149 INDEX Abstract 7-8, 11 Process for developing 7-8 Format for APA journals 8 BYU abstract format 11 Active vs. passive voice 120-121 Appropriate uses 120-121 Distinction between 120 Alignment of text 3 Apostrophe 132-134 Omissions and plurals 134 Possession 133 Appendix 17-20 Formatting 18-20 Items to be included 18 Organization and labeling 19-20 Capitalization 137-138 General principles 137 Specific applications and examples 138 Titles on reference list 137 Citations 47-61 Why and when to cite 48-51 credit 48 reference 49 responsibility 50 context/credibility 50-51 How to cite 51-80 ethical handling 51-53 placement of information 51-53 multiple authorship 53 multiple sources for a point 54 cited author (secondary source) 55 multiple works/same author(s) 55-7 multiple authors/same surname 56-7 organization as author 65 no author given 58 anonymous author 57 works in process (in press etc. 56-7) personal communications 59 classical works 60 sources without pagination 60 sources without date 60 quotation citations 60-61 Figures 13, 16-17 Use precautions 13 Captions 16 Formatting 16-17 Legends 16-17 Numbering 16 Font 3 Footnotes 20-22 Placement and numbering 21 Content footnotes 21 Copyright permission footnotes 21 Format for manuscript 2-4, 9-11 Alignment 3 Font 3 Headers and numbers 3 Margins 3 Spacing 3 Paragraph indentations 3 BYU specifications 4 BYU preliminary pages 9-11 Headings and subheadings 29-35 Headings and subheadings to reflect structure 31 Purposeful construction 30 Outline as a guide to composing/placing 31 Subheadings as breakdowns 31 Headings as fragments 32 Heading parallelism 32 APA format for levels of headings 32-35 Hyphen 134-136 Generalizations 134-136 Specific uses 135 Introduction 11-12
150 Labeling 12 Content 12 Italics 138-139 For emphasis 139 Technical terms, linguistic examples 139 Titles of long works 139 Surveys and statistics 139 Lists and listing: see seriation Margins 3 Modifiers 131-132 Adjective-adverb confusion 132 Placement (including dangling) 313-132 Comparisons 132 Notes 20-22 Author notes 21 Footnotes 20, 21-22 placement and numbering 21 formatting 21, 22 content footnotes 22 copyright permission footnotes 21 Numbers 140-141 Expressed as numerals 140 Expressed as words 140 Ordinal numbers 141 Variations for clarity and efficiency 141 Outlining (see Planning and Organizing) Page numbers 3 Paragraphs 38-45 Length 38 Purposes 39-40 Construction 38-41 Development and connections 39-41 Coherence 41-45 Transitions and parallels 41-43 Echoing 45 Planning and Organizing 23-29 Shape of information 24-25 Purposeful divisions 24-27 Introduction 25-26 Developmental sections 26-27 Supporting information 27-28 Expression as full-sentence ideas 27-28 Preliminary BYU pages 9-11 Pronouns 126-131 Antecedents 128-129 Agreement 128-129 Presence, placement 129 Case 129-131 Subject vs. object 129-131 Compounds and other distractions 130-134 Punctuation 89-98 Colon 96 after complete statement 96 to indicate clarifying relationship 96 Comma 89-93 after introductory element 89-90 before coordinating conjunction in compound sentence 93 comma splice 93 set off nonrestrictive elements 90-91 series of three or more 91 misuses of comma 92 Dash 97-98 as informal colon 98 in dialogue 98 set off abrupt shift 97 set off nonrestrictive element 97 Semicolon 94-95 between independent statements 94 with complex series 94-95 misuse 95 Quotations 104-114 Instructions for use 104-108 choice percentage, selection, understanding 104 placement and formatting 105-106 introduction of quotations 107-108 specified length 106
