KEY VOCABULARY YOU SHOULD KNOW Directions: Define and/or write an example of the terms below. Important Words CONVEY To communicate an idea or feeling EXCERPT A section or passage taken from a book, movie, play etc. IMPLIES To suggest or hint to something without saying it directly EVIDENCE to prove- give proof CONCLUDE To reach a decision drawn from evidence INTERPRET- To explain the meaning of something FAULTY REASONING Facts do not support the conclusion; wrong explanation UNDERSTATEMENT To represent something as less than it really is DISTINQUISH To point out the difference between things, people, or ideas; to set apart EMPHASIZE To stress, special attention or importance given to something Elements of Non- Fiction/Expository BULLETS: A SYMBOL USED TO INTRODUCE ITEMS IN A LIST. PURPOSE- TO CREATE A LIST AND MAKE IT EASIER TO READ AND UNDERSTAND BOLD PRINT: LETTERS OR CHARACTERS THAT ARE DARKER AND HEAVIER THAN NORMAL PURPOSE- TO EMPHASIZE, TO MAKE CERTAIN WORDS STAND OUT INDEX: ALPHABETICAL LIST THAT TELLS PAGE NUMBER WHERE TO FIND IMPORTANT TOPICS PURPOSE- HELP THE READER FIND SUBJECTS, PEOPLE, & PLACES IN THE TEXT TABLE OF CONTENTS: LIST THAT GIVES THE HEADING & PAGE NUMBER OF EACH SECTION PURPOSE- FIND MAJOR CHAPTERS & PARTS IN THE BOOK SUBTITLE/SUBHEADING: A SECOND HEADING ADDED UNDERNEATH A SUBJECT HEADING. (SUBTITLE) PURPOSE- TO DIVIDE TEXT INTO MORE SPECIFIC SECTIONS CHARTS/GRAPHS/TABLE: A VISUAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA/INFORMATION PURPOSE- UNDERSTAND TEXT IN QUICK AND EASY TO READ FORMAT;COMPARE INFO SPEAKER: VOICE THAT TELLS THE STORY. AUDIENCE: GROUP OF READERS TO WHOM THE PIECE IS DIRECTED. JUSTIFY: To prove something to be right or true INFER To use clues in the text plus your own information/knowledge INDICATES To point something out ASSUMPTION Say something is true without proof PARAPHRASE Put into your own words- simplify LOGICAL FALLACY A flaw or a mistake in an argument GENERALIZATION a conclusion drawn from limited information/evidence; to make a broad statement ARGUE to persuade by giving reasons for or against something HIGHLIGHT to emphasize and to draw attention to something EXPRESS to state or say GLOSSARY:ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TERMS WITH THE DEFINITIONS AT THE END OF A BOOK PURPOSE-TELL WHAT NEW AND IMPORTANT WORDS MEAN ITALICS: WORDS THAT ARE SLANTED TO THE RIGHT PURPOSE- IT CALLS ATTENTION TO/EMPHASIZE IMPORTANT WORDS CAPTION: WORDS UNDERNEATH, BESIDE, ABOVE A PICTURE PURPOSE- TO EXPLAIN WHAT IT IS OR WHAT IS ABOUT SIDEBAR: BOXES OF INFORMATION TO THE SIDE OF THE MAIN TEXT/COLUMN PURPOSE- GIVE MORE INFORMATION RELATED TO A TOPIC OR A PICTURE MAIN HEADING/MAIN TITLE: TEXT THAT TELLS THE READER WHAT THE SECTION IS ABOUT. (TITLE) PURPOSE- TO INDICATE WHAT THE PASSAGE BELOW IT IS ABOUT. ILLUSTRATION/PHOTOGRAPH: A PICTURE THAT HELPS THE READER VISUALIZE THE TEXT PURPOSE- TO HELPS THE READER VISUALIZE THE TEXT, EMPHASIZES KEY POINTS, AND ADDS INTEREST OCCASION: THE SETTING PLUS KEY EVENTS DURING THAT TIME PERIOD SUBJECT: WHO OR WHAT THE STORY IS ABOUT
