RESEARCH GUIDE: Nvember 2010 Research is an investigatin leading t the discvery, interpretatin and presentatin f infrmatin. This manual is intended and prepared fr students and teachers invlved in academic research. It is a tl t assist students in the creatin f a research paper, a multimedia prject r an ral presentatin. It is a resurce, a reference and a respnsibility. Use it well. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. The Prcess Understand the Requirements. 2 Select the Tpic and Develp a Thesis. 2-4 Gather Infrmatin: Use Specific Search Strategies. 4-5 Gather Infrmatin: Prepare a Wrking Surce List. 5 Gather Infrmatin: Befre Taking Ntes. 5-6 Gather Infrmatin: Taking Ntes. 6-7 Avid Plagiarism. 7 Organize, Synthesize, and Draft. 7-8 Prepare the Wrks Cited. 8 Final Draft: Revise, Edit and Prf. 8 Submit the Final Prduct and Reflect n the Prduct and the Prcess. 8 Celebrate and Be Prud f Yur Accmplishment. 8 II. Appendices A. Online Subscriptin Databases. 9-13 B. Steps in Online Searching. 14-15 C. RQD t Evaluate Web Sites 16 D. Sample Surce Cards 17-18 E. Sample Nte Cards 19 F. Hw t Paraphrase 20 G. The Difference between Paraphrasing and Plagiarism 21 H. Academic Integrity Guidelines 22-24 I. Hw T D an Outline 25 J. Graceful Integratin f Qutes 26 K. In-Text Citatins and Wrks Cited Frmat 27-44
2 THE PROCESS: Step 1. Make sure yu understand what yu are being asked t d. Understand the requirements f the assignment. Assessment based n the PSSA Writing Rubric dmains wuld include the fllwing: A. Fcus B. Cntent C. Organizatin D. Style E. Cnventins Step 2. Select the Tpic and Develp a Thesis. (Fr mre infrmatin, see Schl t Wrk 236; Writers Inc 247-49; Write fr Cllege 286-88.) If yu are selecting yur wn tpic: Select a general tpic that is interesting t yu. Gather sme general infrmatin abut the tpic frm an encyclpedia r ther general surce. Decide whether the tpic will meet the requirements f the assignment. Be sure there are enugh resurces n the tpic. If yur teacher has assigned the tpic: Clarify the tpic. Gather sme general infrmatin abut the tpic. Develp yur thesis: Think abut the tpic by asking yurself questins. Yu might want t begin with basic: wh, what, where, when, hw and why questins. Based n the general infrmatin yu ve gathered and yur wn thinking and questining, narrw/limit/fcus the tpic. Example A: General Tpic: Censrship Fcused Tpic (based n infrmatin, thught and questining): The Censrship f The Adventures f Huckleberry Finn Put the fcused tpic in the frm f a questin: Why has The Adventures f Huckleberry Finn been censred?
3 Turn that questin int a wrking thesis: Because The Adventures f Huckleberry Finn is s cntrversial, it shuld n lnger be taught in high schl. Yur wrking thesis shuld have a tpic and a fcus. Thesis Tpic: The Adventures f Huckleberry Finn Fcus: shuld n lnger be taught in high schl. As yur wrking thesis guides yur research, it shuld develp int a final thesis statement. Nte that yu might change yur mind as yu are researching. Fr example: Althugh The Adventures f Huckleberry Finn has always been a cntrversial piece f literature, it shuld cntinue t be taught in high schl. Example B: General Tpic: Welfare prgrams Fcused Tpic: Shuld be ablished Put the fcused tpic in the frm f a questin: Shuld welfare prgrams be ablished? Turn that questin int a wrking thesis. Despite their immediate benefits, welfare prgrams erde persnal initiative and deprive sciety f needed wrkers. Tpic: Welfare prgrams Thesis Fcus: shuld be ablished. As yur wrking thesis guides yur research, it shuld develp int a final thesis statement. Nte that yu might change yur mind as yu are researching. Fr example:
4 Althugh welfare prgrams in America have been histrically cntrversial, their benefits t sciety far utweigh their perceived disadvantages. Evaluate yur thesis statement befre prceeding. A thesis is nt neutral. T Neutral: Gun cntrl is a cntrversial issue that has been debated fr years. Gd: Gun cntrl legislatin shuld prhibit civilian wnership f handguns and assault weapns. A thesis is nt a questin. Bad: Shuld eighteen-year-lds have the right t drink? Gd: Anyne wh is ld enugh t fight in a war is ld enugh t drink. A thesis is the main idea f yur paper. T brad: Space explratin is a waste f mney. Gd: Space explratin has lng term benefits that far ut weigh its expense. (See Thesis Checklist in Writers Inc 249; Write fr Cllege 288.) Step 3. Gather Infrmatin: Use specific search strategies related t yur wrking thesis. Lk fr infrmatin related t yur thesis statement. Lcate reliable surces f infrmatin by: Understanding Library Organizatin Using the Library Catalg Using Reference Bks.
