Research Methods In-text citations and Works Cited List
What are in-text citations? Works Cited List? When you gather information from sources, you eventually use that information in your paper in the form of a quotation, or summarized and/or paraphrased information. You need to give credit to the sources used. This occurs in two ways: the Works Cited List at the end of the document, and as an in-text citation, directly in your document.
Different Styles of Citing MLA (Modern Language Association) APA (American Psychological Association) Turabian (natural and social sciences) Chicago (traditionally used in the sciences)
Getting started: Sample of information I might use if I was writing a paper about evil cartoon characters: Stewart Gilligan "Stewie" Griffin is a fictional character in the animated series Family Guy. Stewie is obsessed with world domination and matricide, and has an ambiguous sexual orientation. He is the youngest child of Peter and Lois Griffin. In addition to siblings Chris and Meg, Stewie has a half-brother Bertram who is unknown to the other Griffins. Stewie is voiced by Seth MacFarlane and speaks in an affected English accent. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stewie_griffin Source: Wikipedia contributors. "Stewie Griffin." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 16 Apr. 2012. Web. 16 Apr. 2012.
What it might look like summarized with an in-text citation: Stewart Gilligan Griffin, better known as Stewie, is one sibling from the Family Guy cartoon series. One of his main goals on the show is world domination, as well as attempting to kill his mother. (Wikipedia Contributers) The in-text citation It s outside the end punctuation, because all the information before it came from that source The in-text citation has to include enough information to lead the reader back to the Works Cite page entry
What does an in-text citation look like? The information about Stewie might look something like this in a paper: Own ideas Cited ifo Own ideas Many new animated characters are being attributed with evil and peculiar tendencies, and Stewie, from the Family Guy series, is no exception. Although a young child, one of his main goals is world domination, and on the road to achieving that dream, he also takes many, although unsuccessful, attempts at killing his mother (Wikipedia Contributers). These are attributes not usually associated with youngsters, therefore Stewie fits the profile of a truly disturbed individual who is undoubtedly on a road to a rocky and tumultuous future.
Why use an in-text citation? Reference to works cited entry Differentiating your own ideas from your research Avoiding plagiarism giving credit to other contributors
In-text citation rules Like the Works Cited List, there are different ways to insert intext citations, but a few rules remain the same: Citation must go in brackets after the information End punctuation goes after the bracket Must use either an author s name and page number, or website title (shortened version), or the first part of the works cited entry If the author is introduced in the text, a page number (or web title) must be included in brackets If you are using a paraphrased section or quotation of 4 or more lines, those lines should be indented from the rest of your text If using a direct quotation (the author s exact words), you must include quotation marks around it, then a bracket with source information afterwards
In-Text Citation Examples: If the source has an author, use the author s name, in brackets, along with the page number (if it was a book or journal), or just the author s name if from a website. If no author is available, use the first part of the Works Cited entry (like the website page title). Source : Charlton, Sarah. How to Succeed in School. Charlottetown, PEI: Acorn Press, 2010. Print. 30-57. Succeeding in school should be a synch it just requires that you work hard, attend regularly and complete the work (Charlton 36). If you include the author s name before the information being used, you only have to include the page number: The recipe to success in school is quite simple. As Charlton states, To succeed in school, one must put in the time, show some effort, and complete assigned work (36). That sounds manageable.
Direct quotations: If using a direct quotation from a source, remember to use quotation marks and include the source information, in brackets, afterwards: To succeed in school, one must put in the time, show some effort, and complete assigned work (Charlton 36).
Incorporating Quotations When writing a Response to Literature Essay or Research Report, it is absolutely essential to include quotations. No matter how brilliant your paper is, both of these types of essays are incomplete without quotations. Quotations serve as evidence to the claims you are making in your paper, and illustrate and support your main points. Any time you use someone else s words or ideas, you must give credit to that person, whether you quote directly, or just paraphrase. If you do not give credit to your sources it is considered plagiarism, which can very often earn you a failing grade on your paper. Finally, you must explain the significance of the quote you have chosen even if it is obvious to you, or the reader will be left wondering why you chose that quote in the first place.