Elements of Poetry PERSONIFICATION: GIVING HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS TO SOMETHING THAT IS NOT HUMAN PURPOSE- make vivid or can help readers understand nonhuman characters. METAPHOR: COMPARISON NOT USING LIKE OR AS PURPOSE- CREATE vivid descriptions or give deeper meaning LINE: A SINGLE ROW OF WORDS IN A POEM. LINES MAKE UP STANZAS RHYME: THE REPETITION OF THE SOUNDS AT THE ENDS OF WORDS CONNOTATION: THE FEELINGS OR EMOTIONS A WORD CREATES. REPETITION: WORDS, SOUND, OR IDEAS ARE REPEATED PURPOSE- used for emphasis, create mood & rhythm SIMILE: COMPARISON USING LIKE OR AS PURPOSE- make descriptions vivid DICTION: THE AUTHOR S CHOICE OF WORDS. PURPOSE- create tone, imagery, POET: PERSON WHO WRITES POEMS ONOMATOPOEIA: A WORD TO DESCRIBE OR IMITATE A SOUND POETRY: GENRE OF LITERATURE WRITTEN IN LINES IMAGERY: DESCRIPTIVE WORDS AN AUTHOR USES TO APPEAL TO THE FIVE SENSES LITERAL: TEXT MEANS EXACTLY WHAT IT SAYS Elements of Fiction SETTING: THE TIME & PLACE OF THE EVENTS OF THE STORY. MAIN IDEA: what the text is mainly about; the big idea. DETAILS: INFORMATION THAT SUPPORTS THE MAIN IDEA. CONCRETE DETAILS- DESCRIBE THINGS OR EVENTS MOTIVATION: A CHARACTER S REASON FOR DOING THE THINGS THEY DO FLASHBACK: TO SHOW AN EVENT THAT HAPPENED AT AN EARLIER TIME FORESHADOWING: IS A CLUE OR HINT THAT INDICATES AN EVENT TO COME. PURPOSE- to create suspense or to convey information CONFLICT: THE PROBLEM BETWEEN OPPOSING FORCES OR CHARACTERS IN A STORY IDIOM: AN EXPRESSION THAT MEANS SOMETHING OTHER THAN THE LITERAL MEANINGS OF ITS INDIVIDUAL WORDS. FREE-VERSE: POEM THAT HAS NO RESTRICTIONS ON NUMBER OF SYLLABLES, LINES, OR RHYMING PATTERNS ALLUSION: REFERENCE TO A LITERARY WORK, MYTHOLOGICAL OR HISTORICAL PERSON, PLACE OR THING (TO ALLUDE TO ) PURPOSE- connects the content of a text with the larger world IMAGERY: WORDS OR PHRASES THAT APPEAL TO YOUR FIVE SENSES RHYME SCHEME: THE PATTERN OF RHYME BETWEEN LINES OF A POEM POETIC STRUCTURE: HOW A POEM IS ORGANIZED- INCLUDES THE LENGTH & # OF THE LINES, NUMBER OF & SHAPE OF STANZAS, RHYTHMS, RHYMES, REPITION ALLITERATION: REPETITION OF THE SAME SOUNDS AT THE BEGINNING OF TWO OR MORE ADJACENT WORDS/ SAME LETTER PURPOSE- create mood, rhythm, & add emphasis RHYTHM: THE PATTERN OF BEATS OR WORDS WITH EMPHASIS IN A POEM HYPERBOLE: AN EXAGGERATION PURPOSE emphasize a specific point STANZA: A GROUP OF LINES IN A POEM DENOTATION: DICTIONARY DEFINITION OF A WORD SHIFT: ANY CHANGES IN TONE, MOOD, SETTING, P.O.V., SPEAKER, ETC IN A POEM OR STORY FIGURATIVE MEANING: DEEPER MEANING, EVOKES READERS IMAGINATION SUMMARY: statements that highlight the main points from the beginning, middle, and end in a text. COMPLICATIONS: SERIES OF DIFFICULTIES THAT HAPPEN WHEN THE CHARACTER'S ATTEMPTS TO FIND SOLUTIONS TO HIS/HER PROBLEM TONE: THE ATTITUDE OF A WRITER TOWARD THE SUBJECT RISING ACTION: THE SERIES OF COMPLICATIONS AND EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE CLIMAX FALLING ACTION: THE EVENTS AFTER THE CLIMAX THAT LEAD TO THE RESOLUTION DENOUMENT/RESOLUTION: THE ENDING WHERE ALL OR ALMOST ALL OF THE COMPLICATIONS AND PROBLEMS ARE RESOLVED EXTERNAL CONFLICT: STRUGGLE WITH AN OUTSIDE FORCE CHARACTER VS CHARACTER (PROBLEM WITH SOMEONE ELSE) CHARACTER VS SOCIETY (A PROBLEM WITH THE LAW, SCHOOL, ACCEPTED BEHAVIOR) CHARACTER VS NATURE
