21.. A Slen Parner o Our Pracce: The Analys's Characer and Audes Francs D. Baudry My hope n wrng hs paper s o sensze herapss o look a a negleced area n our echnque: he relevance of he analys's characer. wll arbrarly dvde he srucurng effec of he analys's characer no hree areas whch overlap somewha: () general audes; (2) analyc syle proper; and (3) he analys's reacon o specfc suaons. wll hen focus on wo narrow ssues-he ssue of parameers and ha of he ransference neuross. Occasonally we ake he lbery of makng smplfyng assumpons n order conduc expermens or research. Only laer (a mes a he cos of ber experence) do we become aware of he lably of such a sraegy. n he Dora case Freud made such assumpons. He unwngly ook he '..' poson ha audes and he characer of he paen (and hmself) could be safely gnored and ha he could coun on her cooperaon n hs search for :j 1 he meanng of her sympoms and dreams. s a rbue o Freud ha he c_ could learn from hs errors and make major dscoveres as a resul of he dffcules hs nonverbalzed assumpon creaed for hm; n hs case he loss of he paen allowed hm o dscover he concep of ransference. A large bulk of our echncal' wrngs adops he smplfyng assumpon of he average expecable analys who wll "apply" approprae echnque of prncples such as he rules of absnence. Ths approach bypasses he characer and SUbjecvy of he praconer n order o focus on he conen of he mehod. do no beleve am oversang he case n seeng he purpose of echnque and s srucure as an effor o ame he personaly of he analy.l\so as o allow psychoanalyc work o be done. The ssues n hs paper can be seen boh as he mpngemen of characer on echnque and as he mpngemen of echnque on he analys's personal arbues Reprned from he Bullen of he Assoclon of PsychoaTlllyc Medcne 21 (1982): 100 109 by permsson. J
398 THE ANALYST'S CHARAcrER TlE ANALYST'S CHARACfER AND TS EFFECf ON TECHNQUE By characer refer o he broades arbues of a person ones ha are generally self-synonc. Ths ls ncludes values (ehcal and oherwse) herapeuc sance and general ras (such as mpulsvy and opmsm) whch are specfc and sable. Some of hese ras may be more conflcual han ohers; ohers may merge on he sympomac. n wha follows wll closely examne ssues of echnque wh he analys's characer as an organzng facor. One advanage of he concep of characer s ha subsumes boh he normal and he abnormal and ncludes boh wha s sylsc (he form of he analys's manner n conras o s conen) and wha s generally subsumed under he label of counerransference. Bearng n mnd he neural aspecs of characer we are no forced o make premaure judgmens abou he pahologcal aspecs of a parcular response. n he le of hs paper have purposely used he erms characer and audes because characer (n he sense of characer ras) s prmarly somehng observed from he ousde by anoher person. Audes on he oher hand refers o a mnd se-prmarly nernal arbues. Thus an aude wll deermne behavor whch wll hen be perceved by an ousde observer. The laer wll hen nfer (correcly or no) some characer ra. Characer ras are combned o form he characer organzaon-a sable coheren srucure. s possble o descrbe he laer along a varey of axes dependng on one's preferences-objec relaons drves defenses developmenal adapaonal and he lke. Because of he ambguy of he erm characer wll somemes consder he analys's characer as referrng o an exernal arbue-somehng he paen observes and somemes consder from he nsde realm-a srucure whch lends form o he analys's percepons and shapes hs vew of he world. How does he analys's characer permeae hs echnque? Ths broad opc may for he sake of convenence be broken down no hree secons: () hs self-synonc general ways of beng whch express he analys's values and audes: pessm:m or opmsm permssveness endency o grafy or frusrae wshes; ngdy or flexbly degree of acvy degree of warmh vs. dsance passvy and so forh; (2) analyc syle proper-formal-arbues apar from he conen of nerpreaons; such hngs as one manner verbosy use of humor auhory and readness o make nerpreaons or A SLENT PARTNER TO OUR PRAcrlCE 399 reconsrucons; (3) he analys's specfc reacons o affecs of he paen such as anger crcsm love or problems n reamen (for example salemae). THE ANALYST'S GENERAL ATTTUDES s very dffcul o dsenangle an analys's professonal behavor from hs characer. Alhough echncally speakng hs behavor as an analys reflecs hs professonal and herapeuc sances s very sably s by defnon par of hs characer. These audes color he ways he conducs he analyss as a whole. Permssveness and grafcaon of wshes are good examples. An analys who n a gven nsance does no answer a paen's quesons and clearly frusraes hm may do so for a varey of moves whch only analyss (or self-analyss) may reveal. He wll hopefully do so because he beleves s n he paen's bes neres even hough he paen experences rage or anxey as he resul. n accordance wh