Television Centre 1. Television center structure A television center complex consists of the following elements: Studios News gathering equipment Edit equipment Server General transmission control Satellite communication equipment Telecinema equipment Auxilliary (Technical labs, make-up rooms, cars, aso.) Editorship If the television has a profile that has not general content (news, movies, music, live broadcasts), then the television center structure can be simpler. 2. Television studio A television studio is composed of the respective room (with lighting systems, ventilation) equipment (cameras, microphones) and a directing studio (matrix switching and video mixers and audio equipment, graphic systems, text editors, monitors output for viewing images from camcorders, studio communication system). Video signals from all cameras in the studio and audio signals from the microphones are transmitted to the switching-mixing console video and audio respectively. The internal structure of the device is a matrix, with the inputs on columns, and the outputs provided on lines, as suggested in Figure 1. In each point of intersection of a line with a column, programmable switches are arranged. Matrices for routing the signals can operate in three different modes, namely mode A / V (Audio Follow Video) wherein the audio source is routed together with the video source, video mode, are routed only video signals or audio module, in which audio signals are routed only. The connections between the matrix inputs and outputs are set through programmable switches. Fig. 1. The structure of a switching matrix
Figure 2 shows an example matrix for routing signals size 8x8 (8 inputs, 8 outputs) SV88 S-Video Routing Switcher produced by company Sign Video. Figure 2.a shows the back panel of the routing matrix signals, which observes the input ports or output audio signals, video respectively. Routing matrix operation is controlled via switches on the front panel of the device, shown in Figure 2.b. The operation of the routing matrix is set with the switch MODE and the source (input) and destination (output) switches are set in the set of sections FROM or TO. Fig. 2. SV88 routing matrix (Sign Video). The video mixer connection to specific applications of a television studio is shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3. Video mixer connection. The production of a television program refers to operations necessary for a finished TV product (news, advertising commerical, report, show, etc.), which will then be viewed by the audience. Creating a finished television product involves a series of processing operations of the video sources used for this purpose, which are performed on the video mixer. In this case, the role is to combine video mixer (mixing) of different sources for the news and special video effects to provide the product recording equipment / storage of television. Sources connected to the inputs mixer video come from television cameras, from graphics equipment and character generation equipment, from equipment storage television programs (video recorders or servers for video files), or from equipment reception of audiovisual signals. Video mixer outputs are connected to recording / storage equipment of television programs and equipment for forecasting quality television programs such as video monitors and equipment monitoring video signal parameters: oscilloscopes and vectorscopes. In this application, the sound and the image for the transmitted television program can be modified separately. Thus, in the video mixer can only change the image of the television program, the sound is adjusted on the equipment that forms the audio signal processing chain. It is often necessary to use special video effects. For this reason, most video mixers can perform the following types of video effects: transition effects between two video sources, video keys. The most common transition effects between two video sources are: cut: instant image change video source with another source video images,
fade: the progressive emergence of the television program image in a static image, monochrome (eg black), which is called the fade-in effect, namely the gradual disappearance of the image in a television program monochrome image wipe: a video source image replaces a second source video image by dragging it in different directions. Split screen displays Until recently, each video source from a control room television was shown on a separate monitor. This meant that a control room may contain a few dozen monitors, thus occupying considerable space. In addition, cathode ray tube monitors due to high specific electric power consumption generate a large amount of heat that causes discomfort to the team members in the studio. By introducing flat-screen monitors in the 90s, some of these problems have been fixed. As can be seen in Figure 4, mixing boards used today can play multiple video sources on a single screen with multiple windows. While there may be a large flat-screen monitor in the front area of a control room, team members, such as those that direct technique video and sound can use monitors placed directly in front of them. Depending on the specific production needs, you can program custom configurations (configurations play) different screen with multiple windows or mixing panel through macro programs (computer generated codes) and initialized when they are needed. Boxes for video sources can also be rearranged on the screen by moving them into different positions using the mouse. Appropriate video sources can be selected using a standard mixing panel, mouse or touch screens where individual by simply touching the desired sources. Fig. 4. Display Monitor with split-screen. Director of photography, director of sound and light operator operates under the supervision of a studio director.
3. Electronic News Gathering (ENG) equipment This is a studio outside the center of television and has in its structure the same elements as the studio but simplified and at a smaller scale to be mounted in a vehicle of different size (a large vehicle, a minibus, a jeep, a car). The camcorders are exterior cameras that have the possibility of recording and are connected with coaxial cable rollers with the ENG equipment. The equipment is fed from a local source of electricity or from an electric generator. The ENG equipment can record the show which will be sent later, or broadcast live via radio relay, satellite, fiber optic, depending on the type of carrier report. 4. Editing equipment Except live broadcasts, all other programs produced in a TV studio are recorded on the server and are processed in the editing equipment. Here video and audio editing is performed which removes some parts of the recording, add soundtrack (music or comments) and insert special effects. Image decomposition is performed at picture frames level and performs edits of multipe videos. All operations are carried out under the leadership of the director of the show. Once finished editing the show is recorded on the server installation, to be submitted under the TV program schedule. 5. Server In all digital television studios, editing groups and other video sources are connected to the server by the coaxial cable connection SDI (Serial Digital Interface). The server has huge storage capacity and is required to have back-up. 6. General broadcasting control room It directs all emission controls to deliver TV Out to a Center, satellite, fiber optic, etc. All programs to be transmitted on that day or in successive days are organized in a playlist on the server. The director supervises broadcasting the programs Check the correct transmission of the offer in compliance with standards and in terms of quality. For this există monitors and equipment Watch video viewing and audio signals. Also qualifying version is recorded programs broadcast audiovisual legislation requirements.