5 Cmpile and Keep a Paper Trail Keep cpies f all drafts f wrk Using Peridicals Using Online Subscriptin Databases (Appendix A, pp.9-13 ) Understanding the Steps in Online Searching (Appendix B, pp. 14-15 ) Using Internet Web Sites with teacher permissin and careful evaluatin f thse sites. Evaluatin: RQD (Appendix C, p. 16) Using ACCESS Pennsylvania t btain bks frm ther libraries. Yu may als wish t gather infrmatin by: Interviewing Experts Talking t Peple Taking a Survey Observing and Experiencing Smething Directly Related t yur Tpic Make phtcpies f research materials (include dwnlads frm web sites) Keep ntes, nte cards, surce cards Keep lgs f wrk n assignments and papers Save drafts/versins f assignments electrnically under individual file names Step 4. Gather Infrmatin: Prepare a Wrking Surce List. (Fr mre infrmatin, see Schl t Wrk 237; Writers Inc 250; Write fr Cllege 289.) Keep track f yur surces n 3 x5 index cards r ther hard cpy. Nte: A search engine is nt a surce. See sample surce cards (Appendix D, pp. 17-18) What t include n a surce card: All f the infrmatin needed fr yur final Wrks Cited page in prper MLA frmat. Wrks Cited Frmat (Appendix K, pp. 27-44) The call number f a bk. A cde t cnnect the surce t ntes taken frm this surce. (Appendix E, p. 19) Step 5. Gather Infrmatin: Befre Taking Ntes. (Fr mre infrmatin, see Schl t Wrk 237; Writers Inc 250; Write fr Cllege 289.) Befre reading and taking ntes, lk again at yur thesis. Think abut what yu hpe t prve. Develp a wrking utline/graphic rganizer
6 (subtpics). Or develp subsidiary questins t guide yur research. Example: Thesis statement: Althugh The Adventures f Huckleberry Finn has always been a cntrversial piece f literature, it shuld cntinue t be taught in high schl. Wrking Outline: General Backgrund Censrship when bk was first published (Pr and Cn) Censrship issue in the present (Pr and Cn) Cnclusin Subsidiary Questins: Why was the bk censred in 1885? What were bth sides f the censrship issue? Why is the bk censred nw? What are bth sides f the censrship issue? Hw is this issue best reslved? Step 6. Gather Infrmatin: Taking Ntes. (Fr mre infrmatin, see Schl t Wrk 237; Writers Inc 250; Write fr Cllege 290.) Recrd ntes n sheets r cards f the same size and style. Sample nte cards (Appendix E, p. 19) On ne card r sheet, recrd infrmatin frm nly ne surce, n nly ne subtpic r subsidiary questin, n nly ne side f the card r page. Use a shrt cde t identify the surce. If the surce is a bk, include the page number. Use a shrt cde r title t identity the subtpic. Place qutatin marks arund direct qutatins. Use an ellipsis... if yu leave wrds ut. Use brackets [ ] if yu add wrds. Include the name f the persn yu are quting and that persn s psitin. Summarize and Paraphrase in yur wn wrds. Be sure nt t distrt r misrepresent what the authr has written. Respnsible nte-taking and keeping track f surces will help yu avid plagiarism.
