TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/IEC TR 24705 First edition 2005-10-15 Information technology Office machines Machines for colour image reproduction Method of specifying image reproduction of colour devices by digital and analog test charts Technologies de l'information Machines de bureau Machines pour reproduction d'image couleur Méthode pour spécifier la reproduction d'image des dispositifs couleur par des organigrammes d'essai numériques et analogiques Reference number ISO/IEC TR 24705:2005(E) ISO/IEC 2005
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Information technology Office machines Machines for colour image reproduction Method of specifying image reproduction of colour devices by digital and analog test charts Contents Page Foreword... v Introduction... vi 1. Scope... 1 2. Normative References... 1 3. Terms and definitions... 2 3.1 Definitions... 2 3.2 Colours in colour metrics, printing and television... 5 4. ISO/IEC-test charts... 6 4.1 General... 6 4.2 Content and purpose of ISO/IEC-test charts... 6 4.3 Modes and production of ISO/IEC-test charts... 12 4.4 Codes of the ISO/IEC-test charts and their reproduction... 14 4.5 Colorimetric data of intended and reproduced colours... 15 4.6 Limits of visual resolution and colour perceptibility... 21 4.7 Applications of analog and digital ISO/IEC-test charts... 22 5. Visual and colorimetric tests for all applications... 24 5.1 General... 24 5.2 Visual test... 24 5.3 Colorimetric specification... 25 6. Test report for all applications... 25 6.1 General... 25 6.2 Description of input and output and comparison of output and reference... 25 7. Test charts for image reproduction of printer systems: digital analog... 26 7.1 General... 26 7.2 Output technique for colour image reproduction devices: digital analog (printers)... 26 7.3 Parameters for the PS-output of colour image reproduction devices: digital analog... 28 7.4 Parameters for the creation and output of PDF-files... 28 8. Visual and colorimetric tests of printer systems: digital analog... 29 8.1 General... 29 8.2 Visual test... 29 8.3 Colorimetric specification... 29 9. Test report of printer systems: digital analog... 29 9.1 General... 29 10. Test charts for image reproduction of scanner systems: analog digital... 30 10.1 General... 30 10.2 Output technique for colour image reproduction devices: analog digital (scanners)... 30 10.3 Methods to determine the * coordinates of the digital scanner-test chart... 34 11. Visual and colorimetric test of scanner systems: analog digital... 38 11.1 General... 38 11.2 Visual test... 38 11.3 Colorimetric specification... 38 12. Test report of scanner systems: analog digital... 38 12.1 General... 38 13. Test charts for image reproduction of monitor systems: digital analog... 40 13.1 General... 40 13.2 Output technique for colour image reproduction devices: digital analog (monitors)... 40 13.3 Parameters for the PS-output of colour image reproduction devices: digital analog... 42 13.4 Parameters for the creation and output of PDF-files... 42 ISO/IEC 2005 All rights reserved iii
14. Visual and colorimetric test of monitor systems: digital analog... 43 14.1 General... 43 14.2 Visual test... 43 14.3 Colorimetric specification... 43 15. Test report of monitor systems: digital analog... 43 15.1 General... 43 Annex A: Form A for the picture area... 44 Annex B: Form B for the picture area... 45 Annex C: Form C for the picture area... 46 Annex D: Form D for the picture area... 47 Annex E: Form E for the frame area... 48 Annex F: Form F for the frame area... 49 Annex G: Colorimetric specification... 50 Annex H: Code lists of input, output and reference... 53 Annex I: Digital ISO/IEC-test charts of this Technical Report... 55 Annex J: Colorimetric basis for the Systems OLS and TLS... 60 Annex K: Offset Luminous System for L*N = 0, 18, 27, 33... 63 Annex L: Colours of Offset and Television Luminous Systems... 65 Annex M: 16-step CIELAB scales and luminance reflectance... 70 Annex N: Information on web sites... 71 iv @ISO/IEC 2005 - All rights reserved
Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, the joint technical committee may propose the publication of a Technical Report of one of the following types: type 1, when the required support cannot be obtained for the publication of an International Standard, despite repeated efforts; type 2, when the subject is still under technical development or where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement on an International Standard; type 3, when the joint technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard ( state of the art, for example). Technical Reports of types 1 and 2 are subject to review within three years of publication, to decide whether they can be transformed into International Standards. Technical Reports of type 3 do not necessarily have to be reviewed until the data they provide are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/IEC TR 24705, which is a Technical Report of type 3, was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 28, Office equipment. This Technical Report is based on International Standard ISO/IEC 15775 and on the Draft International Multipart ISO/IEC fast track Standard DIS 19839 1 to 4:2001 which together are identical to the multipart standard DIN 33866-1 to -5. In 2002 it was decided at the Ballot Resolution Meeting on DIS ISO/IEC 19839-1 to -4 in Berlin to produce this Technical Report instead of a multipart International Standard. @ISO/IEC 2005 - All rights reserved v
