The State Visits of Edward VII

The State Visits of Edward VII

Palgrave Studies in Modern Monarchy Series editors: Axel Körner, University College, London; Heather Jones, London School of Economics; Heidi Mehrkens, University of St Andrews; Frank Lorenz Müller, University of St Andrews The death of Louis XVI on the scaffold in 1793 did not mark the beginning of the end of monarchy. What followed was a Long Nineteenth Century during which monarchical systems continued to be politically and culturally dominant both in Europe and beyond. They shaped political cultures and became a reference point for debates on constitutional government as well as for understandings of political liberalism. Within multinational settings, monarchy offered an alternative to centralised national states. Not even the cataclysms of the twentieth century could wipe monarchy completely off the political, mental and emotional maps. Palgrave Studies in Modern Monarchy reflects the vibrancy of research into this topic by bringing together monographs and edited collections exploring the history of monarchy in Europe and the world in the period after the end of the ancien régime. Committed to a scholarly approach to the royal past, the series is open in terms of geographical and thematic coverage, welcoming studies examining any aspect of any part of the modern monarchical world. Titles include: Frank Lorenz Müller and Heidi Mehrkens (editors) SONS AND HEIRS Succession and Political Culture in Nineteenth Century Europe Matthew Glencross THE STATE VISITS OF EDWARD VII Reinventing Royal Diplomacy for the Twentieth Century Forthcoming titles: Frank Lorenz Müller ROYAL HEIRS IN IMPERIAL GERMANY Preparing a Monarchical Future in Bavaria, Saxony and Württemberg Matthew Glencross, Michael D. Kandiah and Judith Rowbotham THE WINDSOR DYNASTY 1910 TO THE PRESENT Long to Reign Over Us? Palgrave Studies in Modern Monarchy Series Standing Order ISBN 978 1 137 45494 2 hardcover ( outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

The State Visits of Edward VII Reinventing Royal Diplomacy for the Twentieth Century Matthew Glencross Kings College London, UK

Matthew Glencross 2015 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, t he United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-57822-1 ISBN 978-1-137-54899-3 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9781137548993 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Glencross, Matthew, 1986 The state visits of Edward VII : reinventing royal diplomacy for the twentieth century / Matthew Glencross, Kings College London, UK. pages cm. (Palgrave studies in modern monarchy) ISBN 978 1 137 54898 6 1. Edward VII, King of Great Britain, 1841 1910 Travel. 2. Great Britain Foreign relations 1901 1910. 3. Great Britain Kings and rulers Biography. 4. Great Britain History Edward VII, 1901 1910. I. Title. DA567.G57 2015 941.082 3092 dc23 2015023255

To my beautiful Dolly Since 2006 you have been my love and inspiration

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Contents Acknowledgements viii Introduction 1 1 The Modern Revival of Royal Diplomacy 13 2 The First Royal Visits 32 3 A Difficult Host: Edward VII s Visit to Italy 62 4 Edward VII s Gift to Diplomacy? 1903 Visit to Paris 87 5 A Virtual Royal Occasion: Edward VII s 1907 Visit to Spain 113 6 The Diplomatic Margins: State Visits to Scandinavia 137 7 Dealing with the Great Bear: Edward VII s Visit to Russia 159 8 The Most Powerful and Influential Diplomat of His Day : Edward VII s Final State Visits 184 Epilogue: After Edward 208 Bibliography 212 Index 223 vii

Acknowledgements I would like to thank Her Majesty the Queen for allowing me the privilege of quoting material from the Royal Archives, for which she holds the copyright, and also for the encouraging chat she had with me about my research. My thanks to the Earl of Selborne for allowing me to quote material from the papers of his ancestor the 2nd Earl, and to the Marquess of Salisbury for allowing me to consult the papers of his ancestor the 3rd Marquess, and Viscount Esher for allowing me to use the diary of the 2nd Viscount in this book. Finally, I would like to thank the Syndics of Cambridge University Library and the Bodleian Library Oxford University for allowing me to quote material from the archives there. I would also like to thank the staff of the Royal Archives at Windsor for all of the encouragement and the 11 am tea and cake. My thanks go also to the Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge, particularly to Andrew Riley, who is undoubtedly one of the greats. To the staff of the British Library and The National Archives, as well as those at a range of other university libraries, including King s College, Senate House and the Bodleian, I also give my thanks; as well as to the staff at the other private archives that I used. Without them all, this book could not have been achieved. My thanks go to Professor Frank Müller, Dr Heidi Mehrkens and Dr Heather Jones, who went above and beyond the role of series editors for me in their comments, reviews and words of encouragement. In addition, Emily Russell and Angharad Bishop, my editor and editorial assistant at Palgrave Macmillan, have calmed my nerves, answered my questions and been an invaluable support to me, and I am also grateful to my original commissioning editor, Clare Mence, for her initial encouragement. I also thank Dr Antony Best, who, over many a chat, has shown continued faith in my ongoing research into the role of pomp and symbolism in monarchy. My thanks also go to all of the staff at ICBH, who have helped me along the way, with special mention to Professor Richard Roberts, Dr Virginia Preston, Dr Andrew Blick and Professor Robert Blackburn, as well as all of the conveners of the International History Seminar. Likewise, I would like to thank Professor Gaynor Johnson, Professor Philip Murphy, Professor Mike Dockrill and viii

Acknowledgments ix Dr James Moore, who all examined this book at various stages, and undoubtedly contributed to its betterment. Thanks also to Professor Matthew Feldman, Dr Drew Gray and Dr Matthew McCormack, who set me on the first steps to academia, for which I shall always be thankful I would not be where I am today without them. My thanks go also to Dr Bernadette Kirwan and Dr Michele Blagg, whom, in their role as proofreaders and as supportive friends, I could not do without. My eternal gratitude goes out to Dr Judith Rowbotham, whose role as mentor, proofreader and advice giver has been invaluable to me in the process of writing this book and introducing me to the joys of newspapers as a source. Likewise, I would like to thank Dr Michael Kandiah, Dr Keith Hamilton and Dr Paul Readman, who were all a great source of support throughout my research. I could not have asked for three better mentors and academic friends. I would like to thank my wonderful wife Nina Glencross, who has been so understanding and supportive of me, especially through the more stressful times that always come with being an author, and has refrained from murdering me, despite the fact that she must have been sorely tempted at times. I would also like to thank my equally supportive family, especially my mum, sister, Nan, Gramp and dad. A special mention to Miriam Charalambous for helping me with my OCD, which in many ways was and continues to be my hardest obstacle. On a final, personal, note, I would like to thank friends who have given me no end of encouragement and support throughout the duration of the book: Phil Dyson, Andrew Harrison, Maggie Scull, Naomi Lloyd-Jones, Jennifer Doyle, Anders Mikkelsen, Anna Maguire, Khurram Jowiya, Fiona Tate, Jason Humphreys, Mary Gibson and John Hadley.