7 THREE TYPES OF NOTETAKING TYPES Qute: The Exact wrding T lend expert authrity fr yur assertin WHEN AND WHY TO USE THEM T paraphrase r Fr accuracy summarize wuld be much lnger Fr unfrgettable language Paraphrase: A Detailed restatement Summarize: A Cndensed Versin T change the rganizatin f ideas fr emphasis T cndense the material T clarify the material T mit extras frm the material T simplify the material T simplify the material Step 7. Avid Plagiarism. (Fr mre infrmatin, see Schl t Wrk 244-46; Writers Inc 256-58, 295; Write fr Cllege 295-99, 499.) Plagiarism is the act f presenting infrmatin r ideas as yur wn, withut crediting the surce f that infrmatin r idea. Academic Integrity Guidelines (Appendix H, pp. 22-24) Hw t Paraphrase (Appendix F, p. 20) The Difference between Plagiarism and Paraphrasing (Appendix G, p. 21) Step 8. Organize, Synthesize, and Draft. (Fr mre infrmatin, see Schl t Wrk 238-39; Writers Inc 48-54; Write fr Cllege 114-20; MLA Handbk 48-59) Refine yur thesis based n yur research. Organize yur ntes and delete material that is nt relevant t yur thesis. Shape a structure fr the paper based n the ntes that are relevant t the thesis. Transfrm the wrking utline int a mre frmal utline that is lgical and reflects the thesis, rganizatin and develpment yu have discvered by making cnnectins between ideas and infrmatin. (Hw T D an Outline, Appendix I, p. 25) Bring related material tgether under general headings. Arrange these sectins s that they lgically cnnect.
8 Order the subjects under each heading s that they prceed lgically. Plan an intrductin and a cnclusin apprpriate t the thesis and rganizatin. Indicate the examples, qutatins, and reference surces yu will use. Write the First Draft. Step 9. Prepare Wrks Cited Page(s). (Fr infrmatin, see Schl t Wrk 257-301, 311; Writers Inc 265-74; Write fr Cllege 311-61, 371.) In-Text Citatins and Wrks Cited Frmat (Appendix K, pp. 27-44) Step 10. Final Draft: Revise, Edit and Prf. (Fr mre infrmatin, see Schl t Wrk 240-42; Writers Inc 59-79; Write fr Cllege 29-40. ) Step 11. Submit the final prduct and reflect n the prduct and the prcess. Step 12. Celebrate and be prud f yur accmplishment! Fr mre infrmatin, see Sebranek, Patrick et al. Schl t Wrk. New Yrk: Hughtn, 1996. Print; Sebranek, Patrick et al. Writers Inc. New Yrk: Hughtn, 2001;Print; Sebranek, Patrick et al. Write fr Cllege. New Yrk: Hughtn, 1997. Print.
9 Appendix A: Databases Destiny Online Catalg: search fr bks by title, authr, reading levels and subject/keywrd. Lgin at the tp right f the screen in rder t: create a list f bks t pull up and print ut; see what bks yu have checked ut and when they are due; place bks n hld. The POWER library allws yu t access thusands f full text peridical articles, newspapers, a majr encyclpedia, plus phtgraphs, pictures, charts, maps, reference materials fr yung peple and mre. Yu will find materials f interest in mst subject areas fr all age grups frm yung children t adults. Mre than 500,000 current and histrical phtgraphs and graphics can be searched by date, place and subject. Mre than 800 phtgraphs are added t the archive daily. Includes full text articles and images frm ver 1,600 dmestic and internatinal newspapers, magazines and gvernment dcuments. Articles are assigned a reading level -Easy, Mderate r Challenging- based n age-apprpriateness, educatinal cntent, interest and reading level. Multi-disciplinary full-text database cvering Art, Educatin, Scial Science, the Humanities, Business, Science, Current Events, and mre. Cntains Indexing and Abstracting f 4000 jurnals, with Full Text frm mre than 2500 jurnals. Includes Full Text frm 1995 frward, and Indexing frm 1982 frward. 100% full-text database cntaining indexing, abstracting, and full text f 200 f the mst ppular general-interest peridicals published in the United States and Canada. This full-text newspaper resurce allws users t search articles instantly by title, headline, date, authr, newspaper sectin r ther fields, eliminating randm searching thrugh newspaper archives. Links t bigraphical articles n ver 550,000 individuals. Full text articles, abstracts and phtgraphs are available frm peridicals, feature articles, interviews, essays, perfrmance reviews, speeches and bituaries. 100% full-text database cvering the sciences. Includes the full text frm 360 jurnals frm Wilsn's Applied Science, Bilgical & Agricultural, and General Science databases, as well as science related articles frm ther Wilsn databases. Offers infrmatin cvering all aspects f human impact t the envirnment. Its cllectin f schlarly, gvernment and generalinterest titles includes cntent n the envirnmental effects f individuals, crpratins and lcal/natinal gvernments, and what can be dne at each level t minimize these effects. Prvides cntent cvering all areas f health and wellness frm mainstream medicine t the many perspectives f cmplementary, hlistic and integrated medicine. EBSCO Publishing - netlibrary Electrnic bks (ebks) are available thrugh this link. netlibrary ebks are full text searchable and available fr use n persnal cmputers in nline frmats.
