1 Department f Histry Essay Presentatin Guide SCHOLARLY SOURCES It is essential that yu use schlarly surces in all essays submitted t the Department f Histry. Schlarly surces enable yu t verify the facts and views presented in them. Using such surces will als allw yur reader t check the facts and btain mre infrmatin n the tpic. Schlarly surces are divided int tw main grups - primary surces and secndary surces. Primary Surces Primary surces are texts (dcuments, bks, films, images r any ther kind f evidence) that were prduced by smene wh participated in the era r event described. These texts are usually prduced at the time f the event but may als be prduced afterwards (e.g. in an autbigraphy). They prvide direct evidence fr a tpic. Fr example, Victr Klemperer (1881-1960), I will bear witness: a diary f the Nazi Years (published 1998) discusses Klemperer's first-hand experience f life in Nazi Germany (1933-45). Anther example f a primary surce is a newspaper published during (r shrtly after) an histrical event. Fr example, the Octber 1962 issues f the New Yrk Times prvide insight n the Cuban Missile Crisis, which brught the USA and USSR t the brink f war. Secndary Surces Secndary surces are texts abut a tpic r a primary surce which are prduced after the perid r event described. They are nt a direct surce f evidence. They are written nt by participants in the events described, but by schlars. While secndary surces include encyclpaedias, almanacs and schl texts, these are nt adequate surces fr university essays. Instead yu shuld use thse secndary surces, such as bks, academic jurnal articles, bk chapters and websites, created by recgnised schlars (usually prfessinal histrians r ther academics wh wrk in universities r accredited research institutins such as museums). Niklaus Wachsmann s Hitler s Prisns: Legal Terrr in Nazi Germany (2004) and Alice L. Gerge s Awaiting Armageddn: Hw Americans Faced the Cuban Missile Crisis (2003) are bth examples f schlarly secndary surces. A Nte n Internet Surces The Department f Histry recmmends that yu treat internet surces cautiusly, as ften the material available n the internet cannt be verified as prper schlarly material. With nline surces, as fr printed surces, yu need t verify hw the infrmatin has been made available. Fr example, schlarly jurnal articles are peer-reviewed, i.e. rigrusly vetted by ther experts. (Hint: mst schlarly jurnals mentin this peer review prcess n the first page/s r inside frnt cver f each vlume.) An article in the Jurnal f American Histry is a schlarly surce fr that reasn; and whether yu encunter it in hard cpy in the library, r nline via J-STOR makes n difference t its schlarly status. The nline encyclpaedia Wikipedia is quite anther matter. Anyne can cntribute t it, and the cntent is nt reviewed by experts. Thus, a Wikipedia entry is nt a schlarly surce (and thus nt an acceptable surce fr a university essay) because it has nt been subjected t rigrus expert assessment befre being made available nline.
2 Schlarly (and thus acceptable) internet surces include primary surce material that has been placed n the web by a recgnised academic, gvernment r ther institutin (such as the Internet Mdern Histry Surce Bk, which is hsted by Frdham University in the USA) as well as schlarly n-line jurnals, databases f academic jurnal articles (e.g. J-STOR), nline cllectins f primary surces (e.g. ECCO) and, f curse, internet surces recmmended by yur unit f study c-rdinatr. Remember that when yu d cite an internet surce, yu must prvide sufficient details s that yur reader can find the surce easily. If yu are nt able t find this infrmatin, this is prbably a fair indicatin that it is nt a schlarly surce. CITING SCHOLARLY SOURCES IN YOUR ESSAY Ftntes Why ftnte? Ftntes shw the reader where yu fund the ideas and the evidence that yu shaped yur analysis. Accurate ftntes enable the reader t g back and check the exact surces and the evidence that led yu t yur cnclusins. Essays withut ftntes, r with inadequate ftntes, d nt meet the basic requirements f schlarship and will nt receive a passing grade. In-text References, Endntes and Ftntes There are three main academic reference systems: in-text references, endntes and ftntes. The in-text reference system, knwn as the Harvard system, is used mainly in scial science subjects. It takes the fllwing frm: Brwn demnstrates in his study that the sky is blue. (Brwn, 2001: 245). In-text references are nt acceptable in essays submitted t the Department f Histry. Endntes, which place the reference at the end f the dcument, shuld als be avided. Ftntes, which place the reference at the bttm f the