Introduction Background Information This Technical Report is based on analog ISO/IEC-test charts with 16-step colour scales equally spaced in CIELAB. The International Standard ISO/IEC 15775 for the specification of image reproduction of colour copiers uses analog ISO/IEC-test charts with e. g. a 16 step colour scale between White W and Cyan-blue C which is equally spaced in CIELAB. In image technology for the output of the colour series W C the four device coordinates cmyk (Cyan-blue, Magentared, Yellow, Black) have been used for many years. If the coordinate of Cyan-blue is changed between zero and 1 and the other three are zero then the series W C appears on the output, e. g. on an office colour laser printer or in offset printing. Linear relation between device and CIELAB coordinates for office systems There is much discussion in the field of image technology about the meaning of device coordinates, e. g. cmyk or rgb, for printers and monitors and their relation to the L*a*b* data of the device independent colour space CIELAB. The International Standard ISO/IEC 15775 has produced new ideas how to define more meaningful device coordinates which are called e. g. cmy0*, w*, olv*, 000n*. This Technical Report defines the calculation methods between the CIELAB coordinates L*a*b* of the analog ISO/IEC-test charts and device *-coordinates (starcoordinates), e. g. cmy0*, w*, olv*, 000n*. According to the International Technical Report ISO/IEC TR 19797 a linear relationship can be defined between e.g. the device coordinates cmy0* and the device independent coordinates LAB* of the (absolute) CIELAB space. According to TR ISO/IEC 19797 the coordinate c* = 1 produces the Cyan-blue colour if the others are zero, c* = 0 produces the White reference paper and c* = 0,5 produces a colour which is exactly in the middle in the CIELAB space between Cyan-blue C and White W. The CIELAB data of the 16-step colour series between White and Cyanblue are calculated by the following linear equations L* = L* W + c* (L* C L* W ) (0 <= c* <= 1) and similarly for the CIELAB chroma data a* and b*. For the mean device value c*=0.5 the CIELAB data are calculated as mean of the CIELAB data of Cyan-blue C and White W. Multi-spectral CIELAB imaging and new device *-coordinates (star-coordinates) If the analog ISO/IEC-test charts are scanned with the new multi-spectral technology then from the spectral reflection or transmission data of any pixel the CIELAB data can be determined. The devices with these properties are called CIELAB scanners or CIELAB cameras. By the calculation methods of ISO/IEC TR 19797 one can transfer the LAB* data in the digital scan file to the device values such as cmy0*, w*, olv*, 000n* in the digital scan file. Digital ISO/IEC-test charts with new device *-coordinates (star-coordinates) By the calculation methods of ISO/IEC TR 19797 one can transfer the LAB* data of the analog ISO/IEC-test charts to the device coordinates, e. g. cmy0*, w*, olv*, 000n*. The digital ISO/IEC-test charts are designed using this device data. The CIELAB colour differences between the seven basic colours CMYOLVN and the paper White W of the analog ISO/IEC-test charts and the standard colours of offset printing are less than the CIELAB colour difference of E* = 3. This is the E* tolerance value specified in ISO/IEC 15775 as reasonable for office equipment image technology. So instead of the production data of the present analog ISO/IEC-test charts the standard colours of offset printing are used as default device data, e. g. cmy0*, w*, olv*, 000n*, in the digital ISO/IEC-test charts. Examples are shown in Annex I. This Technical Report and ISO/IEC 15775 Input Table 0-1: Application of this Technical Report and ISO/IEC 15775 for specifying image reproduction Output Input and output media and applications Technical Report Input media Output media Application (TR) or Standard Basis TR ISO/IEC 24705 analog analog ISO/IEC-test chart (hardcopy) Hardcopy Copier ISO/IEC 15775 analog digital ISO/IEC-test chart (hardcopy) File Scanner TR ISO/IEC 24705 digital analog ISO/IEC-test chart (file) Hardcopy Softcopy Printer Monitor TR ISO/IEC 24705 TR ISO/IEC 24705 TR24705/T1TA000.PS vi @ISO/IEC 2005 - All rights reserved