ATTITUDE: THE TONE THAT THE AUTHOR TAKES IN THEIR PIECE OF WORK CHARACTER TRAITS: THE PERSONALITY A CHARACTER DISPLAYS (HONEST, RUDE, GREEDY) MOOD: THE FEELING THAT AN AUTHOR WANTS THE READER TO EXPERIENCE. PLOT: THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OR HAPPENINGS IN A LITERARY WORK PROTAGONIST: THE MAIN CHARACTER IN A STORY. THE HERO ANTAGONIST: THE PERSON OR FORCE THAT STANDS IN THE WAY OF THE MAIN CHARACTER. THE VILLIAN TURNING POINT: A TIME WHEN AN IMPORTANT CHANGE HAPPENS EXAGGERATION: TO REPRESENT AS MORE THAN IT REALLY IS Elements of Drama SCENE: parts the acts are divided into DRAMA: genre in literature, a play for stage performance by actor CAST OF CHARACTERS: LIST OF CHARACTERS IN PLAY DIALOGUE: WORDS THAT CHARACTERS SAY; CONVERSATION BETWEEN CHARACTERS STAGE DIRECTIONS: INFO THAT TELLS HOW CHARACTERS SHOULD MOVE & ACT, WHAT THE STAGE SHOULD LOOK LIKE PLAYWRIGHT: PERSON WHO WRITES PLAYS Types of Genres AUTOBIOGRAPHY: A PERSON'S LIFE STORY WRITTEN BY HIMSELF OR HERSELF INFORMATIONAL: TYPE OF NONFICTION TEXT THAT PROVIDES INFORMATION ABOUT PEOPLE, PLACES, EVENTS, OR THINGS; OR THAT TELL THE READER HOW TO DO SOMETHING. NEWSPAPER/MAGAZINE: A DAILY OR WEEKLY PUBLICATION WITH ARTICLES ON CURRENT EVENTS GENRE: SPECIFIC TYPE OF LITERATURE, WRITING, MUSIC, ETC. HISTORICAL FICTION: IMAGINARY CHARACTERS AND PLOT WITH EVENTS IN A HISTORICAL SETTING. REALISTIC FICTION: STORIES WITH CHARACTERS WHO TAKE PART IN ACTIVITIES THAT COULD REALLY HAPPEN SCIENCE FICTION: TAKES PLACE IN THE FUTURE AND IS BASED ON TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES, BOTH REAL AND IMAGINED MEMOIR: TELLS HOW THAT INDIVIDUAL REMEMBERS HIS/HER OWN LIFE- MAY NOT BE ENTIRELY ACCURATE INTERNAL CONFLICT: STRUGGLE WITHIN ONESSELF MAN AGAINST HIMSELF (HARD DECISION) SYMBOLISM: USING AN OBJECT OR ACTION TO MEAN SOMETHING MORE THAN ITS LITERAL MEANING. CLIMAX: THE POINT IN THE STORY WHERE TENSION IS THE HIGHEST. EXPOSITION: BEGINNING OF THE STORY THAT REVEALS THE CONFLICT, SETTING, & CHARACTERS THEME: LESSON LEARNED IRONY: THE USE OF WORDS TO CONVEY THE OPPOSITE OF THEIR LITERAL MEANING to emphasize a central idea SARCASM: BITTER FORM OF IRONY INTENDED TO TAUNT OR HURT ACT: UNIT OF ACTION IN A DRAMA; LARGEST DIVISION IN A PLAY SET: BACKGROUND DECORATIONS INTRODUCTION: THE BEGINNING OF A SCENE PROP: THE MOVEABLE OBJECTS ON SET DIALECT: THE LANGUAGE OF A PARTICULAR DISTRICT, CLASS, OR GROUP OF PERSONS. AN ACCENT SOUND EFFECTS: SOUNDS MADE ARTIFICIALLY FOR USE IN A PLAY, MOVIE, OR RADIO BROADCAST- HELPS TO CREATE A SENSE OF REALNESS BIOGRAPHY: A PERSON'S LIFE STORY WRITTEN BY ANOTHER PERSON BROCHURE: FOLDED PAGES CONTAINING PICTURES AND INFORMATION ABOUT A PRODUCT OR SERVICE. FAIRY TALE: TYPE OF FICTION STORY WITH MAGIC, ROYALTY, AND USUALLY HAPPY ENDINGS FABLE: A SHORT STORY THAT IS MADE UP IN ORDER TO TEACH A LESSON BY USING TALKING ANIMALS LEGEND: A STORY THAT COMBINES A REAL EVENT OR REAL PERSON S UNUSUAL LIFE STORY WITH EXAGGERATION AND HEROIC ACTIONS. MYTH: STORIES THAT GIVE REASON OR EXPLANATION FOR EVENTS; OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH ANCIENT GREEKS OR GODS FOLKTALE: STORY THAT WAS ORIGINALLY TOLD BY WORD OF MOUTH TO COMMUNICATE SHARED IDEAS OF A CULTURE FANTASY: A HIGHLY IMAGINATIVE STORY