Incorporating Quotations Paraphrase (Indirect quotation) using different words to express the same idea; do not use quotation marks at all Teachers and professors alike find that many students often misuse quotations in their papers (Watson 43) Direct phrase or word quote using only one or a few words; use quotation marks around those words only Many teachers find that their students omit or improperly use quotes when writing papers (Watson 43). Full sentence quote with he/she said before the quotation; place comma before the quotation mark Watson claims, Many writers omit or improperly use quotations in their essays.
Incorporating Quotations Full sentence quote with he/she said after the quotation; comma replaces period at the end of the quote. Many writers omit or improperly use quotations in their essays, he argued (Watson 43). Full sentence quote with he/she said dividing the quote; commas separate the quote. Many writers, he admitted, omit or improperly use quotations in their essays (Watson 43). Full sentence quote with he/she said that at the beginning of the quote; the word that takes the place of the comma He affirmed that Many writers omit or improperly use quotations in their essays (Watson 43).
Incorporating Quotations Full sentence quote with full sentence introduction to quote; use a colon before the quote Scholars have proven with scientific evidence: Many writers omit or improperly use quotations in their essays (Watson 43). Omitting words within a quote; use the ellipses between (...) Many writers...use quotations in their essays (Watson 43) Adding or changing words within a quote; use square brackets to set off the change Many writers [often] omit or improperly use quotations in their essays (Watson 43).
Incorporating Quotations As a rule, anyone you do not personally know should be referred to by their LAST name not their first. William Shakespeare should be referred to as Shakespeare, not William Joseph Stalin should be referred to as Stalin, not Joseph Always lead into a quotation with your own ideas or sentences; similarly, always follow a quotation with your own ideas.
Sample Signal Phrases (for introducing quotations) According to Jane Doe, "..." As Jane Doe goes on to explain, "..." Characterized by John Doe, the society is "..." As one critic points out, "..." John Doe believes that "..." Jane Doe claims that "..." In the words of John Doe, "..." Note that there exist fine shades of meaning between phrases such as "contend" and "argue" and large differences between ones such as "claim" and "demonstrate." Ask yourself questions as to whether the source material is making a claim, asserting a belief, stating a fact, etc. Then choose a verb that is appropriate for the source material's purpose. Possible verbs for incorporating quotations: acknowledges, adds, admits, affirms, agrees, argues, asserts, believes, claims, comments, compares, confirms, contends, declares, demonstrates, denies, disputes, emphasizes, endorses, grants, illustrates, implies, insists, notes, observes, points out, reasons, refutes, rejects, reports, responds, states, suggests, thinks, underlines, writes University of Richmond Writing Center http://writing2.richmond.edu/writing/wweb/introquo.h tml
Sample of Writing with citations Here's a quick selection from a paper the DERT team is working on: The commitment to student agency has received long-standing attention in curriculum studies. Critical perspectives have been especially influential in focusing attention on youth agency in participatory and creative contexts (Conrad & Sinner, 2014; Hager, 2009; Kotin, Aguirre McGregor, Pellecchia, Schatz, & Liu, 2013), increasing not only their inclusion in knowledge creation processes, but the authority for them to create (Wiebe & Morrison Robinson, 2013). Willinsky (2009) captures the appeal of agency in his essay, The Intellectual Properties of Literacy where he outlines how teaching students literacy is about rights, status, and how words are made public and make their mark on the world (p. 17, 19). Willinsky argues that we need to rethink pedagogy so that student agency means making legitimate contributions to knowledge: The act of learning, he says, should lead to the production of the intellectual property (p. 19-20). What can and what might be the possibilities of prioritizing agency in the English Language Arts curriculum? Below we outline how agency might take on more than simply voice, such as personal expression and presentation, and consider how critical perspectives could lend a more empowering understanding agency in the day to day contexts of classroom experience.