10 EBSCOhst databases are the mst-used, premium nline infrmatin resurces fr tens f thusands f institutins wrldwide, representing millins f end-users. MasterFILE Premier MAS Ultra - Schl Editin Designed specifically fr public libraries, this multidisciplinary database prvides full text fr nearly 1,700 general reference publicatins with full text infrmatin dating as far back as 1975. Cvering virtually every subject area f general interest, MasterFILE Premier als cntains full text fr nearly 500 reference bks and ver 164,400 primary surce dcuments, as well as an Image Cllectin f ver 502,000 phts, maps & flags. Designed specifically fr high schl libraries, this database cntains full text fr nearly 500 ppular, high schl magazines. MAS Ultra Schl Editin als prvides mre than 360 full text reference bks, 85,670 bigraphies, 105,786 primary surce dcuments, and a Schl Image Cllectin f phts, maps & flags, clr PDFs and expanded full text backfiles (back t 1975) fr key magazines. Newspaper Surce Newspaper Surce prvides cver-t-cver full text fr mre than 40 (U.S.) & internatinal newspapers. The database als cntains selective full text fr 389 reginal (U.S.) newspapers. In additin, full text televisin & radi news transcripts are als prvided. ERIC Educatin Resurce Infrmatin Center, cntains recrds and links t mre than 323,000 full-text dcuments dating back t 1966. Middle Search Plus and Primary Search Prvides full text fr mre than 140 ppular middle schl and elementary magazines. Funk & Wagnalls New This database prvides ver 25,000 encyclpedic entries cvering a Wrld Encyclpedia variety f subject areas. Designed fr educatrs, this database prvides a highly specialized cllectin f nearly 520 high quality educatin jurnals, including mre than 350 peer-reviewed titles and mre than 200 educatinal reprts. A cmprehensive full text database that cmbines infrmatin frm majr respected reference wrks, bks, and literary jurnals, as well as riginal cntent frm EBSCO Publishing. Literary Reference Center includes plt summaries, synpses, articles f literary criticism, authr bigraphies, full text frm ver 300 literary jurnals, bk reviews, pems, shrt stries, authr interviews, and images f key literary figures. An index t the Gale Literature Series Media-rich cntent in cntext that's updated daily including: 600,000+ bigraphies cvering mre than 525,000 individuals; 170+ Gale reference titles; Integrated reference material, peridical infrmatin and multimedia cntent; Hundreds f hand-crafted tpic pages cvering the highest-interest features. Cnveys needed infrmatin n all cre subjects frm Science t Literature t Histry. including:79,000 reference articles; 15 millin peridical and newspaper articles; 4,200 primary surces 100,000 multimedia recrds, including charts, graphs, maps and tables; Vide and audi cntent.