Expository Test Structures SEQUENCE : TIME ORDER; DESCRIBES ITEMS OR EVENTS IN ORDER TELLS THE STEPS TO FOLLOW TO DO OR MAKE SOMETHING After, Before, During, First, Next, Second, Then,Finally COMPARE/CONTRAST: SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES However, But, Also, Although CAUSE & EFFECT : WHY IT HAPPENED/ WHAT HAPPENED If then, Since, Therefore, As a result Point of View POINT OF VIEW: THE ANGLE FROM WHICH THE STORY IS TOLD 1 ST PERSON P.O.V. : TOLD BY A CHARACTER IN THE STORY (I, MY, MINE, WE OUR, US) 3 RD PERSON P.O.V: TOLD BE AN OUTSIDE NARRATOR ( HE, SHE, THEM, THEY) 3 RD PERSON OMNISCIENT : TOLD BY AN OUTSIDE NARRATOR THAT KNOWS THE THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS OF ALL CHARACTERS Authors Purpose ENTERTAIN: TO AMUSE OR HUMOR PROBLEM/SOLUTION : DESCRIBES AN ISSUE & THEN GIVES ONE OR MORE POSSIBLE ANSWERS One reason for, may be due, This led to, in order to, DESCRIPTION: PROVIDES INFORMATION ABOUT A TOPIC BY LISTING ITS FEATURES, CHARACTERISTICS, OR EXAMPLES. CREATE VISUAL IMAGES PERSPECTIVE: THE WAY THAT ONE LOOKS AT SOMETHING 2 ND PERSON P.O.V.: TOLD FROM THE YOU P.O.V. (YOU, YOUR, YOURS) 3 RD PERSON LIMITED : TOLD BY AN OUTSIDE NARRATOR WHO KNOW THE THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS OF ONE PERSON IN THE STORY 3 RD PERSON OBJECTIVE : TOLD BY AN OUTSIDE NARRATOR THAT DOES NOT KNOW ANYONE S THOUGHTS OR FEELINGS INFORM: TO LEARN ABOUT SOMETHING, TO TEACH PERSUADE: TO CONVINCE OR GET SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING ELEMENTS OF PERSUASION PERSUASIVE APPEAL: TECHNIQUES FOR PERSUADING AN AUDIENCE. (LOGOS, PATHOS, ETHOS) ARGUMENT: REASONS IN SUPPORT OF AN ACTION OR POSITION DEFEND: AGREE WITH CHALLENGE: DISAGREE WITH POSITION: YOUR OPINION OR STANCE TOWARD A TOPIC PREFIXES/ROOTS/SUFFIXES Prefix Meaning Examples anti- against antisocial, antiseptic, com-, con- with/together community, conjunction, de-* reverse, remove,reduce; decompose, deject, dis-* apart or away; negative force disability, disown, dislike ex-, out of; outer exterior, external fore* before Forecast, foretell homo- same homonym, homeostasis, hype- over, too much hyperactive, hyperbole im-, in-* not; having a negative force impatient, inability, inter-* between; during; intersect, intercom, mid-* middle midsummer, midnight mis-* ill, mistaken or wrong mistrial, misprint, multi- many, much multitude, multigrain, neo- new, recent, revived Neolithic, neonatal non-* not; absence of nonsense, nonpayment over-* beyond, too much overweight, overcrowded pre-* before; earlier prevent, preschool, DESCRIBE: TO GIVE DETAILS SOMETHING LOGOS: THE APPEAL TO THE AUDIENCES INTELLECT AND ABILITY TO REASON PATHOS: APPEAL TO THE AUDIENCES FEELINGS/EMOTIONS CREDIBLE: BELIEVABLE OR TRUSTWORTHY CLAIM: SAY SOMETHING IS TRUE WITHOUT PROOF; AN ARGUABLE STATEMENT PREFIX ROOT SUFFIX WORD PART AT THE BEGINNING OF A WORD MAIN PART OF A WORD THAT GIVES THE BASIC MEANING WORD PART AT TO THE END OF A WORD
pro- forward progress, proceed, re-* again; back or backward reheat, rebuild, rewind, se- apart separate, select semi-* half semicircle, semiconscious sub-* under, beneath, below submarine, substitute, super-* to place above or over supersede, superficial, trans-* across, beyond, through transport, transmission, un-* not; opposite of unhappy, unfasten, under-* below; too little underground, underfed Root Meaning Examples aud* to hear audible, audience, audio, auto* self autobiography, autonomy, bene good, well benediction, benefactor, bio* life biography, biology chron time chronological, chronology dict* to speak diction, dictate, dictator, junct to join conjunction, junction