Table 0-1 includes the applications of this Technical Report and ISO/IEC 15775 to specify image reproduction properties. This Technical Report describes the classification and a basis for the production and application of analog and digital ISO/IEC-test charts. It describes methods for the specification of image reproduction properties of colour devices. The International Standard ISO/IEC 15775 and this Technical Report define visual and colorimetric methods to specify the image reproduction properties of colour systems. A colour system includes the black box between input and reproduction of digital or analog ISO/IEC-test charts. The area of the colour copier devices with the reproduction process analog analog is excluded here as this area is already covered by the International Standard ISO/IEC 15775. There is a close relationship to the other reproduction process types analog digital and digital analog which require similar specification methods and corresponding digital and analog ISO/IEC-test charts. The different reproduction processes are defined in ISO/IEC 15775 and this Technical Report. This Technical Report consists of: Section 2. to 6.: Method of specifying image reproduction of colour systems by digital and analog test charts Classification and principles. Section 7. to 9.: Method of specifying image reproduction of colour systems by digital input and analog output as hardcopy for colour image reproduction devices: digital analog (Printers) Application and realisation. Section 10. to 12.: Method of specifying image reproduction of colour systems by analog input and digital output for colour image reproduction devices: analog digital (Scanners) Application and realisation Section 13. to 15.: Method of specifying image reproduction of colour systems by digital input and analog output as softcopy for colour image reproduction devices: digital analog (Monitors) Application and realisation. Equal relative CIELAB spacing of analog and digital ISO/IEC-test charts This Technical Report is based on analog and digital ISO/IEC-test charts. The analog ISO/IEC-test charts are equally spaced in CIELAB between white W and the six colours CMYOLV and black N. CMYOLV hexagon L C three basic colors TR24705/E8370-61 cmyolvnw* default color space colour names of Y ISO/IEC 15775 W O M V three mixed colors CMYOLV complementary hue planes C colour names of ISO/IEC 15775 0 C* ab =LAB* r Reference ORS18a: Offset Reflective System L* = 18, chroma adapted (a) Transfer TLS18: Television Luminous System L* = 18 TR24705/B2410-2N cmyolv* default color space L*=LAB* 1 Figure 0-1: Equal relative CIELAB spacing of 16 steps for different hue and lightness Fig. 0-1 shows on the left side 16 equally spaced steps in the CIELAB colour space between White W and the six chromatic colours CMYOLV. This spacing is realized in analog ISO/IEC-test charts by different manufacturers. On the right two equally spaced series between White Orange-red (W O) and White Cyan-blue (W C) are shown on both monitors and printers. It is intended here to have equal relative spacing in the CIELAB colour space on both the printer and monitor under standard office conditions. Standard office conditions for colour control are defined by the standard daylight CIE illuminant D65 and approximately equal luminance of the white monitor and the illuminated white paper (e. g. in special cases in a light booth). This Technical Report and the figure on the right side assume a monitor black with the CIELAB lightness L*=18 as standard. This lightness is produced by a standard luminance reflectance Y r =2,5 of the standard ambient light on the monitor surface. For chromatic colours, equal CIELAB data on the monitor and for printer output are not intended. A relative reproduction is intended which has the following main advantages for the 16-step colour series of the ISO/IEC-test charts: 1. All Landolt-rings are recognized on both devices for the light (0 1), the medium (7 8) and the dark steps (E-F). 2. The recognition of the rings is optimized because the largest possible CIELAB difference is produced. 3. The whole device output colour space is filled which is desired by many applications, e. g. digital photography. 4. Linearized device systems need much less measurement data for profiling compared to unlinearized data. E*=2.51 E*=3.5 100 18 E*=5.18 E*=5.08 O @ISO/IEC 2005 - All rights reserved vii