11 Explre issues frm all perspectives includes: pr/cn viewpint essays; tpic verviews; primary surce dcuments; curt-case verviews; peridical articles; statistical tables, charts and graphs; images and pdcasts. Included are: Oppsing Viewpints, At Issue, Civil Rights in the United States; Drugs and Cntrlled Substances; Encyclpedia f American Freign Plicy; Envirnmental Encyclpedia. Prviding a cmplete verview f U.S. histry that cvers the mst-studied events, issues and current infrmatin, this brad cllectin f full-text peridicals, reference wrks, primary dcuments and schlarly analysis includes: reference articles, peridical articles, galleries with images, seals, maps and flags, viewpint essays, primary dcuments, vide and audi. Prviding a cmplete verview f Wrld histry that cvers the mst-studied events, issues and current infrmatin, this brad cllectin f full-text peridicals, reference wrks, primary dcuments and schlarly analysis includes: reference articles, peridical articles, galleries with images, maps and flags, viewpint essays, primary dcuments, vide and audi. Delivers integrated cntent thrugh reference sets frm Gale Encyclpedia f Science, Chemical Elements, Science in Dispute and Macmillan Science Library, as well as: tpic verviews, bigraphies, peridical articles, images and vides, detailed experiments, and dictinaries. A reference cllectin. Includes the fllwing titles: Arts and Humanities Thrugh the Eras; Cntemprary Musicians; Career Infrmatin Center, American Decades; American Histry Thrugh Literature; Ancient Civilizatins Reference Library, Berkshire Encyclpedia f Wrld Histry; Bwling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bttms: Pp Culture f 20th-Century; Datapedia f the United States: American Histry in Numbers; Develpment f the Industrial U.S. Reference Library; Dictinary f American Histry; Encyclpedia f Gencide and Crimes Against Humanity; Encyclpedia f Mdern Eurpe 1789-1914; Encyclpedia f the Age f Industry and Empire; Encyclpedia f Mdern Eurpe Since 1914; Encyclpedia f the Age f War and Recnstructin; Histric Events fr Students: The Great Depressin; Elizabethan Wrld Reference Library; Encyclpedia f the Age f Industry and Empire; Encyclpedia f the Early Mdern Wrld; Fashin, Cstume, and Culture: Clthing, Headwear, Bdy Decratins, and Ftwear thrugh the Ages; Gilded Age and Prgressive Era Reference; Recnstructin Era Reference; Renaissance and Refrmatin Reference; Renaissance: An Encyclpedia; The Sixties in America; Televisin in American Sciety; Vietnam War Reference; Witchcraft in America; Dictinary f Literary Symbls; Plitical Theries fr Students; Drama fr Students; Literary Newsmakers fr Students; Literary Themes fr Students; Nnfictin Classics fr Students; Nvels fr Students; Petry fr Students; Reference Guide t Shrt Fictin; Shakespeare fr Students; Shrt Stries fr Students; Wrld Literature and Its Times; Cmplete Human Diseases and Cnditins; Diseases and Disrders; Infectius Diseases: In Cntext; Drugs and Cntrlled Substances; New Encyclpedia f Africa; Wrldmark Encyclpedia f Religius Practices; Animal Sciences; Chemical Cmpunds; Plant Sciences; U*X*L Encyclpedia f Weather and Natural Disasters; Crime and Punishment: Essential Primary Surces; Envirnmental Issues: Essential Primary Surces; Family in Sciety; Gender Issues and Sexuality; Gvernment, Plitics, and Prtest; Human and Civil Rights; Immigratin and Multiculturalism; Medicine, Health, and Biethics; Psychlgists and Their Theries fr Students; Scial Plicy; Terrrism; The Value f a Dllar: 1860-2004 ; The Value f a Dllar: The Clnial Era t the Civil War. Resurce fr research n literary tpics, authrs, and their wrks. Its cverage includes all genres and disciplines, all time perids, and all regins f the wrld. Includes: Full-text schlarly articles; Reviews f bks; Substantive bigraphical essays; Full text f thusands f pems and shrt stries published in cntemprary jurnals and magazines; Overview essays; Links t editrially selected websites n authrs and their wrks, as well as pictures f well-knwn authrs and audi interviews and reviews. Reference databases ffer cmprehensive publicatin cllectins, in bth full-text and full page image, that meets a wide range f research demands. Frm general reference t advanced subject matter. AP Science Cllectin f mre than 500 magazines and jurnals designed t supprt advanced placement and cllege-prep level science studies. Disciplines cvered include earth, life, physical, medical, and applied sciences.
