Author Index Absolu, Brandt 165 Bay, Mert 93 Datta, Ashoke Kumar 285 Dey, Nityananda 285 Doraisamy, Shyamala 391 Downie, J. Stephen 93 Ehmann, Andreas F. 93 Esposito, Roberto 143 Gerhard, David 119 Golzari, Shahram 391 Gómez, Emilia 307 Grekow, Jacek 261 Herrera, Perfecto 307 Jiang, Wenxin 19 Jones, M. Cameron 93 Kameoka, Hirokazu 213 Kitahara, Tetsuro 65 Kostek, Bozena 39 Le Roux, Jonathan 213 Li, Tao 165 Marasek, Krzysztof 237 Mayer, Rudolf 333 Miotto, Riccardo 187 Miyamoto, Kenichi 213 Montecchio, Nicola 187 Mukherjee, Bhaswati 285 Müllensiefen, Daniel 365 Nishimoto, Takuya 213 Ogihara, Mitsunori 165 Ono, Nobutaka 213 Orio, Nicola 187 Pearce, Marcus T. 365 Radicioni, Daniele P. 143 Raś, Zbigniew W. 19, 261 Rauber, Andreas 333 Sagayama, Shigeki 213 Sengupta, Ranjan 285 Serrà, Joan 307 Tsunoo, Emiru 213 Typke, Rainer 3 Uchiyama, Yuuki 213 Walczak-Typke, Agatha 3 Wieczorkowska, Alicja A. 19, 285 Wiggins, Geraint A. 365 Wojcik, Jaroslaw 39 Wrzeciono, Piotr 237 Zhang, Xinglin 119
Glossary Audio Engineering acoustic and electrical technology applied to audible sound signal Augmented Fifth see: interval Beat pulse, the regular rhythmic pattern (template) in a piece of music Chord a combination of three or more notes sounding simultaneously Chromatic Scale musical scale with twelve pitches, each a semitone apart. Consonance a chord or a set of sounds sounding in concordance Diatonic Scale seven note musical scale, e.g. major scale, minor scale Digital Audio sound signal represented in digital form Dissonance a chord or a set of sounds sounding in discord Envelope a curve connecting the peaks of a graph of sound wave; can be also calculated for amplitude spectrum Fifth see: interval Formant a region of concentration of energy in amplitude spectrum, consisting of a number of harmonic partials Fourth see: interval Frequency number of cycles of a repeating event per unit of time Fundamental Frequency (of a periodic signal) the inverse of the period length
408 Glossary Fundamental the lowest frequency in a harmonic series Harmonic (of a wave) component frequency of the signal that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency Harmony describes simultaneous sounding of two or more notes (chords) and their arrangement in a succession Hertz (Hz) 1 herz (Hz) is a frequency equal to one cycle per second Interval relationship between two pitches Unison (perfect unison) both pitches are the same; an example of consonance Minor second the pitches are semitone apart Major second the pitches are two semitones apart Minor third - a musical interval of three semitones Major third an interval of fourth semitones Fourth (perfect fourth) - the notes are five semitones apart; can be augmented (by a semitone) or diminished (also by a semitone) Tritone, or augmented fourth, or diminished fifth the interval of six semitones; an example of dissonance Fifth (perfect fifth) - musical interval between a note and the note seven semitones above it; can be augmented (by a semitone) or diminished (also by a semitone) Minor sixth an interval between pitches which are eight semitones apart Major sixth - an interval between pitches which are nine semitones apart Minor seventh between pitches which are ten semitones apart Major seventh between pitches which are eleven semitones apart Octave (perfect octave) - between one musical pitch and another with half or double its frequency, i.e. twelve semitones apart Key a family of diatonic tones; the tone to which a scale is referred. There are 24 major or minor diatonic scales Key the part of an instrument (e.g. piano) which is used to play it Major Scale diatonic scale made up of seven distinct notes (plus an eighth which duplicates the first an octave higher). The key note is called tonic. The notes in the scale are in the following steps: tonic, major second above the tonic, major third above the tonic, fourth above the tonic, fifth above the tonic, major sixth above the tonic, major seventh above the tonic, and octave Melody a succesion of notes Metadata data about the data
Glossary 409 Meter - the rhythmic element measured by division into parts of equal time value; describes beat MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface, protocol for controlling digital audio devices. MIDI data represent such events as key number (representing pitch), note on, note off (pressing and releasing the key of a keyboard), voice number (timbre selected), and so on Minor Scale - diatonic scale, with a third scale degree at an interval of a minor third above the tonic, and various versions of higher steps (sixth and seventh); see Major Scale for comparison Music Genre - category that identifies music and distinguishes from other types of music, e.g. popular music, blues, country, jazz, rock, and so on Musical Scale a group of musical notes arranged in ascending and descending order. Examples: major scale, minor scale, chromatic scale Octave - see: interval Offset - the ending of a musical note or other sound, in which the amplitude decreases Onset - the beginning of a musical note or other sound, in which the amplitude rises Pitch - represents the perceived fundamental frequency of a sound Pitch Tracking - estimation of pitch of note events in a melody or a piece of music Polyphonic Music - music arranged in parts for several voices or instruments Rhythm - basic temporal element of music, arrangement of notes into regular patterns according to their relative duration and relative accentuation Second see: interval Semitone the smallest interval used in Western music. Example: the distance between two neighboring keys of the keyboard is a semitone. Signal - physical (e.g. electrical) varying quantity that carries information. Example: audio signal, conveying information on changes of amplitude of sound wave in time
410 Glossary Sound vibrations of frequency withing the range of approximately 16 Hz 20 khz, transmitted through the air or other medium, and producing the sensation of hearing Spectrum the result of analysis that can be performed for sound data using e.g. Fourier transform, transforming time domain into frequency domain (for complexvalued functions), and showing magnitudes (amplitude spectrum) and phases (phase spectrum) of sound components, represented here in sinusoidal form Temperament - system of tuning in music. Example: equal temperament the ratio of frequency of any adjacent notes in this system is constant and equal to 2 1/12, since an octave in divided into 12 parts (semitones) with equal step in logarithmic scale. Tempo - speed of a given piece of music Third see: interval Timbre - the quality of a musical sound that distinguishes sounds, even if they are of the same pitch or loudness Transient - a short-duration part of signal that represents transitory phase of a musical sound. Example: onset (the beginning of the sound), offset (the end of the sound) Triad a group of three notes in a chord, consisting of a given tone, a third (minor or major), and a fifth (perfect, augmented, or diminished) Unison see: interval Voicing ordering of notes in a chord