IMPLICATU RE Course inst ructor: Vero nica Tomes cu
ZACK: They also said dolphins might be smarter than people. LEONARD: They might be smarter than some people. ZACK: Maybe you could do an experiment to Gind out. SHELDON: That s easy enough. We d need a large tank of water, a hoop to jump through and a bucket of whatever bite-sized treats you Gind tasty. ZACK: I don t get it. LEONARD: A dolphin might. ZACK: Oh, I see, you guys are inferring that I m stupid. SHELDON: That s not correct. We were implying it. You then inferred it.
0 Conversational Implicature (Grice): sentences mean what one says and more How is he doing in his new job at the bank? Oh, quite well, he hasn t been to prison yet. 0 a proposition which is conveyed indirectly = implication
You phoned him from Leeds place last night, as soon as you could get to a phone after Mrs Rackham was murdered. Excuse me. Not as soon as I could get to a phone after Mrs Rachkam was murdered. As soon as I could get to a phone after I found out she had been murdered.
[Sheldon draws on boards] LEONARD: What are you doing there? Working on a new plan to catch the Road Runner? SHELDON: The humorous implication being that I am Wile E. Coyote? And that this is a schematic for a birdtrapping device that will ultimately backgire and cause me physical injury?
0 implicatures: 1. conventional: therefore, too, syntactic constructions 2. conversational implicatures: determined by the conversational context, by the mutual conversational beliefs, constrained by Cooperative Principle
Conversational implicatures are: 0 generalized Some of them have come. Not all of them have come. 0 particularized
Conversational Implicatures are cancellable On the morning of the murder John visited Mary, went to the campus and dropped on his friend, but not necessarily in that order It s odd that the dog doesn t eat cheese. -> conventional implicature: the dog doesn t eat cheese *It s odd that he doesn t but he does in fact eat cheese.
0 explicit cancellation à may draw attention to the implicature: I was overhearing some of the men and well, some of them are wondering what it is we re up to here. Not me, of course. I know you re always the man with the plan. But some, not me, are wondering if there is in fact a plan at all and what it might be.
0 reinforcibility : conversational implicatures are reinforcible, unlike conventional *I regret that he is here and he is here
0 Cooperative Principle = Make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange
Attardo s Perlocutionary Cooperative Principle = cooperate in whatever goals the speaker may have in initiating a conversational exchange, including nonlinguistic, practical goals; anticipate people s needs A: How long does it take by taxi? a)one minute not pragmatically acceptable, unhelpful, validates mistaken assumption b)you don t need a taxi it s two minute s walk. Get Smith on the phone. He s right here in the waiting room.
Grice s Maxims of conversation: 1. Quantity =contribution should be as informative as required: not more, not less 2. Quality =tell the truth 3. Relation =be relevant 4. Manner =avoid obscurity, ambiguity, be brief and orderly
I ll try to frame this right. Except for newspaper or radio items connected with his death, had you or have you ever seen or heard of him? Not under that name. Damn it, under any name? Not to my knowledge. Have you any reason to suppose or suspect that the man found dead in that alley was someone you had ever seen or heard of in any connection whatever? That s more like it. That should settle it. The answer is no.
Failure to fulgill a maxim: 1. violate 2. infringe (unintentionally) 3. opt out 4. suspend 5. Glout
1. Violate à intentionally mislead 0 Maxim of Quantity I did not explicitly request a bribe from anyone.
1. Violate à intentionally mislead 0 Maxim of Quality I know all. And I should like to begin," I said, sinking my personal opinion that the female in question was a sloppy pest in my desire to buck and encourage, "by saying that Madeline Bassett is a charming girl. A winner, and just the sort for you."
1. Violate à intentionally mislead 0 Maxim of Relation How do you think I look, Bertie?" Well, the answer to that, of course, was "perfectly foul". I evaded the question. "I hear you're in London," I said carelessly.
1. Violate à intentionally mislead 0 Maxim of Manner CHARMING: You can t lie. Where is Shrek? PINOCCHIO: Well, I don t know where he s not. CHARMING: You don t know where Shrek is? PINOCCHIO: It wouldn t be inaccurate to assume that I couldn t exactly not say that is or isn t almost partially incorrect. CHARMING: So you do know where he is. PINOCCHIO: On the contrary, I m possibly more or less not deginitely rejecting the idea that in no way, with any amount of uncertainty I do not know where he shouldn t be. If that indeed wasn t where he isn t. Even if he wasn t not where I knew he was it could mean...