port* to carry portable, transport, scrib*/script to write scribe, scripture, script, spect* to look/see spectacles, retrospect, struct* build, form structure, construction, vid/vis to see evident, video, televise, Suffix Part of Speech Meaning Examples or Rules -al, -ial* Adjective related to, characterized by global, logical, partial -en* Verb made of thicken, quicken -er* Adjective comparative bigger, safer, farmer, teacher -est* Adjective comparative, to compare strongest -ed* Verb past tense sailed, laughed -ful* Adjective full of wonderful -fy Verb to make, to form into fortify, solidify, liquidity -ion, - Noun Act, process or condition revolution, relation, completion, -able, -ible* capable or susceptible/latin teachable, photographical, incredible, responsible -less* Adjective antonym of the base or suffix effortless, careless -ing* Verb progressive tense jumping, racing -ly* Adverb/Adjective in what manner slowly, lovely -ment* Noun product or thing merriment -ness* Noun abstract kindness -s, -es* Noun plural cats, boxes -y* Adjective characterized by, quality of or condition of funny GRAMMAR/WRITING COMMON NOUN: DOES NOT NAME A SPECIFIC PERSON PLACE THINGS OR IDEAS PROPER NOUN: NAMES SPECIFIC PERSON PLACE THINGS OR IDEAS LINKING VERB- SHOW A STATE OF BEING (IS AM, ARE, WAS, WERE, BE) IRREGULAR VERB- VERBS IN WHICH THE PAST TENSE IS NOT FORMED BY USING ED OR D EX: BROUGHT, SWAM, SAID GERUND: VERB ENDS IN ING EX: FISHING, DANCING, ETC. ACTION VERB: SHOWS ACTION (RUN, JUMP) ADVERB: word that describes a verb- usually ending in ly Ex: strictly, politely ADJECTIVE: A WORD THAT DESCRIBES A NOUN PREPOSITION EXAMPLES: ABOVE, ON, ONTO, INTO, AT, UNDER, OF, THROUGH, NEAR, INTERJECTION: SHORT EXCLAMATION THAT EXPRESSES EMOTION (OH! YES! Ouch!) DEPENDENT CLAUSE: a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought -Look for: until, whatever, when, after, although SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS A CONJUNCTION THAT INTRODUCES A DEPENDENT CLAUSE EXAMPLES After, although, as, because, before, even though, so that, that, UNTIL, WHEN, WHENEVER, COMPLEX SENTENCE: AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE AND A DEPENDENT CLAUSE JOINED TOGETHER. HOOK: 1 ST SENTENCE IN AN ESSAY THAT GRABS THE READERS ATTENTION PRONOUN: REPLACES A NOUN (I, YOU, HE, SHE, SOME) INDEPENDENT CLAUSE: CONTAINS A SUBJECT AND VERB AND EXPRESSES A COMPLETE THOUGHT. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS EXAMPLES FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR YET, SO COMPOUND SENTENCE: CONTAINS AT LEAST TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSES THAT CAN BE JOINED BY A CONJUCTION OR SEMICOLON PERSONAL NARRATIVE: TELLS THE TRUE STORY OF SOMETHING THAT HAPPENED TO YOU. THESIS: STATES THE MAIN IDEA OF THE ESSAY TOPIC SENTENCE: STATES THE MAIN IDEA OF A PARAGRAPH TRANSITION EXAMPLES: CONNECT IDEAS Also however, Additionally, In on the other addition to hand, Furthermore, nevertheless, moreover, To sum up it up, first, second, in other words, similarly, In comparison, Therefore, As a result, Thus, finally, 3 PARTS OF AN ESSAY: INTRODUCTION, BODY, CONCLUSION CONCLUSION: SUMMARIZES THE MAIN POINTS IN AN ESSAY. HAS TWO MAIN PARTS: SUMMARY STATEMENT, AND A FINAL COMMENT EXPOSITORY ESSAY: explain a topic in a logical and straightforward manner.