12 PrQuest Educatin PrQuest Educatin Jurnals gives users access t ver 830 tp educatinal publicatins, including mre than 660 Jurnals f the titles in full text. A cllectin f primary surce histrical dcuments: the full text cntent f The New Yrk Times frm 1851-2007. Wall Street Jurnal, Washingtn Pst, L.A. Times, and The Hartfrd Curant frm 1766. SIRS Issues Researcher Mre than 300 key scial issues are cvered in-depth using best-f infrmatin cmpiled frm thusands f glbal fulltext and multimedia surces. SIRS Researcher's Leading Issues frmat helps users pick a tpic and understand its rigins, related issues, glbal perspectives, and essential questins under debate. Sirs Discverer Articles, images, and Web sites, all carefully selected fr their educatinal relevance, age apprpriateness, and readability. Cntent supprts classrm prjects, hmewrk assignments, and persnal interest fr even the yungest students. Features ver 2,500 surces, including magazines, newspapers, and e-bks; and millins f images, Web sites, and vides. Users can create and publish in a safe nline envirnment with tls like timeline- and slideshw-makers and persnal wrkspaces. Prvides up-t-date infrmatin and news n the cuntries f the wrld. The Cuntry Reviews sectin prvides a plitical and ecnmic survey fr each f the cuntries f the wrld. The Cuntry Wire sectin is an n-line infrmatin update frm news rganizatins and prvids the latest plitical, ecnmic, crprate, and envirnmental news n a cuntry by cuntry basis as it ccurs. An nline educatin and career explratin system that prvides extensive libraries f educatin, career and recreatin articles in an interactive magazine-style frmat. Vcatinal Bigraphies tells the career stries f real peple and fllws a persn frm high schl t the present. Sectins in each Bigraphy include: Career Summary; Educatin; Wrk Experience; Fr the Recrd: sidebar gives yu a quick reference chart n the Benefits f this career, Educatin and Training required, Wrk histry that leads t this career; Future Outlk and Gals tells yu abut career advancement.; Data File: gives yu a quick reference chart abut the career. Naviance is a web based prgram fr academic planning, cllege research and advising. There are the "Persnality Testing", and "Cllege/Career Research" mdules. T access this prgram students must receive a user id and passwrd frm smene in the cunseling department. Once students have registered they can begin explring this prgram. Online resurce center that allws students t prepare fr tests, find a cllege, search fr financial aid, and explre careers. It includes: Petersn s nline curse fr the ACT, SAT*, and PSAT* ; access t nline practice tests fr the ACT, SAT*, SAT Subject Tests*, AP* Exams, and ASVAB; cllege match tl linking t schls with interactive prfiles; financial aid tls in a cmprehensive schlarship database; resurces that include a career assessment, career utlk tls and a resume builder. Develped fr teens, the prduct serves as a ne-stp self-help resurce and a fully interactive nline cmmunity center fr teen health and wellness, featuring plls and quizzes, first-persn narratives, natinal 24-hur htlines fr teens in crisis, autmatically generated citatins, numerus print and email functins, multiple paths t infrmatin via brwse, search and high-interest features. The database is searchable by 14 subject categries-including Diseases, Infectins, and Cnditins;
13 Friendship and Dating; Grief and Lss; Nutritin, Fitness, and Appearance; Safety; and Sexuality and Sexual Health. Offers all f the articles frm the print versin f the Wrld Bk Encyclpedia, a Bigraphy Center, a dictinary, an atlas, an extensive multimedia cllectin, links t thusands f editr-selected websites, interactive features, and new and enhanced research capabilities. Deluxe Americana Online reference fr schl, academic, and public libraries. Grlier Multimedia Reference articles and media resurces fr a visually rich research experience. America the Beautiful Research tl fr infrmatin n the states, nted Americans, and U.S. histry. Discvery Educatin Streaming PLUS is K-12 digital vide/vide clip and image library. Stream r dwnlad ver vide cntent clips r full vide titles. This digital tl allws teachers t seamlessly integrate vide int their curriculum t help reach all learners.
14 Appendix B Steps in Online Searching (Frm Schl District f Springfield Twnship with Permissin http://www.sdst.rg/rguide/page14.html ) Nte: These steps are nt necessarily perfrmed in the fllwing exact rder but "recursively," as yu revise yur strategies and adapt them t yur search results. Yu may need t g back t sme questins several times. 1. Identify the prblem a. Can I state my search prblem in a clear questin? b. What type f infrmatin d I need? (verview, schlarly, news, pint f view, dcuments) c. Hw much infrmatin d I need? (research paper, essay, definitin) 2. Select apprpriate databases r search tls a. Des the search tl r database cver my subject? b. Des it cntain the frmats I need t answer my questins? (newspapers, magazines, primary surces, encyclpedia) c. Are there abstracts t help me decide if the text will be useful? d. Des it cver the time perid I am interested in? e. Can I understand the infrmatin cntained in it? (If I can't understand the abstracts, the full text will be mre challenging!) f. Is it full text? If nt, can I access the materials it indexes thrugh interlibrary lans, ther libraries, r fax? 3. Brainstrm keywrds a. What are my majr cncepts? b. What synnyms, brader r narrwer terms, r related ideas culd I use? c. Hw will I link the keywrds with Blean peratrs (AND, OR, NOT)? d. Shuld I be cncerned abut plurals r ther frms f wrds? (Are there truncatin r wildcard features?) e. Will prper names (peple r places) fcus my search? f. Shuld I adjust my strategy fr a full-text database? g. Is there a thesaurus r cntrlled vcabulary? (Check yur results fr "subject headings.") h. Are sme wrds meaningless (fr example, "cmpany" in a business database) in this database? i. Have I spelled everything crrectly? 4. Subject vs. keywrd search/ subject directry vs. search engine a. D I have mre than ne cncept t search? b. Am I brwsing fr a tpic r lking fr a way t narrw a brad tpic? c. Can I spell the vcabulary crrectly? d. Can I search by field?