page, shuld always be used in essays submitted t the Department f Histry. A ftnte number is inserted in the text at the end f the sentence that needs a surce, and the infrmatin n that surce is placed at the bttm f the page, as belw. 1 What shuld be ftnted? In general, the fllwing infrmatin shuld be ftnted. If yu are unsure, then please ask yur tutr, lecturer r seminar c-rdinatr fr further guidance: Facts which are nt widely knwn: The statement that the First Wrld War began in August 1914 needs n ftnte, as this is widely knwn. BUT the statement that Crpral Bill Smith enlisted in Melburne n 8 July 1915 des need a ftnte as it is nt. If yu include infrmatin that is nt widely knwn in yur essay, then yu MUST ftnte it. Reading a variety f secndary surces will help yu wrk ut whether a particular fact is widely knwn. Statistics always need a ftnte. A ftnte needs t be placed at the end f the sentence s yur reader can verify the statistic yu have quted. Fr example, 'Althugh they were amng the mst pwerful members f eighteenth-century French sciety, the aristcracy represented nly 1% f the ttal ppulatin.' 1 Ftnte number. 1 Gerge Butler, The French Aristcracy (Lndn: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001), p. 25. See adjacent text fr what the text f a ftnte lks like.
3 Ideas r arguments which are nt yur wn need a ftnte. A ftnte is necessary even if yu have summarised r paraphrased these ideas in yur wn wrds. Direct qutatins always need a ftnte. Preparing ftntes When preparing ftntes, please remember: Ftntes are placed at the bttm f each relevant page f yur essay. Ftntes are numbered cnsecutively frm the beginning t the end f the essay. Ftntes are single-spaced and separated frm each ther by a single line. Each ftnte is a new sentence and therefre begins with a capital letter. Each ftnte ends with a full stp. Hw t ftnte T create a ftnte in Micrsft Wrd, g t the Insert menu and chse Ftnte. Each ftnte, in the text and at the bttm f the page, is numbered autmatically. All yu d is enter the details f yur surce. Essential infrmatin within the ftnte: Yu must prvide the fllwing infrmatin within ftntes: name f the authr; title f the surce; name f the city and publisher f the surce; the date f publicatin and the page number(s) yu used. The full infrmatin is given in the first citatin and a shrter versin is given in subsequent citatins. The frmat fr the ftnte infrmatin varies accrding t the type f surce used; fr example, bk, jurnal article, bk chapter/essay in an edited bk, r website. Ftnting a Bk Put infrmatin in the fllwing rder: One space between the ftnte number and the text. Fr example: Authr s initials r given name(s) as used n the title page. Authr s family name. Title f bk, including subtitle in italics. 2 Andrew Fitzmaurice, Humanism and America: An Intellectual Histry f English Clnisatin, 1500-1625 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 65. Ftntes are single-spaced and end with a full stp. Publicatin details in parentheses, including city f publicatin: publishing huse, editin number if nt a first editin, year f publicatin f yur editin. The place f publicatin is always the city, nt the state r the cuntry. Subsequent citatin f this surce: Put a cln : between the city f publicatin and the publishing cmpany. Specific page number(s) referred t in yur essay. If yu cite frm ne page, then write p. 65. If yu cite cnsecutive page numbers, write pp. 65-9. Never write pg. 65.
4 A single space between the ftnte number and the text. Authr s family name nly. Shrtened versin f bk title t indicate subject matter. 3 Fitzmaurice, Humanism and America, p. 68. N publicatin details are required as this is a subsequent citatin. Full-stp at the end f the ftnte. Specific page number(s) referred t yur essay. Ftnting a Chapter/Essay in an edited bk Fr example: Authr s initial r given name(s) Authr s family name. Use duble qutatin marks if a qutatin is used in the title f the essay/chapter. Full title f essay/chapter in single qutatin marks, NOT ITALICS A single space between the ftnte number and the text. 4 Frances Clarke, ' "Hnrable Scars": Nrthern Amputees and the Meaning f Civil War Injuries', in Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller, eds., Unin Sldiers and the Nrthern Hme Frnt: Wartime Experiences and Pstwar Adjustments (New Yrk: Frdham University Press, 2002), pp. 361-62. Title f bk, including subtitle in italics. Publicatin details in parentheses, including city f publicatin: publishing huse, year f publicatin f the editin used. Names f editr(s) f the cllectin. Specific page number(s) referred t in yur essay. Nte the use f pp. fr cnsecutive page numbers.