he prncple of mulple funcon such behavor wll also have s unconscous sgnfcance ofen no by he way deal wh by he ranng analyss. The analys may unconscously express hs sadsm or possbly' ake revenge agans wha he perceves as an ungvng paen. The oppose mgh also be rue; an analys who s oo ready o answer quesons may do so ou of a fear of provokng aggresson. We would expec ha a reasonably well-analyzed heraps would be somewha cognzan of he nfluence of hs unconscous moves. To he degree he s no hese moves could hen cause dffculy. n he case ced hey mgh nerfere wh a proper herapeuc sance: he heraps mgh reman slen when s more approprae o nerpre raonalzng hs sance on he bass of he rule of absnence. Even knowledge of one's own unconscous moves and characer audes does no necessarly pu he analys n a poson o do somehng abou hem. Characer responses seen from he nsde are. for he mos par forced choces of an auomac naure no open o queson. They are lke a par of colored glasses one s no free o remove. s possble o descrbe hese general audes boh as mnd ses-predlecons for ceran reacons-or as sensves o ceran consellaons and he readness of her beng evoked n he analys. Ths nclues boh cognve and affecve reacons. Values characersc of he person's WeLanschauung may have been especally nfluenced by early experences. For example chldhood llness or rauma whch was surmouned may promoe a belef no clearly masochsc
400 TE ANALYST'S CHARACTER ha ceran sufferngs are valuable and growh promong or ha gven a choce he hard way s preferable. There mus be a complcaed relaonshp beween he wayan analys was reaed as a chld (for example srcly or permssvely) and hs adul audes varyng wh he oucome of hs analyss and he resoluon of nfanle denfcaons. There s sll anoher sep concernng hs adul audes o hs analyc demeanor. A "src" personal predlecon may because of many dfferen moves lead o a permssve sance. Reacon formaons may color he end resul. A number of separae audes wll converge o deermne a parcular sance; for example how slen he analys ends up beng s deermned by a combnaon of audes of per:mssveness rgdy grafcaon of wshes and acvy o name bu a few. am leavng ou for he purpose of hs presenaon he learnng he analys has acqured durng hs ranng and he denfcaon he may have made wh hs supervsors and he houghful negraon of he above no wha wll evenually um ou o be hs personal syle. am also leavng ou he major mpac of he denfcaon wh he ranng analys-hs values and audes and he degree o whch he analysand accepsor rejecs hem and works hrough hs aspec of hs professonal denfcaon. These las purposve acqusons may hemselves be nvolved n conflcs. s common knowledge ha as an analys gans more experence hs professonal audes change. He ofen can become less rgd less concerned abou rules and her nfracons and more wllng o reveal ceran personal audes. TlE PROBLEM OF ANALYTC SlYLE have no ceased o be amazed by boh sores and vgnees of wha wellknown eachers and respeced analyss could do whn he lms of her syle whou apparen major dffcules. One now-deceased senor analys was well known o ouch ceran depressed paens durng he course of herapy As an expresson of love warmh and carng hs parameer may have been very useful and when appled was very lkely experenced as nonnrusve. could magne a suden ryng o learn echnque copyng hs analys's approach and geng dsasrous resuls. Anoher analys who used o share a sue wh a fellow heraps confded how ofen he would hear hs colleague yell a hs paens hrough he soundproof door. To hm hs dd no sound lke anger bu raher n hs nsance a demonsraon of lovng A SLENT PARTNER TO OUR PRAC1CE 401 f and concern. The problem wh such ssues of syle s ha hey are hardly f. ever analyzed and he paen's responses o hem are ofen msundersood r or glossed over. Wha are he componens of analyc syle he suble formal aspecs n conras o he conen of nerpreaons? Many varables exs such as! nonaon (degree of unformy) manner humor drama verbosy vs. l.1" phness convcon vs. enaveness use of auhory and many more. l Such elemens are he counerpar of he paen's syle and s mporan for he analys o be aware of her presence and poenal mpac. The degree of onal unformy o ake bu one lmed example may be descrbed n very dfferen ways: even bland lackluser sable resraned neural. The choce r l of hese adjecves carres wh a value judgmen: "neural" he leas and "bland" or "lackluser" he mos. Ths s rue n general of all descrpve erms applyng o characer. We end auomacally o see a ra as good or bad. Ye even he erm neural can be hough of as sgnfyng boh a negave (absence of crcsm judgemen and he lke) and as posve (makng undersandng possble mples ceran herapeuc values). There are clearly nsances where a deparure from a neural one s called for especally wh " paens whose syle superfcally mrrors hs sance. An example s he subborn obsessonal solaor who uses he