15 5. Refine the search nline (Searching is an interactive prcess!) a. Are my hits relevant, readable, accessible? b. Have I used all the strategies I planned t use? c. Have I tried different cmbinatins f keywrds? d. Shuld I use brader r narrwer terms? e. Have I searched with "peripheral visin"? (Have I examined the mst prmising hits fr better vcabulary, especially in the "subject" r "descriptr" fields?) f. Did I spell my search terms crrectly? g. D I need t ask the library infrmatin specialist fr advice? h. Shuld I try anther database? i. Is my tpic really nt "dable"? Shuld I cnsider anther? 6. Evaluate the search ffline; examine that printut; ask, "What if?" a. Hw relevant were my results? b. Which f the results are the best? (relevant, timely, credible, readable, available, and prmte the pint f view I supprt) c. Which f my strategies wrked best? Shuld I try them in anther database? d. Are there additinal keywrd clues in my printut? e. Did I select the best pssible databases? f. What is my next step?
16 Appendix C RQD Here is a REAL QUICK AND DIRTY METHOD FOR EVALUATING WEB SITES: REAL = RELEVANCE Is this site RELEVANT? Des the site have the infrmatin that I need? QUICK = QUALIFICATIONS Wh is the authr f the web site? What QUALIFICATION des the authr/rganizatin have as an expert n the tpic? Des the authr/rganizatin give cntact infrmatin? DIRTY = DATE What DATE is n the web site? Hw recently was the site updated? Hw current are the links? Have sme expired r mved? If the site is nt RELEVANT, r authr/publisher/rganizatin is nt QUALIFIED, r the update is nt recent, yu shuld nt use the site.
17 Appendix D Sample Surce Cards BOOK SOURCE CARD Call Number Cde 813.4 A CHA Chadwick-Jshua, Jcelyn. The Jim Dilemma : Reading Race in Huckleberry Finn. Jacksn : UP f Mississippi, 1998. Print. ARTICLE IN BOOK SOURCE CARD Call Number Cde 813.4 B SAT Henry, Peaches. "The Struggle fr Tlerance: Race and Censrship in Huckleberry Finn." Satire r Evasin : Black Perspectives n Huckleberry Finn. Eds. James S. Lenard, Thmas A. Tenney, and Thadius M. Davis. Durham : Duke UP, 1992. 25-48. Print. JOURNAL ARTICLE SOURCE CARD Cde C Lane, Lauriat, Jr. Why Huckleberry Finn Is a Great Wrld Nvel. Cllege English 17.1 (1955): 1 5. Print.
18 WEB SITE SOURCE CARD Cde G Huck and the Cncrd Library. Mark Twain in His Times. Web. 31 Jul. 2009. Title f Article. Title f Internet site. Date f Access ARTICLE FROM SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE SOURCE CARD Cde Brwnell, Frances V. "The Rle f Jim in Huckleberry Finn." Bstn Studies in English 1 (1955): 74-83. Literature Resurce Center. Gale. Web. 31 Jul. 2009. H Original Publicatin Infrmatin. Database. Date f Access.