5 Subsequent citatin f this surce: A single space between the ftnte number and the text. Authr s family name. 5 Clarke, Hnrable Scars, p. 363. N publicatin details are required as this is a subsequent citatin. Shrtened versin f essay/chapter title in single qutatin marks t indicate subject matter, i.e. this has t be enugh t distinguish this reference frm ther similar titles. A full stp at the end f the ftnte. Specific page numbers referred t in yur essay. Ftnting a Jurnal Article A single space between the ftnte number and the text. Fr example: Authr s initial(s) r given name(s). Authr s family name. Full title f article in single qutatin marks, NOT ITALICS. Nte the use f duble qutatin marks arund the qutatin used in the title f the article. 6 Judith Keene, ' "The wrd makes the man": A Catalan Anarchist autdidact in the Australian bush', Australian Jurnal f Plitics and Histry, 47, n. 3 (September 2001), pp. 311-15. Full stp at the end. Title f jurnal in italics. Vlume number. Subsequent citatin f this surce: Issue number. Mnth/year in parentheses. Specific page number(s) referred t in yur essay. Nte the use f pp. fr cnsecutive page numbers. A single space between the ftnte number and the text. Authr s family name. The title f the article is shrtened t indicate subject matter. Specific page number(s) referred t in yur essay. 7 Keene, A Catalan anarchist autdidact, p. 313. Full stp at the end. N publicatin details are required as this is a subsequent citatin.
6 A single space between ftnte number and the text. Ftnting an Internet surce The fllwing infrmatin is needed fr every surce used frm a website: 1. The full name f the authr(s). This can be the name(s) f an individual(s), e.g. Adam Smith, r an institutin, e.g. American Museum f the Mving Image. 2. Full title f the written surce in italics, and riginal publicatin details (if available). 3. Date f the website s creatin and/r revisin. 4. The nature f the site, if available: is it an encyclpaedia (if s d NOT use it - encyclpaedias are nt apprpriate surces fr university essays); a set f primary surces; was it created by an individual, rganisatin and/r institutin? What is its purpse? 5. <The Unifrm Resurce Lcatr (URL)>(website address). This must be accurate and presented within tw enclsures as shwn. 6. The date yu viewed the surce (this is imprtant because websites change frequently). 7. The relevant page r paragraph numbers, if available. Fr example: Full name f authr(s). The full title f the written surce in italics, and the riginal publicatin details. The date f the website s creatin and/r revisin. 8 Adam Smith, An Inquiry int the Nature and the Causes f the Wealth f Natins, 2 vls. (Lndn: Dent & Sns, 1776), created January 1999/ updated 22 September 2001, The Internet Mdern Histry Surce Bk hsted by Frdham University, USA, < http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/enlight/wealth1.htm>, viewed 2 February 2005. The nature f the website. The URL (website address) The date yu viewed the surce. A full stp at the end. A single space between ftnte number and the text. Subsequent citatin f this surce: Full name f authr(s). The full title f the written surce in italics. 9 Adam Smith, An Inquiry int the Nature and the Causes f the Wealth f Natins, < http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/enlight/wealth1.htm>. The URL (website address) A full stp at the end.
7 Citing a surce read in anther surce If yu want t cite a surce (Surce A) wh is quted and/r discussed in anther surce (Surce B), make sure yu indicate that yu read Surce A in Surce B. The example given belw indicates that yu have read Bakunin (Surce A) in McKercher s bk (Surce B). If yu nly cite Surce A, the reader will assume that yu read Bakunin directly (in French!) Full name f riginal authr. (Surce A) Title f rginal wrk and riginal date f publicatin. (Surce A) Full name f authr f the surce in which yu read Bakunin s bservatins. (Surce B) Title f surce in which yu read Bakunin s bservatins. (Surce B) Single space between the ftnte number and the text. 10 Michael Bakunin, Pensées plitiques (1868), quted in William R. McKercher, Libertarian Thught in Nineteenth-Century Britain: freedm, equality and authrity (New Yrk: Garland Publishing, 1987), p. 62. Relevant page numbers. Full stp at the end f the entry. Publicatin details f the surce in which yu read Bakunin s bservatins. (Surce B) The Bibligraphy Yu must include a bibligraphy fr every essay that yu submit t the Department f Histry. A bibligraphy is a list f the surces that yu have used t prepare yur essay. It is arranged in alphabetical rder f the authrs family names (e.g. Clarke., Fitzmaurice, Keene., White ). The bibligraphy shuld appear at the end f yur essay n a separate page. Always separate the primary and secndary surces in yur bibligraphy (see next page). If yu have nly used ne type f surce (e.g. nly secndary surces), simply place all f them under the heading Bibligraphy.