Incorporating Quotation practice Use one of the quotes about writing and incorporate it into a brief paragraph (2-3 sentences) where you introduce it, use it, and comment on it. Be courageous and try to write in away that scares you a little. -Holly Gerth Don t write so that you can be understood, write so that you can t be misunderstood. ~William Howard Taft The pen is mightier than the sword - Edward Bulwer-Lytton SUCCESS It is not the position where you are standing, but which direction you are going. ~Oliver Wendell Holmes Possible verbs for incorporating quotations: acknowledges, adds, admits, affirms, agrees, argues, asserts, believes, claims, comments, compares, confirms, contends, declares, demonstrates, denies, disputes, emphasizes, endorses, grants, illustrates, implies, insists, notes, observes, points out, reasons, refutes, rejects, reports, responds, states, suggests, thinks, underlines, writes
Citing Practice READ - Choose an article or portion of a novel to read. WORKS CITED - Write a works cited entry for the source. WRITE A SUMMARY - Choose a section to summarize, and write the in-text citation that goes with it. WRITE A PIECE WITH QUOTATION - Choose a quotation, and integrate it into a paragraph response of your own ideas, with an in-text citation.
The Works Cited List A separate page at the end of your paper where you give full source information for the sources you used. Without this, your paper will be considered plagiarized and suffer the consequences (usually a ZERO, but sometimes expulsion!)
Rules on MLA format OWL at Purdue - Online Writing Lab This website offers an ever-evolving list of rules for MLA format. It provides information on how to use in-text citations, as well as proper formats for citing sources.
Rules Title at top should be centered and read: Works Cited Sources need to be listed in alphabetical order, by author s last name (or first part of entry) Needs to be in proper MLA (Modern Language Association) format use a citation generator to avoid making simple mistakes Hanging indent - Second line of each entry must be indented (looks like backwards indenting when compared to a paragraph Double spacing is used throughout If pagination (page #) is required for paper, continue for works cited
Sample Works Cited List Works Cited Besthoff, Len. Cell Phone Use Increases Risk of Accidents, but Users Willing to Take the Risk. WRAL Online. 11 Nov. 1999. 12 Jan. 2001 <http://www.wral-tv.com/news/wral/1999/ 1110-talking-driving>. Farmers Insurance Group. New Survey Shows Drivers Have Had Close Calls with Cell Phone Users. Farmers Insurance Group. 8 May 2000. 12 Jan. 2001 <http:// www.farmersinsurance.com/news_cellphones.html>. Haughney, Christine. Taking Phones out of Drivers Hands. Washington Post 5 Nov. 2000: A8. Ippolito, Milo. Driver s Sentence Not Justice, Mom Says. Atlanta Journal-Constitution 25 Sept. 1999: J1. Layton, Lyndsey. Legislators Aiming to Disconnect Motorists. Washington Post 10 Dec. 2000: C1+. Lowe, Chan. Cartoon. Washington Post 22 July 2000: A21. Pena, Patricia N. Patti Pena s Letter to Car Talk. Cars.com. Car Talk. 10 Jan. 2001 <http://cartalk.cars.com/about/ Morgan-Pena/letter.html>. Redelmeier, Donald A., and Robert J. Tibshirani. Association between Cellular-Telephone Calls and Motor Vehicle Collisions. New England Journal of Medicine 336 (1997): 453-58. Stockwell, Jamie. Phone Use Faulted in Collision. Washington Post 6 Dec. 2000: B1+. Sundeen, Matt. Cell Phones and Highway Safety: 2000 State Legislative Update. National Conference of State Legislatures. Dec. 2000. 9 pp. 27 Feb. 2001 <http://ncsl.org/programs/ esnr/cellphone.pdf>.