5. The relative reproduction is approximately an absolute reproduction, e. g. if the reflective analog ISO/IEC-test charts or other originals are reproduced on printers with 8 basic colours similar to the 8 standard offset colours. NOTE: When the CIELAB data of ICC profiles which are used to map the CIELAB input colours on the output device do not include the information about the 8 device colours then the above simple relative reproduction between the input and output space is very complicated. For example one must change all hues differently. The digital ISO/IEC-test charts are equally spaced in digital coordinates between 0 and 1. Different device coordinates, e. g. cmy0*, 000n*, w* and olv* are used in the digital ISO/IEC-test charts. The star (*) indicates a linear relationship between the digital device coordinates, e. g. cmy0*, and the CIELAB coordinates L*a*b*. NOTE: The International Technical Report ISO/IEC 19797 describes the linearization methods between device coordinates, e. g. cmy0*, and the CIELAB coordinates L*a*b*. Production of analog ISO/IEC-test charts according to ISO/IEC 15775 from digital test charts Anyone may produce ISO/IEC-test charts. To do this it is recommended that use the digital ISO/IEC-test chart files be downloaded from the recommended servers. A producer may include a free digital image which must include the standard 16 step series of the grey scale and the 14 CIE-test colours when the image is taken. According to the International Standard ISO/IEC 15775 any ISO/IEC-test chart producer must publish digital ISO/IEC-test chart files with the standard image in 5 resolutions which correspond to the analog ISO/IEC-test charts of the production. Test charts which correspond to the principles of ISO/IEC 15775 have been published in Germany by DIN as DIN-test charts according to DIN 33866-1 to 5 and in Japan by JBMIA as Asian ISO/IEC-test charts according to ISO/IEC 15775. There are corresponding digital ISO/IEC-test charts on different servers in different resolutions (see Annex N). Applications and limitations of this Technical Report This Technical Report includes the basic principles for the application of ISO/IEC-test charts for colour reproduction devices such as for colour printers, colour scanners, colour monitors, colour displays, digital cameras, the Photo-CD system and overhead devices, which can input (scan, read) or output (reproduce, display) analog or digital test charts. For this the analog and digital ISO/IEC-test charts include different image line and character elements, as well as Siemens-stars and Landolt-rings in different colours and contrast combinations. Additionally 14 CIE-test colours as well as 5- and 16-step colour series with equal spacing are included. The specification of image reproduction is based on the differences between digital or analog ISO/IEC-test charts and their reproduction, especially in terms of resolution, relative luminance and colour. The layout, content and requirements for the production of the ISO/IEC-test charts are defined in ISO/IEC 15775. The ISO/IEC-test charts are defined for CIE illuminant D65, the CIE 2 degree observer, the CIE 45/0 geometry and with a three thickness backing of white paper for measurement and visual evaluation. For colour control in offices the recommended illumination of 1000 lux of the CIE is used, which corresponds to 282 (= 1000 / 3,14 x 0,886) cd/m 2 for the white reference paper of the ISO/IEC-test charts. A monitor in a modern office has about the same luminance for the white screen. Therefore the white luminance L W = 300 cd/m 2 and the same chromaticity as CIE daylight D65 is recommended. Therefore no chromatic or luminance adaptation is required and only the CIELAB data are required for the visual and colorimetric application within this Technical Report. For colorimetric evaluation of monitors the lightness L* N = 18 of Black N and L* W = 95 of white W of the analog ISO/IEC-test chart no. 3 is normalized to the same data for the monitor. See Annex M. The ISO/IEC-test charts are defined and available in different device coordinates, e. g. cmy0*, w*, olv*, 000n*, and the absolute CIELAB coordinates L*a*b*. See Annex N. This Annex recommends three digital ISO/IEC-test charts for the tests according to this Technical Report, but additionally other ISO/IEC-test charts of the list can be used if appropriate. The test report requires that the forms of Annex A to Annex F be included. The ISO/IEC-test charts of the tests appear in Annex E and Annex F. The tests use the same test elements as for the test of colour copiers. See ISO/IEC 15775 and Annex N. The colour series between White W and CMYOLV is tested but e.g. the series between Black and CMYOLV are not included in ISO/IEC 15775. The last series are usually approximately equally spaced in relative CIELAB if the series Black White is equally spaced. There is no preference of this Technical Report for any operating system, application software, or device driver. These properties are within a black box which influence the workflow of the device systems digital analog (printer and monitor systems) or analog digital (scanner systems) between input and output. Different CIE illuminants D65 and D50 in different International Standards In this Technical Report, in ISO/IEC 15775 and in the monitor standard IEC 61966-2 the CIE illuminant D65 is recommended. NOTE: The International Standard IEC 61966-7-1 measures the CIELAB output colours for RGB input data for the CIE illuminant D50. viii @ISO/IEC 2005 - All rights reserved