SAMPLE BIBLIOGRAPHY Listed in alphabetical rder f authrs r editrs family names. D nt number r bullet pint the surces in yur bibligraphy. 8 Primary Surces Editr s/translatr s family name, fllwed by their given name(s) r initial(s). Full title f cllectin f published primary surce. Silvas, Anna, trans., Jutta and Hildegard: the Bigraphical Surces (University Park: Bibligraphic entries are dublespaced. The secnd and subsequent lines are indented. Pennsylvania University Press, 1999). Publicatin details f the cllectin f primary surces. A full stp at the end f the entry. N page numbers are required fr bks in the bibligraphy. Authr s r editr s family name, fllwed by their given name(s) r initial(s) Full title f the written surce in italics, and riginal publicatin details. The date f the website s creatin and/r revisin. Entry is dublespaced and subsequent lines are indented. Smith, Adam, An Inquiry int the Nature and the Causes f the Wealth f Natins, 2 vls. (Lndn: Dent & Sns, 1776), created January 1999/ updated 22 nd September 2001, The Internet Mdern Histry Surce Bk hsted by Frdham University, USA, <http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/enlight/wealth1.htm>, viewed 2 The nature f the website. February 2005. Full stp at the end f the entry. The URL (website address) and the date yu viewed the website.
9 Authr s family name, fllwed by their given name(s) r initial(s). Secndary Surces Listed in alphabetical rder f authrs family names. Full title f the bk chapter r essay in single qutatin marks. Clarke, Frances, ' "Hnrable Scars": Nrthern Amputees and the Meaning f Civil War Injuries', in Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller, eds., Unin Sldiers and the Nrthern Hme Frnt: Wartime Experiences and Pstwar Adjustments (New Yrk: Frdham University Press, Name(s) f editrs f the cllectin. Entry is dublespaced and subsequent lines are indented. 2002), pp. 361-94. Page numbers f entire chapter/essay are required. Full stp at the end f the entry. Publicatin details in parentheses. Put a cln between the city f publicatin and the publishing cmpany. Authr s family name, fllwed by their given name(s) r initial(s). Full title f bk, including subtitle, in italics. N page numbers are required fr bks in the bibligraphy. Fitzmaurice, Andrew, Humanism and America: an intellectual histry f English clnisatin, 1500-1625 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Entry is dublespaced and subsequent lines are indented. Publicatin details in parentheses, including city f publicatin: publishing huse, editin number if nt a first editin, year f publicatin f the editin yu used. Put a cln between the city f publicatin and the publishing huse. Full stp at the end f the entry.
10 Authr s family name, fllwed by their given name(s) r initial(s). Full title f jurnal article in single qutatin marks, NOT ITALICS. Nte the use f duble qutatin marks arund the qutatin in the title f the article. Entry is dublespaced and subsequent lines are indented. Keene, Judith, The wrd makes the man : A Catalan anarchist autdidact in the Mnth and year in parentheses. Australian bush, Australian Jurnal f Plitics and Histry, 47, n.3 (September 2001), pp. 311-29. Page numbers f the entire article are required. Title f the jurnal in italics. Full stp at the end f the entry. Vlume number. Issue number. First authr s family name, fllwed by their given name(s) r initial(s). Fr a bk with multiple authrs, include the secnd and subsequent authrs given name(s) r initial(s), fllwed by their family names. Entry is dublespaced and subsequent lines are indented. White, Richard (with Sarah-Jane Ballard, Ingrid Brwn, Meredith Lake, Patricia Publicatin details in parentheses, including city f publicatin: publishing huse, editin number if nt a first editin, year f publicatin f the editin yu used. Leehy and Lila Oldmeadw), On Hlidays: A Histry f Getting Away in Australia (Melburne: Plut, 2005). Full stp at the end f the entry. N page numbers are required fr bks in the bibligraphy. Full title f bk, including subtitle in italics.