analys's one o furher hs own dsance from he nerpreaons. "You reman neural so why shouldn'?" STLE AND RESSTANCE There are mporan dfferences n he degree of acvy of he analys no explaned by rules. have heard he humorous ephes of huners vs. rappers n descrbng wo exremes of sylsc approach! On a personal noe my second analys's raher loquacous manner allowed me o ake dsance from and realze he mpac of my frs analys's scan verbal pronouncemensclearly a sylsc dfference whch had a major effec on he course of he reamen. For some paens he analys's syle seems o maer very lle; s hardly ever menoned n he reamen. Ths mayor may no represen an avodance on he paen's par. have n mnd wo paens. The frs paen fel very needy of help and quckly developed an nense ransference neuross characerzed by he emergence of a new sympom mpoence; he was able o assocae well and dreamed profusely. He was n many ways an "deal" analyc paen. He dd no make chronc repeve bales ou of he formal aspecs of wha sad alhough amusngly enough he pcked up '1 d E. %
<WZ THE ANALYsT'S CHARAcrER A SLENT PARTNER TO OUR PRACTCE 403 almos n passng a small grammacal error had made n he recordng of my voce on my answerng machne! n conras a second paen generally msrusful and cauous focused very early n he reamen on one aspec of my personal syle. As Englsh s no my frs language my speech s ofen a b precse sled and clearly enounced. She lached on o hs qualy whch she began o aack merclessly and would gggle and laugh a occasonal pronuncaon errors mgh make or grammacal oversghs (a very provokng aude on her par mgh add). n fac he conen of wha sad was hardly ever he focus of her concern. No maer how ackled hs audes funcons n he here and now such as urnng he ables on me focusng on my mperfecon dreadng a closeness o or fearng o be nfluenced by me-he reamen made lle progress. A ceran smlary beween my speech and ha of her moher served as a hook for a very scky ransference whch could only be very parally resolved. would be oo easy o dsmss hs case by sayng ha he speech problem was concdenal or ha he paen would n all lkelhood have focused on some oher ssue o manan her characer defenses. suspec ha he accdenal smlary beween my speech and her moher's made more dffcul for he paen o see her aude as essenally ransferenal a pon wll reurn o laer. beleve paens are ofen nmdaed by aspecs of our syle whch hey sense are nvesed wh consderable narcsssc lbdo and are herefore no open o queson. A paen once old me he was afrad of freely expressng hs houghs because of wha he undersood o be he "No Trespass" sgn of hs prevous heraps's aude owards all hs paens: he would never ge up and gree he paens n he wang room bu would smply leave hs door ajar as a sgnal makng he paen's responsbly o keep wach on he door's poson. Gll has wren on he value of payng close aenon o ressed aspecs of he ransference; however our own akng for graned ceran self-synonc aspecs of our syle requres a consan vglance on our par no o mss he way paens reac o. THE ANALYST'S REACTON TO SPECFC STUATONS Ths caegory-he analys's reacon o specfc suaons-s he more famlar counerransference examned from he characerologcal pon-ofvew. How does he analys ypcally reac when he feels aacked crczed loved dealzed or suck? Such ssues are more ofen aken up n he personal analyss han he oher caegores because hey lead o obvous conflc n he analys. shall have less o say abou hem as here s a vas J leraure on he opc. Glover n hs exbook on psychoanalyss refers o he slen ressances and counerressances-he mos dangerous-for obvous j reasons. He gves a clue as o her appearance-when he analys s emped :- "j o or does acually depar from hs usual way of dong hngs. Examples nclude he way paens are ushered n or ou of he offce he ways blls are ' ": handled and so on. wll deal however wh one specfc aspec ha of parameers. n wha suaons does an analys feel he need o nroduce a parameer n an ongong analyss? The answer s farly obvous. s n hose suaons n J:.."'"; whch he reamen appears suck and where n he opnon of he heraps nerpreaon s useless or harmful. Ofen here s some sae of crss or salemae. Le me ce a well-known example lookng a from he pon of-vew of he analys's characer srucure. A deceased well-known colleague once old a group a mos fascnang vgnee abou a very wealhy paen he had been reang n Pars before he ' \. { war-some me n he early hres. Money mean nohng o her. Afer some me he reamen seemed suck. All he nerpreaons of he paen's 1. ressance aggresson and conemp faled o resolve he mpasse. The " 1 analys hen announced one day o he paen ha unl furher noce he had decded no o charge her a fee! Surely a very dramac gesure whch as he ells he sory had a dramac mpac. The paen was very much shaken and he reamen moved forward agan afer monhs of salemae. would seem o me o rob our undersandng of hs nervenon