Information technology Office machines Machines for colour image reproduction Method of specifying image reproduction of colour devices by digital and analog test charts 1. Scope The colour reproduction properties of office devices, e.g. printers, scanners and monitors, may depend on the device system, which includes e.g. the device properties and settings, the device driver, the file format, the computer operating system and the application software. The method of this Technical Report is to test how the reproduction changes if one or several of the parameters are varied, such as the device properties or settings, the device driver, the file format, the computer operating system, the colour space, and the application software. This allows manufacturers and users to get a feeling or data about the influence of the different parameters on the reproduction. 2. Normative References The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document, For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 216:1975, Writing paper and certain classes of printed matter Trimmed sizes A and B series ISO 536:1995, Paper and board Determination of grammage ISO 554:1976, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing Specifications ISO 2469:1994, Paper, board and pulps Measurement of diffuse reflectance factor ISO 2471:1998, Paper and board Determination of opacity (paper backing) Diffuse reflectance method ISO 2846 1:1997, Graphic technology Colour and transparency of ink sets for four-colour-printing Part 1: Sheet-fed and heat-set web offset lithographic printing ISO 3664:2000, Viewing conditions Graphic technology and photography ISO 5627:1995, Paper and board Determination of smoothness (Bekk method) ISO 5651:1989, Paper board and pulps Units for expressing properties ISO 5737:1983, Prints Preparation of standard prints for optical tests ISO 7724 1:1984, Paints and varnishes Colorimetry Part 1: Principles ISO 7724 3:1984, Paints and varnishes Colorimetry Part 3: Calculation of colour differences ISO 8596:1994, Ophthalmic optics Visual acuity testing Standard optotype and its presentation ISO 8597:1994, Optics and optical instruments Visual acuity testing Method of correlating optotypes ISO 13655:1996, Graphic technology Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts images ISO 12641:1997, Graphic technology Prepress digital data exchange Colour targets for input scanner calibration ISO/IEC 15775: 1999, Information technology Office machines Method of specifying image reproduction of colour copying machines by digital and analog test charts Realisation and application ISO/CIE 10526:1991, CIE standard colorimetric illuminants ISO/CIE 10527:1991, CIE standard colorimetric observers CIE-pub. 13.3:1995, Colour rendering Method of Measuring and Specifying Colour Rendering Properties of Light Sources CIE-pub. 15.2:1986, Colorimetry DIN 6160:1996, Anomaloscopes for the diagnosis of red-green colour vision deficiencies (or equivalent) DIN 33866 1: 2000, Information technology Office machines Colour image reproduction devices, Part 1: Method of specifying image reproduction of colour devices by digital and analog test charts Classification and principles DIN 33866 2: 2000, Information technology Office machines Colour image reproduction devices Method of specifying image reproduction of colour copiers by analog test charts Application and realisation @ISO/IEC 2005 - All rights reserved 1
DIN 33866 3: 2000, Information technology Office machines Colour image reproduction devices, Part 3: Method of specifying image reproduction of colour devices by digital input and analog output as hardcopy for colour image reproduction devices: digital analog (Printers) Application and realisation DIN 33866 4: 2000, Information technology Office machines Colour image reproduction devices, Part 4: Method of specifying image reproduction of colour devices by analog input and digital output for colour image reproduction devices: analog digital (Scanners) Application and realisation DIN 33866 5: 2000, Information technology Office machines Colour image reproduction devices, Part 5: Method of specifying image reproduction of colour devices by digital input and analog output as softcopy for colour image reproduction devices: digital analog (Monitors) Application and realisation DIN 58220 5:1996, Test of visual acuity Part 5: General test of vision ITU-R Recommendation BT.709 3:1998, Parameter Values for the HDTV Standards for Production and International Programme Exchange IEC 61966-2-1: 1999, Multimedia systems and equipment - Colour measurement and management - Part 2-1: Colour management - Default RGB colour space - srgb IEC 61966-7-1: 2001, Multimedia systems and equipment - Colour measurement and management - Part 7-1: colour printers - reflective prints - RGB inputs IEC/CIE publ. 17.4: 1987, International lighting vocabulary, 4th edition, Joint publication IEC/CIE ISO/IEC TR 19797: 2003, Device output of 16-step colour scales, output linearization method (LM) and specification of the reproduction properties 2 @ISO/IEC 2005 - All rights reserved