11 STYLE AND PRESENTATION GUIDE Use f abbreviatins Give the full titles f cuntries, states, institutins and rganisatins in the first reference, with the abbreviatin in parentheses, e.g. British Library (BL); subsequent references may simply use the abbreviatin. Avid cntractins in schlarly prse, e.g. dn't and it's, with the fllwing exceptins: e.g. which means fr example and i.e., which means that is. Numbers: Dates: Spell ut numbers under 100, e.g. ne, tw, twenty nine. Numbers ver 100 are given as figures, e.g. 107, except fr rund numbers, e.g. five thusand peple died. Spell ut century numbers, i.e. twentieth century rather than 20 th century. Use the frm 24 June 1955, nt June 24, 1955. Avid starting a sentence with a date in this frm, unless yu are quting anther authr wh uses this frm. Mnths shuld be spelled ut in full. N apstrphe is used in 1870s, 1600s etc. Shw a span f years as 1920-45, nt 1920-1945. Qutatins: Use single qutatin marks ' fr qutatins; within a qutatin use duble qutatin marks ". Qutatins that are three lines lng r less shuld be placed in the main text within single qutatin marks. Qutatins that are three lines r mre must be visually separated frm the main text. Place the qutatin in the same fnt size as the main text but indented further frm the margin and single-spaced. Qutatins that are three lines r mre are intrduced with clns :. D nt put qutatin marks arund indented qutes. Watch yur use f apstrphes: e.g. The peasant s revlt (singular pssessive, i.e. ne peasant revlting) BUT the peasants revlt (plural pssessive, i.e. many peasants revlting). Als The peasants lived in Berlin (plural) - n apstrphe. Remember, it's is shrt fr it is, e.g. It s ging t rain tday. Its is the pssessive, e.g. Its mther was a greyhund.
12 ESSAY PRESENTATION CHECKLIST Duble-space yur text in 12 pint Times Rman r equivalent fnt (n tiny fnt sizes r illegible fnts, such as Impact please). Ftntes shuld be in 10 pint r larger fnt size and single-spaced (think f the marker's eyes!) Use 2.5cm margins. Number each page. Put yur name and the essay title n the first page f yur essay (i.e. in additin t the cver sheet, in case the cver sheet becmes separated frm the essay). Run a spell-check but als carefully prf-read yur essay yurself. We have had essays in which the French revlutin began in 1989! Frm the marker's perspective, it appears that the student has nt grasped that the revlutin ccurred ver 200 years ag, and cnsequently the student may be penalised. Print tw cpies f yur essay in black ink (n red, purple r ther ink clurs please - these are difficult t read). One cpy is t be submitted t the SOPHI ffice, the ther is fr yu t keep in case the riginal ges astray fr sme reasn. It is imprtant that yu are able t prduce a duplicate cpy f yur essay at shrt ntice. Yu may nt fax r email yur essay yu must submit a hard cpy. Cmplete a yellw Department f Histry cver sheet, and make sure that yu write yur full name, student identificatin number, name f tutr and day and time f tutrial clearly n the frnt. Please staple the cver sheet t yur essay. D nt use paper clips, plastic flders r ther means t secure yur essay. Unless advised therwise, deliver yur essay t the Schl f Philsphical and Histrical Inquiry (SOPHI) ffice, lcated n level 3 f the Main Quadrangle Building, near MacLaurin Hall. Sign the plagiarism plicy cmpliance sheet and attach it t yur essay. Either hand yur essay t a staff member at the cunter r place it in the bx labelled 'Histry'. Please bserve the deadline - all essays are date stamped by SOPHI staff. Marks are deducted fr each day that an essay is late. Once yu have fllwed these guidelines and submitted yur essay in the crrect manner, give yurself a pat n the back fr a jb well dne! Remember, if yu have further questins abut the preparatin f yur essay, please cntact yur tutr r unit f study c-rdinatr. S/he will be happy t assist yu.