f one faled o ake no accoun ceran "characersc" audes of he analys n queson whch became apparen as came o know hm over many years-hs wllngness o sacrfce hmself hs capacy for le beau gese and many oher ras. We can only magne wha he may have experenced pror o he nroducon of he parameer-chagrn anger frusraon helplessness or some varaon of hese affecs accordng o hs parcular sensvy and characer srucure along wh curosy puzzlemen and so on. Hs casual commens abou he ncden lef no doub ha even n an nformal seng he dd no hnk of much relevance o refer o hs own personal audes n dscussng eher he crss or s resoluon leavng hs audence n an affecve sae combnng awe admraon and envy! My pon s no smply o denfy characer ras for her own sake bu o demonsrae wha we lose n our explanaory and descrpve poenal when we leave hem ou of f n :1 '2... ''.-: '\'
404 THE ANALYST'S Cl\fu\CT'ER our fonnulaon. Consderaon of characer leads of course o horny perhaps unanswerable quesons whch need o be asked. Was he above suaon suck because of he analys's blnd spo and could one say ha he dramac gesure represened hs (preconscous?) soluon o hs characerologcal problem n he reamen? s very nsrucve o read he early cases n he analyc leraure as hey ofen llusrae very well he pon made early n he paper: he absence of a well-developed echnque has as s counerpar he greaer flourshng of more personal (ha s characerologcal) reacons on he par of he analys. The prncple of neuraly s n a sense a safeguard for he analys agans oo personal an nruson. CHARACfER AND TRANSFERENCE NEUROSS The opc of characer and ransference neuross deserves close aenon. The concep of ransference neuross as developed by Freud beween 1910 and 1920 dd no consder characer ssues bu concerned self more wh neuross; ha s an encapsulaed llness n an oherwse nonnal personaly organzaon. Sympoms were s hallmark. For he purposes of hs presenaon wll dwell on he analys's conrbuon o he developmen of he ransference neuross as seen from he pon-of-vew of hs characer and audes. refer o boh erms as he problem of ransference neuross can be suded boh clncally (how s experenced by boh parcpans) and heorecally (how do we concepualze s srucure). The ransference neuross s no lmed o sympoms ye s no clear whch audes of he paen wll become manfes and whch aspecs of he analys's audes wll become he arge of he paen's aacks. would lke o hnk ha he more conflcual aspecs of he paen's characer ras wll occupy cener sage. Freud (1916) wroe: "Wha opposes he docor's effors s no always hose ras of characer whch he paen recognzes n hmself and whch are arbued o hm by people around hm. Peculares n hm whch he had seemed o possess only o a modes degree are ofen brough o lgh n surprsngly ncreased nensy or audes reveal hemselves n hm whch had no been berayed on oher relaons of lfe. " Bran Brd (1972) makes amongs ohers he followng pons: Only when he analyc suaon becomes n a sense an adversary suaon should we expec he knd of ransference neuross o develop ha can adm o a A SLENT PAH1'NER TO OUR PRACTCE 405 represenaon of desrucve mpulses srong enough and fahful enough o perm hs aspec of he paen's neuross o be effecvely analyzed. The analys. hrough he analyc process mus somehow enable he paen o..{. exend hs nrapsychc conflcs o nclude he analys (p. 295). n order for hs o happen Brd beleves he analys's own ransference nvolvemen s f necessary. For one hng hs own ransference may be he facor ha enables hm o accep an adversary role n he paen's neuross (p. 296). When he! f ransference neuross fnally develops neher paen nor analys may realze '.' for a whle ha has. Wha hey wll very lkely realze s only ha he! A srong analyss has been caugh up n a salemae a negave herapeuc reacon a unmovable ressance or some oher seemngly mpossble negave sruggle beween paen and analys. am n full agreemen wh Brd's fndngs bu would lke o resae hem n characerologcal erms. A he pon jus menoned by Brd here s a parcular engagemen beween he characer audes of he paen and he characer audes of he analys. A hose mes ransonally ofen experence a ceran helplessness as hough were caugh up n he paen's way of subly dsorng he suaon beween us. When examne myself furher ofen fnd he kernel of ruh n he paen's accusaons whch leads me o be caugh up n hs subjecvy ever so brefly. SOME CUNCAL EXAMPLES An example wll clarfy. A psychoherapy paen wh homosexualy and a severe masochsc perverson came o sessons a mes somewha nconvenen for hm. could have changed hs hours bu had no on he bass ha dd no hnk he nconvenence ha grea for hm and waned o keep open he more desrable hour for a case n more nensve herapy. One day he paen somewha o my surprse exploded n a paranod-lke rage sayng was akng advanage of hm n no aempng o change he hour and ha mus have known could push hm around and ha he would do nohng abou. Some self-reflecon mmedaely confrmed he kernel of ruh n hs accusaon; namely f he had caegorcally saed he hours were mpossble and nerferng wh hs work my aude mgh have been dfferen. One could say ha hs sudden ouburs-a repeon of lfe-long fghs he had had wh hs psychoc moher rggered off SOme ransory gul reacon n me emporarly blndng me o he oher componens behnd he '. '''- ' :.- 1 'r:. '. '.'.:
406 TlE ANALYST'S CHARAcrER A SLENT PARTNER TO OUR PRACTCE W7 paen's aack (for example he self-loahng). Ths was possble because of my ransenly accepng an denfcaon wh a bad objec n hs case he moher who msreaed hm. When Brd s referrng o he ransference neuross beleve as have wren elsewhere ha one has o nclude n he erm a characer poron for o have any meanng. s a hs pon ha analys and paen really "lock horns." There s a srong muual affecve nvolvemen n conras o ha occurrng durng aspecs of he analyss of he ransference whch does no nvolve he analys n he same nense way. By he erm "lockng horns" beleve Brd means ha he analys has o feel ha n some way he paen s "geng o hm" for he work o really come alve for he paen n he experence of he ransference neuross. suspec ha he analys's real characer ras serve as hooks on whch paens can "hang" her ransference reacons. n fac paens hungrly seek ou he analys's characer-n par as an effor o reach ou o make conac as compensaon for he analys's absnence. f he paen engages he characer of he analys a a pon n whch he laer s vulnerable or sensve he reamen may no make progress a ha pon. recall also an ncden from he analyss of my frs reamen cener paen. For consderable pars of he analyss she came lae mssng anywhere from en o fory mnues. Alhough aemped o "analyze" her laeness he reamen made lle headway on ha ssue. My supervwr and puzzled on hs unl one day n my personal analyss confroned he fac ha frs enjoyed he laeness of hs paen as allowed me o cach up on oher work and ha furher fel almos my due; ha s served as a compensaon for he neglgble fee (one dollar) she was payng me and he consderable skll wh whch she was demonsrang my greenness as a suden analys. am no sure could pnpon exacly wha changed n my analyc lsenng or nerpreaons bu shorly aferwards he laeness ceased. As bes as can reconsruc he consequences of my awareness of my resenmen were ha was able o effecvely comba a slgh whdrawal from he paen. could be more sensve o mporan nuances of her communcaon by focusng less on her aggresson owards me-real enough bu whch had overly nerpreed as a screen for my own resenmen owards her. My whdrawal hadmrrored n some small way her narcsssc moher's reang her lke an objdc. A conflc was herefore played ou raher han analyzed. f$'s./l>.."' -J\ " ;v\ vj' 0" TlE PRNCPLE OF COMPLEMENTARTY s n he naure of characerologcal behavor ha smulaes n he audence a specfc reacon. Ths reacon s a combnaon of he demand ha he behavor makes and he recpen's sensvy and characersc mode \ of funconng. Ths s he prncple of complemenary frs wrnen abou by Helene Deusch n 1926 and elaboraed by Waelder. Brefly saed a characer aude n one person has as s effec o smulae eher a mrror or an oppose reacon n he oher person who s he arge of hs dependng :.. 1 on he laer's characer syle. Sadsc or aggressve behavor may smulae couner-aggresson or complance. Procrasnaon or subbornness may smulae a fonn of naggng; whnng or helplessness may smulae aggresson or carng. Ths s n par he appeal funcon generally unconscous. n wrng furher on he range of denfcaons an analys makes wh hs paens Helene Deusch dfferenaes wo ypes: one s he s<k:alled concordan denfcaons whch enable he analys o pu hmself n he place of Some aspec of he paen n he servce of he wsh o undersand; n conras here are he complemenary denfcaons-hose are made wh he paen's nernal objecs accordng o he prevalng ransference fanases. Ths occurs largely ou of he analys's conrol. The former denfcaons pose no danger o he analys's objecve aude of observaon whereas n he second ype he analys s emoonally nvolved n he suaon. The ex.perence s fel by hm wh grea nensy as a "rue" realy. The analys may respond o hs suaon by percevng hs reacons and usng hem n hs nerpreve work or by acng ou alloplascally or auoplascally (such as by feelng guly or by acng angrly or defensvely n he case of an aack by he paen). Such acvaon of he analys's characer ras and complemenary denfcaons far from beng a hndrance o analyss s n my vew a cenral par of he ransference neuross experence. Ths s parcularly rue n paens wh sadomasochsc feaures n whch he analyc suaon wll a some pon nvolve an adversary relaonshp. To a mnmal degree he acvaon of a characer response n he analys pus hm a a crossroad n he pahs of acng ou versus undersandng. The analys's ably o do he laer s a funcon of hs nclnaon o anx.ey "'l '.j.).:\ :1 1' 1.' j... } 1 ;.' f :?f ;:. 'j..-:. ):; '. ::1; ;;.. { '\'.. 'r '} \f.