2. Infringe à unintentionally violate: imperfect linguistic performance 0 Maxim of Manner Do you know the Guest Room miss? Well, it s on the New Bridge, miss, betweentudor Building and the North Annex where the Cottage used to be, miss, only of course that s all done away now and you has to go up by the main staircase past the West Lecture-Room, miss, what used to be the Junior Common Room, miss, before they made the new entrance and moved the stairs, and then turn right and it s halfway along the corridor. You can t mistake it, miss. Any of the Scouts would show you, miss, if you could Gind one about just now.
2. Infringe à unintentionally violate 0 Maxim of Quantity Oh, there you are! said Sir Aymler, who was still bellowing out of the window. William, this fellow who calls himself Reginald Twistleton, how about him? How about him? Exactly. How about him? How do you mean, how about him? Good God, boy, can t you understand plain English? I mean How about him?
2. Infringe à unintentionally violate 0 Maxim of Relation Such an interesting case and interesting people too, don t you think, though what the jury make of it I don t know, with faces like hams most of them, except the artist, who wouldn t have any features at all if it wasn t for that dreadful tie and his beard, looking like Christ, only not really Christ but one of those Italian ones in a pink frock and a blue top thing.
3. Opt out My lips are sealed Such information is congidential It s none of your business No comment
4. suspend 0 Maxim of Quality: e.g. obituaries 0 Maxim of Manner: e.g. poetry 0 Maxim of Quantity: e.g. text messages
5. Glout à exploit a maxim: implicatures Premises: a) there is no reason to assume that the speaker is disobeying the cooperative principle; b) the speaker knows that the hearer can come up with the implicature; c) mutual contextual beliefs
5. Flout Maxim of Quality Did they shoot you? Sure, but I caught the bullets and tossed them back.
5. Flout Maxim of Quantity: emphasis Why are you got up as a policeman? I am a policeman. A policeman? Yes. When you say policeman, do you mean policeman? Yes. You re a policeman? Yes, blast you. Are you deaf? I m a policeman.
5. Flout Maxim of Relation Why did you put that ad in the paper? Cramer demanded. Archie, this letter from Jordan is farcical. He knows quite well that I do not use Brassavolas in tri-generic crosses. He doesn t deserve an answer, but he ll get one. Your notebook. Dear Mr Jordan. I am aware that you have had ill success with
5. Flout Maxim of Manner He can t possibly do it, which is an advantage, because the only things he ever really strains himself on are those that can t be done.
0 clash of maxims: quality and quantity: if you say all, you may say that for which you have insufgicient evidence
0 one maxim for another: quantity for relevance Did you drive? Walked. He walked and I ran. You ran? Why? To keep up with him.
1. I don't see how things could possibly be worse than they are, but no doubt you will succeed in making them so. Your genius and insight will Gind the way. Carry on, Bertie. Yes, carry on. I am past caring now. I shall even Gind a faint interest in seeing into what darker and profounder abysses of hell you can plunge this home. 2. Koven had made a dive for the door. I caught him before he reached it, got an arm and his chin and heaved. There was a lot of feeling in it, and big as he was he sailed to a wall, bounced off and went to the Gloor. I returned to the phone, Excuse me Koven tried to interrupt.
overstatement (hyperbole) and understatement 0 violate Grice s maxims of quantity No one understands me A pig wouldn t eat this food Not bad!
overstatement 0 epic grandeur 0 stir curiosity 0 enhance positive face: That was a delicious meal. 0 advertisement:.. 0 standardized cases of hyperbole: a thousand pardons, scared to death, I d give the world, work one s Gingers to the bone, move heaven and earth, be all ears
understatement 0 pragmatic purposes: restore credibility There are some rather splendid murals on the North Wall. They were rather enthusiastic 0 used to underplay aspects of meaning which are pragmatically disfavoured, criticism, pessimistic judgements I wasn t overimpressed 0 minimize praise of oneself: I m rather good at crossword puzzles. That wasn t such a bad meal that I cooked 0 specialization of adverbials of degree towards negative items: a little bit dirty /?a little bit clean
0 Litotes: particular case of understatement: negate a predicative in order to conversationally assert less than the opposite He is no coward. He is not without taste. 0 negation does not merely suggest the absence of the quality negated but the presence of the opposite