Elgin Academy Library Guide to Bibliographies and Referencing for Higher and Advanced Higher Students Important Information These guidelines use Harvard Referencing Style Remember to be consistent This booklet contains common examples of items you will be required to reference. If you need help referencing a more unusual source (eg a DVD or a speech) please ask Mrs Toonen to help you. Please ask for help in the library if you are unsure about any referencing procedures. Mrs Toonen can: o Double check your referencing/bibliography o Help you find details information or for citations eg publisher, date etc o Help you understand how bibliographies or referencing has been used in textbooks Taking the time to get your referencing and bibliography right can seem such a pain but it is really worth learning to do. Examiners will be impressed by properly researched and referenced work and further study beyond school will demand it. Bibliographies and referencing can be difficult to get the hang of to begin with, but practice makes perfect. More can be found on the EA website: www.elginacademy.co.uk/library S5/6 Check your Sources: bibliographies and referencing.
Contents Page Topic 3 Getting Started 4 Bibliographies 5 Reference Examples Book Sources Books with one author Books with 2,3 or 4 authors Books with more than four authors 6 Books with editor(s) Chapters from edited books 7 Non-book sources Websites Journal Articles Newspaper Articles 8 Journal/Newspaper Articles Online Acts of Parliament Acts of Parliament Online 9 Online Referencing Tools 10 Referring to a source in your piece of work - Paraphrasing 11 Referring to a source in your piece of work-putting quotes into your essay 12 Using Microsoft to insert Footnotes 13 More information about Footnotes 14 Glossary Some useful Research & Library terms 2
Getting Started Keep track of the sources you use We all research and study in different ways and everyone s note taking varies. However, we all need to be able to let a marker/examiner/teacher/general reader know that we are making reference to facts or opinions or ideas when they are not our own. So it s important to get in a pattern for study that allows you to keep track of the sources you are using. This will save you a lot of time when it comes to writing up your dissertation or essay. If you go on to further study you will be expected to do this as a matter of course and you may not always be given guidance on how to do this. Get into good habits at this stage and they will undoubtedly pay off in the future. And, remember, it s the small things like noting page numbers correctly when reading a source that can make a big difference when preparing your final piece of work. Some suggestions: Always write down ALL the book information you need when you have the book in front of you for example publisher and place of publication. Keep note of page numbers as you are taking notes. You must be able to specify the page number for any facts, ideas or opinions you are making reference to. If you need to provide an Annotated Bibliography remember to write this up at the time. It is a great habit to get into making notes about the quality and relevance of sources even if you don t formally need to do this. Start a folder of Favourites for websites you are using in your research. Keep track of search terms (key words) that you have used when researching online and note how useful these have been. 3
Bibliographies A Bibliography is a list of books that you have used in your research. It is essential for all formal academic work from Advanced Higher level and above. Bibliographies can be found in the back of most textbooks or sometimes at the end of each chapter. Remember - Bibliographies in other peoples work can be very useful when looking for suitable sources for your topic. Important Information about your Bibliography: Always place it at the end of your essay Put it in alphabetical order by the authors surnames Include ALL the resources you used in your research (eg books, journals, websites etc) Don t put books in your bibliography that you have NOT used the marker will know For Advanced Higher History you will have to include an Annotated Bibliography. This means you will need to include an analysis of how each source has been useful. For example: Fick, M. Laurence., 1939. The Educability of the South African Native. Pretoria: The South Africa Council for Educational and Social Research. Useful as a primary source, this text gave the government s findings and justifications for the implication of the Bantu Education Act. A necessary item to gain a full understanding of the approach that the government took towards native education, but useful for just that as it logged their tests and findings but no other related information around the history and development of South Africa. Keep a similarly annotated bibliography when carrying out your own research even if not required for your final dissertation. It is a useful tool for tracking what you have read, encouraging you to be analytical when reading and saves time when you need to revisit a particular reference. The general rule for setting out each item in a bibliography is as follows (creating a Bibliographic Citation ). Follow the punctuation exactly as below: Author, Initials/First Name., Date. Title in Italics. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher. 4