408 THE ANALYST'S CHARAL'rER gul pahologcal defenses and he lke. There s unforunaely a possbly ha he funcon <>f ceran of he analys's characer ras eher block or dsor hs percep<m of he paen's communcaon or affecs or ha he analys perceves correcly bu ha he can only reac neurocally. The queson may be asked "Wha movaes a parcular characer response n any person?" The answer has o be some aspec of he suaon for whch he char-dcer reacon s a soluon. Ths s as rue for he analys as s for he paen. Onc of my supervsees had developed ceran passve complan audes as a soluon o an aggressve conflc wh a domnan paren. Whenever a paen behaved n an aggressve demandng fashon he form of he supervsee's response would be clearly complan regardless of s conen. SUMMARY A presen we are lackng a proper framework o descrbe he mpac of he analys's characer on he analyc process. beleve ha our characer shapes our work more han we are wllng o adm beyond he usually consdered counerransference reacons. have aemped a bref overvew of hs opc ncludng ssues of syle general audes and nroducon of parameers. have also begun <J explore he role of he analys's characer n he developmen of he rans"erence neuross and have appended a few clncal llusraons. REFERENCES Brd B. 1972. Noes on ransference: Unversal phenomenon and hardes par of analyss. J. Arner. PsychoafUll. Assn. 20:267-301. FreUd. S. 19J6. Sonle characer-ypes mel wh n psycho-analyc work. Srandard Edon. 14:309-33. f l. 5-22. Therapeuc Problems n he Analyss of he 'Normal' Canddae Maxwell Gelson n order o consder he problems of he psychoanalyc suaon n whch he 'normal' canddae becomes nvolved s necessary o have n mnd a concepon of menal healh. Only when we know wha our goal s can we consder he echncal problems confronng he ranng analys. We assume ha s no smply a queson of freedom from sympoms or of 'socal' adjusmen. s undersood ha we are concerned wh normaly from he sandpon of psycho-analyss. Ernes Jones approached he queson n an essay whch was orgnally nended for general readers. He referred o wo man groups of defnons of normaly: (a) hose dependng on he creron of happness and (b) hose dependng upon adapaon o (psychologcal) realy. The laer 'does no necessarly mply he accepance of envronmenal sandards bu does mply a sens ve percepon of hem and a recognon of her socal sgnfcance'. Ths depends on a 'feelng relaonshp' wh oher human bengs whch 's o be esmaed by he nernal freedom of such feelng' as dsngushed from surface audes of conclaon or self-asseron. Mdway beween he concep of happness and he concep of realy adapaon Jones nroduced he concep of 'effcency'. Ths concep depends on a number of facors: normaly canno olerae a sae of excessve nfluence by ohers; nor can dspense wh sensveness o ohers; s dependen on wha Jones calls 'guso'.. s no concerned solely wh exernal success bu does requre he fulles use of a gven ndvdual's powers and alens. The one s born of confdence he oher of fear. Agans hs background Jones came o he concluson ha he sae of Reprned from Maxwell Gelson Psychoanalyss: Scence and Professon (New Yorlc: nernaonal Unverses Press 1973) 211-38 by permsson of nernaonal Unverses Press nc. Copyrgh 1973 by nernaonal Unverses Press. Orgnally publshed n 1954.