters vs. Round Characters Stock characters Showing vs. Telling EXERCISES: CHARACTERIZATION ROLES IN THE PLOT Protagonist Hero, heroine Antihero Antagonist Villain
Foil EXERCISES: ROLES DIALOGUE Verisimilitude Speech headings Stage directions Direct and indirect discourse Repartee Soliloquy Aside Blocking EXERCISE: DIALOGUE SETTING EXERCISES: SETTING THEME TONE Pathos EXERCISES: THEME AND TONE Structure Story vs. Plot Frame Story In Medias Res Exposition Flashback Narrative Pace Unscene Parenthetical Observation Subplot
Shift in Style EXERCISES: STRUCTURE Syntax Independent clause Dependent clause Subject Simple subject Complete subject Predicate Simple predicate Complete predicate Direct object Indirect object Appositive Sentence Fragments Kinds of Sentences Simple sentence Compound sentence Coordinating conjunction Complex sentence Subordinate clause Means of Linkage Coordination Subordination Parallelism Syntactical Order Loose sentence (cumulative sentence) Periodic sentence Inversion Sentence Variety
EXERCISES: SYNTAX Prosody METER Quantitative meter Syllabic meter Stress Accentual meter Accentual-syllabic meter Foot Metrical Feet Iamb Anapest Trochee Dactyl Rising meters Falling meters Number of Feet in a Line Monometer Dimeter Trimeter Tetrameter Pentameter Hexameter Heptameter Naming the Meter Iambic pentameter Trochaic trimeter Dactylic tetrameter Common Substitutions Spondee
Catalexis Masculine and feminine endings Pauses within and between Lines of Verse End-stopped lines Enjambed lines Caesura Scansion EXERCISES: METER RHYME End Rhyme Double rhyme Triple rhyme Masculine rhyme Feminine rhyme Internal Rhyme Rhyme Scheme Perfect and Imperfect Rhyme Eye rhyme Half-rhyme (off-rhyme, slant rhyme, imperfect rhyme) EXERCISE: RHYME SOUND AND SOUND PATTERNS Alliteration Internal alliteration Consonance Assonance Onomatopoeia EXERCISES: SOUND AND SOUND PATTERNS Poetic Forms STANZAS
Couplet Heroic couplet Closed couplet Open couplet Tercet (Triplet) Terza rima Quatrain In Memoriam stanza Ballad meter (common meter) Refrain Sonnet Italian (Petrarchan) Octet Sestet English (Shakespearean) Volta (turn) Sonnet sequence Curtal sonnet Blank Verse In poetry In drama Free Verse (Open Form Verse) EXERCISES: POETIC FORMS Appendix: MLA Style MLA In-Text Documentation Notes MLA List of Works Cited Sample Research Paper, MLA Style PERMISSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INDEX OF TERMS