Books The Title page of a book and the page behind it contain the bibliographic information you will require. The full title plus any subtitle and author(s)/editor(s) will be displayed and on the page behind this you will find information regarding when and where an item was published, who published it and which edition it is. Example 1 Books with one author Berry, Ralph., 2004. The Research Project: How to write it. 5 th ed. London: Routledge If it is the first edition there is no need to put the edition in. Example 2 Books with two, three or four authors Hague, Rod. & Harrop, Martin., 2007. Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Pattie, Charles. Seyd, Patrick. & Whiteley, Paul., 2004. Citizenship in Britain: Values, Participation and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Always enter the authors in the order they appear on the title page. Example 3 Books with more than four authors (no editor) Lodish, Harvey. et al., 2004. Molecular Cell Biology. 5 th Freeman. ed. Basingstoke: You would put any reference to the work in your essay in the same way. For example: Lodish. et al state 5
Books Example 4 Books with editor(s) Peele, Gillian. Bailey, Christopher J. Cain, Bruce. & Peters, B. Guy. Eds., 2006. Developments in American Politics 5. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Example 5 Chapters from edited books Wilson, G.K., 2006. Interest Groups. In: G. Peele. Bailey, Christopher J. Cain, Bruce. & Peters, B. Guy. eds., 2006. Developments in American 5. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Ch. 4. The date that the chapter was written may be different from the editorial date. Also note how the initial of the editor now comes before the surname. Within the body of your essay this can be referred to with the chapter author s name. For example: Wilson argues 6
Non-Book Material Example 1 Websites Dunt, Ian., 2008. Who is Tavish Scott? [Online] (updated 26 August 2008) Available at: http://www.politics.co.uk/ [Accessed 11 August 2009] Basic rule: Authorship/Source., Year. Title of the Article/Page in Italics [Online] (date webpage created/updated) Available at URL [date you used it] Example 2 Journal Article Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an in depth look. Political Science Quarterly, 42 (6), pp.564-78 Basic Rule: Author, Intials., Date. Full title of the article. Full title of Journal in Italics, Volume Number (Issue Number), pp. for a range of pages/p. for one page. Example 3 Newspaper Articles Thomson, L., 2012. New Elgin Academy. The Northern Scot. 26 March. p. page number. Basic Rule: Author, Initials., Date. Title of Article. Full title of newspaper. Day Month. p. page number. 7
Non-Book Material Example 4 Journal/Newspaper Articles Online Journal: Boughton, J. M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an in depth look. Political Science Quarterly, [Online] 42 (6), Available at: Blackwell Science Synergy http://www.pol.upenn/articles [Accessed 12 June 2005] Newspaper McAlpine, J., 2009. British if you win, Scottish if you lose. Times Online, [Online] 5 July. Available at: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article663719.ece [Accessed 11 August 2009] Example 5 Acts of Parliament Higher Education Act 2004. (c.8), London: HMSO Basic Rule: Title Including Year. (Chapter), Place of Publication: Publisher Example 6 Acts of Parliament Online These are often looked at online via www.opsi.gov.uk Reference as follows: Budget (Scotland) Act 2009. (c.1), London: HMSO. [Online] Available at: Office of Public Sector Information http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/acts2009/pdf//asp 20090002 en.pdf [Accessed 12 August 2009] 8
Online Referencing Tools There are many useful Referencing and Citation tools available online. To use them well you must be clear in your own mind which style or standard you want to use and, most importantly, are required to use by examiners. Harvard Referencing Style, which is widely used, is certainly not the only option available. Librarians from Aberdeen University Library, suggest that S6 students may want to try using the automatic citation resources listed below. Remember it is important that you double check any automatically produced citations to ensure consistency and that they meet the requirements of relevant marking schemes. Use these tools carefully. Note: most subjects use a Harvard style of referencing but some, including Advanced Higher History (and History in Higher Education) may use Chicago s footnote style of referencing. Remember to double check with your teachers. Neil s Tool Box (some functions of this website require payment but all that you will need are free) http://www.neilstoolbox.com/ EasyBib http://www.easybib.com/ Citation Machine http://www.citationmachine.net/ Cite This For Me http://www.citethisforme.com/uk The Chicago Manual of Style http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html 9