151 Punctuation with quotations 108-110 quotation incorporated in text 105-106 speaker tags 107-108 quotation marks 108-110 citations 105-106 citations with block quotes 106-107 page numbers 108 other punctuation with end quotation marks 108-110 single quotation marks 110 quotation within blocked quotation 106 Ways to alter and adapt quotations 111-114 brackets: clarification (111), emphasis (112), error in original (112), minor changes in original (111-112), missing information (111) ellipsis 112-114 Quotation marks 105-110, 138-139 For incorporated quotations 105 Following speaker tag 105 Ironic or slang usage 139 Single quotation marks 110 Titles of short works 139 References See citations 47-61 See reference list 61-81 Reference list 61-81 Format 61-65, 70-71 preparing the reference list 62-63 checking for accuracy 62 formatting 63 spacing 63 indentation 63 item sequence 64, 65 alphabetizing 64 capitalization 70, 71 Author variations 64-77 authors with the same surname 65 author s chapter or essay in edited book 67, 70 editor in author position 66 more than six authors 66, 67 multiple works by an author 64, 65 multiple works by same author(s) same year 68-69 organization as author 65, 67 with joining an additional author 66 no author given 65 Title variations 70-71 capitalization 70-71 foreign language title 71 Publication variations, general 67-75 daily or weekly publication 67 monthly publications 67 manuscripts accepted for pub. 67-9 manuscripts in preparation 68-9 manuscripts not submitted for pub. 68-9 no date given 68-69 publication information general 70-75 Publication information for books 72-74 chapters etc. in edited books 72-74 chapters etc. in multivolume compilations 72, 74 chapter inclusive pages 70 place of publication 72, 73 publisher 72, 73 place or publisher not given 72-74 edition or volume 70, 71 translator 70, 71 original publication at earlier date 72 Publication information for periodicals 71, 72, 74 article and periodical titles 72 volume and issue 72 inclusive pages 70 doi 73 Publication information for reports 73, 75 in author s possession only 75 available from document services (ERIC, NTIS etc.) 73, 75 Government Printing Office 73, 75 office, agency, or organization of issue 73, 75 university report or monograph 73, 75 Presentation, conference or symposium 76 published in proceedings 76 published in regular compilation 76 unpublished 76
152 Retrieval information for electronic media 77-80 electronic journal 79 internet non-journal document 79 stand-alone document 95 section of online document 95 university web site 79 printed article obtained online 79 Other media 77-78 motion pictures 77, 78 music recording 77, 78 television programs 77, 78 videotapes 77-78 Theses and dissertations 77 Sentence structure 84-87 Meaning aligned with sentence elements 84-87 Sentence core 84-87 Punctuation in relation to sentence core 87-89 Seriation 114-119 Short lists (horizontal) 117 Long or complex lists (vertical) 117-119 set up 118-119 punctuation 117-119 Parallelism 118-119 conceptual parallelism 114-115 grammatical parallelism 115-17 Series of two 119 Spacing of manuscript 3 Style for academic writing 101 Tables 13-15 Components 14,15 Font 3, 15 Formatting 14, 15 Guidelines 14 Purposes 13 Placement 16 Table notes 14, 15 APA format 6 Composing title 5 Byline 5 Running head 5 BYU title page 9 Transition 35-38 Transitional paragraphs 35 Transitions within sections and paragraphs 36-37 Transitional words and phrases 37 Verbs 120-124 Subject-verb agreement 124 collective subjects 124 compound subjects 124 intervening words and phrases 124 subjects joined by or or nor 124 Tenses 122-123 APA suggestions for basic sections 122 perfect tenses 123 Voice (active and passive) 120-121 appropriate uses 120-121 distinction between active and passive 120 Word usage 141-147 Potentially offensive language 146-147 Words commonly confused 141-146 Wordiness 8, 98-102 In abstracts 8 In most sentences 98 Sentence core as center of meaning 99 Redundancy 100 Twisting and stretching 100-101 Wordy phrases 101-102 Unnecessary adjectives and adverbs 101-102 Title page 5-6, 9