Images, Power & Politics Lecture Week 2
O.J. Simpson Trial bell hooks on the trial
Interlude on Praxis
Review
Objective vs. Subjective? Defined the two terms?
Denotative vs. Connotative Meaning? Define the two terms?
Icons Definition? Examples?
Representation What is the definition? Examples?
Morgan Freeman Movies Clean and Sober (1988), Driving Miss Daisy (1989), Glory (1989), The Bonfire of the Vanities (1990), Unforgiven (1992), The Shawshank Redemption (1994), Se7en (1995), Moll Flanders (1996), Kiss the Girl (1997), Along Came a Spider (2001), Bruce Almighty (2003), Million Dollar Baby (2004), Batman Begins (2005), Evan Almighty (2007), Gone Baby Gone (2007), The Bucket List (2007), Feast of Love (2007), The Dark Knight (2008), Invictus (2009)
vs. Eddie Murphy Beverly Hills Cop (84/87/94) Cop The Golden Child (86) Detective Coming to America (88) King Harlem Nights (89) Good Gangster The Distinguished Gentleman (92) Cngrman Boomerang (92) Fashion Director The Nutty Professor (96) Professor Doctor Dolittle (98/01) - Vet
Ideology Definition? Examples?
Functions of Art? 1) Personal 2) Social 3) Physical
Personal Self-expression or gratification Communicate/Re-present: make meaning Aesthetic Experience Order to Chaos Entertain Money!
Social Aesthetics: enrich public/private space Status Entertainment Political (satire, expressionism) Social control (e.g., Nazis)
Physical Function: weapon, furniture, dishware, etc. Architecture Religious Services
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Photographic Truth?
Looking, Culture & Power
Looking as a Social Practice Looking always involves a producer and a receiver (whether it is of signs in real time or an image or series of images created in the past) Through looking we negotiate our social relationships and meanings How we look is influenced by our experiences and cultural background
Looking and Power To be made to look To get someone else to look at you Willfully look or not (choice) Exchange of looks Freedom to look Ideology
Power of Images Power to conjure an absent person Power to calm or incite to action Power to persuade or mystify Power to remember Power to expose Power to channel desire
De Saussure Semiotics is the study of signs Language is based on a Signifier : the word or thing Signified: the underlying concept Signs are largely arbitrary
Charles Sanders Peirce There are three relationships between a sign (referent) and its meaning Icon (resemblance to actual thing) Index (connection of facts: often cause-effect) Symbol (depend on how interpreted) Semiotics
Icon
Index
Index
Symbol
Group Activity 3 Examples Each of Iconic, Indexical & Symbolic Signs
Hegemony Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) The political, economic, ideological and cultural power exerted by a dominant group over other groups The creation of a common sense that supports the interests of the dominant class while seeming to benefit all Through civil society (media, schools, etc.) Bell Hooks Part 1 Rap Music Madonna
Jon Stewart ON CNN FOX LIES
Audience Reception
Viewer Different from the audience a collection of lookers that are grouped together Treats individual as social category that emerges through practices of looking (agency) Looking is a multimodal activity Relational Social
Stuart Hall: Encoding/Decoding
Interpretation of Media Dominant (or 'hegemonic') reading: the reader fully shares the text's code and accepts and reproduces the preferred reading (a reading which may not have been the result of any conscious intention on the part of the author(s)) - in such a stance the code seems 'natural' and 'transparent'; Negotiated reading: the reader partly shares the text's code and broadly accepts the preferred reading, but sometimes resists and modifies it in a way which reflects their own position, experiences and interests (local and personal conditions may be seen as exceptions to the general rule) - this position involves contradictions; Oppositional ('counter-hegemonic') reading: the reader, whose social situation places them in a directly oppositional relation to the dominant code, understands the preferred reading but does not share the text's code and rejects this reading, bringing to bear an alternative frame of reference (radical, feminist etc.) (e.g. when watching a television broadcast produced on behalf of a political party they normally vote against). Wrong Reading
Interpellation Louis Althusser (French Philosopher) Process by which ideology pre-defines individuals (constructs before they exist) Secondary status of subject as mere effect of social relations The way an ad draws you in and personalizes the product to make it seem like it is just for you: AT&T