Referring to a source in your piece of work Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is an activity which you have undertaken throughout your school life; your teachers will have often asked you to put someone else s ideas into your own words. Paraphrasing is a skill which takes time to master. Remember when you paraphrase the ideas of someone else, rather than quoting them directly, you will still need to acknowledge the original author. As with a direct quotation you must still include the author s last name, followed by the year of publication. For example: Crystal (2006) points out that Harris (2008) has produced an online document that Dawes and Rowley (1998) define This is enough information to enable the marker or any other reader of your essay to find the full reference to the work in the Bibliography section at the end. Paraphrasing example Original Text (written by a Mr Brown): The green fields of Lincolnshire are at their best in high summer. Bad Paraphrasing: The verdant meadows of Lincoln are in their prime in August. Why bad? The writer has simply replaced some of the words with synonyms. Good Paraphrasing: According to Brown, the countryside of Lincolnshire is beautiful between July and August. Why good? Rather than only changing a few words the writer has changed the structure, hinting at a more in depth understanding of the original piece. The writer has also acknowledged the original source. 10
Referring to a source in your piece of work Paraphrasing So, how do I paraphrase? There are several methods that you could adopt. Try them all a few times. You ll soon find out which ones work best for you. 1. Read small sections of your notes or the text you are studying (say a paragraph at a time). Cover your notes and then write the section in your own words. 2. For every sentence of text you want to paraphrase write two of your own. Remember it often helps if you identify the main idea then give an example of your own and then explain how your example fits with the main idea. 3. Take a small section (again say a paragraph). Write down the key words. Cover the original and then use the key words to help you write a paragraph in your own words. Don t change any technical words, numbers or mathematical or scientific formulae. However feel free to change the everyday words (see the example on paraphrasing) to those of your own. 4. Remember to include a reference to the person who first wrote what you have paraphrased. I have tried, but it doesn t work! If you can t paraphrase the source then you may need to think about putting the idea in as a quotation. 11
Referring to a source in your piece of work Putting Quotes in your Essay It can sometimes be difficult figuring out how and where to reference work. Here are a couple of ways you can do it. Example 1 Putting in a direct quote Berry suggests Making the acquaintance of the library staff is a high priority for any researcher 1 This is fine but at Higher and Advanced Higher you should also consider other options. See below Example 2 Putting information in your own words. Berry recommends the benefits library staff can bring to anyone undertaking research 2. It is always better to put something in your own words than just put in a lot of quotes. Even if your words don t sound as good you are demonstrating that you have read and understood what is being said. Example3 Library staff can be very useful contacts to anyone undertaking research 3. It can be tricky to know when to use this kind of referencing - stating a concept or an idea or an opinion that is not your own in origin. Keep in mind that anything you read that is either factual or not your own idea must be referenced. If you are in doubt please ask your teachers or librarians. 1 Berry, Ralph., 2004. The Research Project. 5 th ed. London: Routledge. p. 7. 2 Berry, The Research Project 2004. p.7. 3 Berry, The Research Project 2004. p.7. 12
Three Easy Steps: Using Microsoft Word to insert Footnotes You have MS Word open and you have written something that you want to reference, for example: The value of a research paper consists very largely in the sources used. Step 1 You want to insert the footnote after the quote but BEFORE the full stop, so place the mouse curser there. The value of a research paper consists very largely in the sources used. Step 2 Select References from the ribbon or task bar at the top of MS Word. Then select Insert Footnote. A number will automatically appear within the text and at the bottom of the page. Step 3 The value of a research paper consists very largely in the sources used 4. Enter your reference details in the footnote at the bottom of the page. Footnote done! By inserting footnotes using MS Word you will be able to automatically add footnotes at any point in your essay and Word will change the subsequent reference numbers for you. 4 Berry, 2004. The Research Project. p. 74. 13
