Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 1 Outline Overview: biological sciences Research data documentation Types of scientific documentation Types of journals Classification of research articles Structure of scientific publications How do get information access (searching tools, databases, e-journals)
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 2 The Bologna summit of 19 June 1999 Joint declaration of the European Ministers of Education Summit: meeting of heads of governments Objectives: - Adopt a system of easily readable and comparable degrees - Adopt a system with two main cycles (undergraduate and graduate): 1st Degree (min. 3 years): European labour market qualification 2nd Degree: Master and/or doctorate degree - Establish an unified system of credits (e.g. ECTS, European Credit Transfer System) to facilitate student mobility within Europe - Promote quality assurance (development of comparable criteria and methodologies) Bachelor -> Master (Major) -> doctorate (PhD)
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 3 Definitions (Wikipedia) Biological Sciences (Lebenswissenschaft) Wissenschaft is the German language term for any study or science that involves systematic research and teaching Research (From French recherche, from rechercher - to search): search for knowledge or any systematic investigation to establish facts Science (Latin scientia) meaning Knowledge (Wissen)
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 4 Biological Science: Research + Teaching Scientific research: application of a scientific method motivated by curiosity to provide scientific information and theories to explain the nature and properties of the world around us Teaching Pass on the information in a professional way instruct, educate
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 5 Biological Science - is an empirical science (question it, test it, communicate it!) From: http://thinkreason.net/193/difference-science-creation-science/
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 6 How is scientific research driven? Scientific research The hypothetico-deductive model or method: Worth looking at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/scientific_method#introduction_to_scientific_method
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 7 Timely development of scientific discoveries? Development of new theories and discovery of new concepts is time consuming and laborious From bench to book: how long does it take? A theory well accepted today might be any longer valid in a couple of years Scientific methods are limited to actual technology Be critical and flexible! Re-assess, re-think constantly! Innovate!
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 8 Science relays on EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION DOCUMENTATION!
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 9 Types of scientific data documentation - Scientific journal articles - Books - Scientific conferences (presentations, abstracts published in Proceedings) - Reports (institutional, technical, etc) - Scientific monographies (Master thesis, PhD thesis) - Patents (e.g. biological, chemical) - Podcasts (video documentation - interviews, lectures)
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 10 Scientific journal articles Letters, short communications, research notes: Original research, short description of work, fast-tracked for immediate publication Articles: Original research, detailed description of work, larger (5-15 pages) Review articles: No original research, summary of several people s research on a topic, Describion about state-of-the-art in a particular field
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 11 Are all journals the same? Audience specialised readers (e.g. Yeast, Diabetes) broader audience (e.g. Nature, Science, Cell) non-specialised reader (e.g Scientific American) Topics cover several topics (e.g. PNAS) narrow area of research (e.g. Biochemistry, Genetics) Type of article primary data (peer-reviewed) review articles only (invited / peer-reviewed)
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 12 Impact factor (citation index): How to classify journals (quality control) JCR - Journal Citation Report
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 13 Impact factor - How to find it? ask your librarian about it Login in via institutional subscription
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 14 Impact factor 2008 - Biology
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 15 Impact factor 2008 - Cell Biology
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 16 Be aware! Not all low impact factor papers are irrelevant! Not all high impact factor papers are good! Be critical!
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 17 Where to look if you know nothing about a topic? Books Examples for Cell and Molecular Biology: Molecular Biology of the Cell (ed. Bruce Alberts et al.) Molecular Cell Biology (ed. Lodish et al.)
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 18 Where to look if you know nothing about a topic? Review articles Annual Reviews of... (Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology) Trends in... (Biochemistry, Genetics, Cell Biology, etc) Current Opinion in... (Cell Biology, Plant Biology, etc) Nature Reviews on... (Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, etc) Other journals (Cell, Nature, Science, etc)
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 19 Review articles Title Authors/affiliation Summary Main text Citations
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 20 Relevant articles about the topic
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Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 22 How to get more specialised information? Articles / Primary papers (shows primary empirical data) Short communications (ca. 4 pages) Full articles (ca. 5-12 pages)! Be aware - size is not everything A 12-page article (with more background information) may be easier to read than a 4-page concisely written article
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 23 Structure of primary articles Title / Affiliation Abstract Introduction Results Discussion Material and Methods References Acknowledgments Supplemental data (not always)
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 24 Authors: first author last author Summary of main findings of the paper Background knowledge relevant to article
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 25 Peer-review process 1. Submit article to journal 2. Journal submit the article to 3 referees (peer-review) (6-8 weeks) 3. Authors get referees comments 4. Collect more results accordingly to referees comments (3 months) 5. Re-write the article, resubmit to journal (1-2 weeks) 6. Referees re-assess the work 7. If accepted, publish! (2-4 months from acceptance date) Quality control of the work
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 26 How to find out the relevant literature about a specific topic Examples of searching tools: Pubmed (biomedical research) HighWire
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 27 PubMed
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Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 30 Where to get articles / books from?
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 31 University library DKFZ library (limited access) Books (printed copy and online) Journals (printed copy and online) Other services: Ordering of articles Access to databases
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 32 Online access to full text books and articles
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 33 How to get online access to full text articles? Paper and electronic subscriptions: - individual - institutional (University of Heidelberg, DKFZ) register for ejournal access via the library!! Open access to the public: - older or selected articles (free from Journal Webpage) - free open online access only (PLoS journals)
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 34 Opening papers as HTML or PDF formats Directly from Journal webpage Via PubMed (re-direction to publisher)
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 35 Journal Webpage
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 36 Journal Webpage
Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 37 Via PubMed
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Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 40 Play around check what scientific journals have to offer
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Einführung in das Studium Biologie WS 2009/10 Gislene Pereira, slide 45 Play around check what Heidelberg has to offer Institute webpages: ZMBH DKFZ BZH etc EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratories) Max-Planck Institute