Terrorism
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Terrorism Origins and Evolution James M. Lutz and Brenda J. Lutz
TERRORISM James M. Lutz and Brenda J. Lutz, 2005. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2005 978-1-4039-6646-9 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-52956-8 ISBN 978-1-4039-7858-5 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9781403978585 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lutz, Brenda J., 1957 Terrorism : origins and evolution / James M. Lutz and Brenda J. Lutz. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-349-52956-8 1. Terrorism History. I. Lutz, James M. II. Title. HV6431.L87 2005 303.6 25 dc22 2005042972 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: September 2005 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Tessa and Carol, our two lovely daughters and Alasdair, Bessie, Elsie, and Dryfus their loyal Saint Bernards and Sadie, our pet Newfoundland
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CONTENTS Preface viii Chapter One Terrorism Today and Yesterday 1 Chapter Two Definitions, Classifications, and Causes 6 Chapter Three Terrorism in the Ancient World 19 Chapter Four The Middle Ages to the Renaissance 28 Chapter Five Terrorism in the Age of Revolutions 35 Chapter Six The End of the Napoleonic Wars to World War I 47 Chapter Seven Terrorist Groups between the Wars 66 Chapter Eight The End of Empires and Terrorism 84 Chapter Nine The Rise of the New Left and the Failure of Communism: Increasing Terrorism on a Global Scale 99 Chapter Ten From Marxism Back to Communalism 129 Chapter Eleven Conclusions 158 Notes 169 Bibliography 195 Index 214
PREFACE This book is a continuation of our work and interest in global terrorism and the issues surrounding it.the genesis for this work began with our concern that too much attention was being paid to terrorist actions in the Middle East and terrorism rooted in Islam. In point of fact terrorism is much more complex, and it has been a technique that is more widely present in the world. It is vitally important to understand the broader patterns of terrorism in today s world, and to begin to explore the significance of these patterns. Of course, to understand the present and think about the future, we also have to look to the past even if not exclusively. This volume is just a step in the continuing study of one of the most important phenomena in the world today. We acknowledge with thanks the help of a number of people. We acknowledge in particular Barbara Blauvelt, the secretary in the Department of Political Science at Indiana University-Purdue University at Fort Wayne. If she were not so good at her job, Jim s job as chair would have been much more difficult and time-consuming, and this book would not have been finished on schedule. Jim s students have provided insight and sometimes a different perspective that has been helpful to us in our writing.the questions they have asked in class have directed some of the research whose results appear in the following pages. Many of our friends and colleagues have been very supportive of our work providing encouragement and suggestions. David Pervin at Palgrave was instrumental in supporting the idea behind the book, and the copyeditors and others at Palgrave have been responsible for a much better product. The dedication acknowledges our two beautiful daughters, Carol (now 10) and Tessa (now 9). They really do not help us directly on writing projects like this one, but they provide inspiration as well as fascination for us in all that we do.they never cease to amaze us by all that they are.when all is said and done, they are the reason why we write.
Preface Our Saint Bernards (Alasdair, Bessie, Dryfus, and Elsie) and our Newfoundland (Sadie) are magnificent companions who provide unquestioning loyalty. They are welcome distractions and provide the balance that we sometimes need.they do not care whether we are working on a book or not. They will lay at (or on) our feet waiting to be petted or begging for tummy rubs.they also never cease to amaze us. Moreover, we would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge our special friends, who are family to us and our daughters Dick and Jane Thomas. They have been very interested as well as extremely supportive in the writing of this manuscript. Of course, even with all this help and inspiration, we remain responsible for the final product and any errors of omission or commission contained within.we sincerely hope that this book broadens the perspective and enhances the understanding of global terrorism to all who read it. JML and BJL Fort Wayne, Indiana November 26, 2004 ix