More Information about Footnotes If you have previously referenced a title you can cut down the reference to a simple display: Author Surname, Date, Title in italics (no subtitle needed) page number. For example, the first time you use it the following reference should appear in full detail: Pattie, Charles. Seyd, Patrick. & Whiteley, Paul., 2004. Citizenship in Britain: Values, Participation and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 144. In footnotes after this, the reference can be shortened to: Pattie, 2004. Citizenship in Britain. p. 144. Suggestions Use Copy and Paste to make your life easier. Keep footnotes neat and tidy and above all consistent in format. Use Times New Roman and keep the text small (10 point) Glossary 14
Some Useful Research and Library terms Abstract A short summary of an article in a scholarly/academic journal. It usually appears at the beginning of the article. Or Abstract can refer to a printed or electronic index to journal, magazine, newspaper, articles that not only provide a citation to the articles, but also a brief summary of each article. Annotated bibliography A list of works with descriptions and a brief summary or critical statement about each. Annotation A note accompanying an entry in a bibliography, reading list, or catalogue describing or explaining or evaluating the publication referred to. Appendix Section of a book containing supplementary materials eg tables or maps. Article A contribution written for publication in a journal, magazine, or newspaper. Bibliographic citations The information which identifies a book or article or other published item. Information for a book usually includes the author, title, publisher, and date. The citation for an article includes the author, title of the article, title of the periodical, volume, pages, and date Call number A combination of numbers and letters that provide a unique description of each item in a library collection. Items are arranged on the book shelves by call number, so the call number is the "address" of materials on the shelf Citation A citation is a reference or footnote to an item (such as a book or periodical article); a citation contains the author, title, date of publication, and any other information needed to locate the item Copyright 15
The legal right to control the production, use, and sale of copies of a literary, musical, or artistic work. Cross reference Word or heading that directs you from one part of a book, catalogue, or index to another part. Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme A method developed in the nineteenth century by Melville Dewey to classify and shelve items by using numbers to represent subject content. It is a highly structured arrangement of all areas of knowledge into numbers ranging from 000 to 999. The Dewey Decimal Classification System is used in many libraries including Elgin High School library and also Aberdeen University Library. Endnotes Notes or statements that appear at the end of a work explaining the text or indicating the basis for an assertion (or paraphrasing) or the source of material quoted Footnotes Notes or statements that appear at the foot of a page of text explaining the text or indicating the basis for an assertion (or paraphrasing) or the source of material quoted Journal A type of periodical which contains signed scholarly/academic articles. Journals are usually published by academic or association presses and will include bibliographies. Monograph A book. A separate treatise (a formal piece of written work) on a single subject or class of subjects, or on one person, usually detailed in treatment but not extensive in scope and often containing bibliographies Peer Review Process Method used by scholarly/academic journals to assure the quality and relevance of the articles they publish. When an article is submitted, the editor sends copies to several reviewers (or "referees") who are recognised experts in the subject of the article. Each reads the article and offers an opinion on whether it is worthy of publication in the journal, using such criteria as soundness of investigative method, whether the author shows adequate knowledge of research on the subject to date, 16
and whether the articles adds to knowledge in the field. Only if the reviewers agree that it meets the relevant criteria will the article be published. Peer-reviewed article A scholarly article published in a peer-reviewed journal. Peer-reviewed journal Also called a "refereed" journal. A scholarly journal that used the peer review process to select material for publication. Periodical Materials published at regular intervals (at least 3 times a year) and intended to be continued indefinitely. Examples of periodicals include magazines, journals, and newsletters. Primary Sources Fundamental, authoritative documents relating to a subject, used in the preparation of a later work, e.g., original record, contemporary documents, etc. Synonymous with original sources and source material. Secondary Sources Books or articles that explain or analyse primary sources. For example, criticism of a literary work. Stacks Rows of shelves where library books and journals are stored. Tertiary sources Reference works that identify, point out, summarize, abstract, or repackage the information provided in primary and secondary sources. Examples include dictionaries, encyclopaedias, handbooks, etc. 17