19 Subtitle Appendix E Sample Nte Cards Surce Cde Current Cntrversy: Cn...cncerns viced by parents and ther wuld-be censrs... (43) Nvel is ambivalent abut race Jim flees slavery Mst f the slaves in the nvel are cntent Characterizatin f Jim is incnsistent Superstitius Childlike Surrgate father t Huck (43-44) B Subtitle Surce Cde Current Cntrversy: Pr H Rle f Jim: mral catalyst key t Huck s mral grwth Gentle Dignified Lyal Jim s nly rebellin (his escape) is brn f lve (76)
20 Appendix F Hw t Paraphrase Frm the Academic Center, the University f Hustn-Victria with Permissin Cpyright 2003 by the Academic Center and the University f Hustn-Victria http://www.uhv.edu/ac/research/write/paraphrase.html Hw d I Paraphrase? When paraphrasing, fllw the guidelines listed belw: Include all imprtant ideas mentined in the riginal passage but nt in the same rder. Keep the length apprximately the same as the riginal. D nt stress any single pint mre than anther. D nt change the meaning by adding yur wn thughts r views. D nt use the riginal sentence structure. Yu may find it helpful t use the fllwing five steps when paraphrasing: 1. Understand the meaning f the passage thrughly. Yu may have t read the passage several times and cnsult a dictinary. 2. Outline the passage r subdivide the infrmatin int smaller sectins. Remember that the paraphrase must include all the imprtant ideas mentined in the riginal passage. 3. Restate the infrmatin remembering the fllwing: 1. Replace as many f the wrds as pssible with apprpriate synnyms. Smetimes yu may have t substitute a phrase in place f a wrd, r a wrd in place f a phrase. When changing wrds, keep in mind that mst wrds have mre than ne meaning and assciatin. Yu must cnsider the cntext in which the wrd is used. Using an inapprpriate synnym may change the entire meaning f the passage. (Dictinaries are frequently better fr this step than thesauruses.) 2. Change the rder and structure f the ideas r argument. 3. Change the structure f the sentences. All f us have ur wn writing style. Change the sentences t reflect yurs. Be careful nt t change the meaning by adding r leaving ut any imprtant infrmatin. 4. Make sure that yu are faithful t the meaning f the surce and that yu have accurately represented the main ideas. 5. Cite apprpriately and integrate the paraphrase int the text effectively.
21 Appendix G The Difference between Plagiarism and Paraphrasing (Based n Material fr Springfield Schl District with Permissin http://www.sdst.rg/rguide/page7.html ) Original Text frm Jcelyn Chadwick-Jshua's The Jim Dilemma : Reading Race in Huckleberry Finn. Jacksn : University Press f Mississippi, 1998: As teachers and supprters f this nvel, we ften ask hw students can fail t cmprehend and appreciate Jim. Hw can students and parents, even legislatrs, determine withut reading the nvel withut truly reading it that it pssesses racist vertnes? Hw can readers f the nvel miss Jim s and the ther slaves imprtance t the entire wrking ut f the nvel s plt tensins? Are readers deliberately clsing their eyes t what Jim brings t the narrative? Why d Jim s strengths smehw als becme grunds fr his cndemnatin? Cnsider the cnstellatin f his virtues: his sense f hnr, ethics, lyalty, indmitable faith in the nuclear family (a faith that extends int guardianship f Huck Finn), masterful ability t manipulate language, sturdy sense f duty, grasp f the deep meaning f friendship, clear perceptin f himself as a man, unintimidating wisdm, desire t be self-reliant, and cnscius awareness f taking risks. These traits are the marks f a her (Chadwick-Jshua xii). Example 1: Teachers and supprters f this nvel, ften ask hw students can fail t cmprehend and appreciate Jim. One wnders hw peple can determine that the nvel has racist vertnes withut reading the nvel. One wnders hw readers can fail t see Jim s significance t the plt tensins f the nvel. One wnders why Jim s strengths becme a basis fr disapprval. Jim displays the traits f a her with his sense f hnr, allegiance, respnsibility, and his wisdm, mrals, self-reliance and faith. Cmment n Example 1: Plagiarism is nt avided by substituting a few wrds and transfrming sme sentences. This example is plagiarism because it cpies Chadwick-Jshua 's sequence f ideas. The student has nt cited Chadwick-Jshua as the surce. Example 2: Jim displays the heric qualities f hnr, ethics, lyalty, duty, friendship, wisdm, self-reliance, and curage. Cmment n Example 2 Examples like # 2 are usually the result f careless nte taking. The student writer was prbably trying t recrd basic infrmatin and intended t put these int his r her wn wrds later. This example is plagiarism because the student used Chadwick-Jshua's wrds and ideas withut giving her credit. Plagiarism culd be avided in this example by citing Chadwick-Jshua as the surce. Example 3 In The Jim Dilemma : Reading Race in Huckleberry Finn, Jcelyn Chadwick-Jshua f Harvard University s Graduate Schl f Educatin, indicates a cncern abut readers wh fail t see Jim s traits as the marks f a her (xii). She lists Jim s sense f hnr, ethics, lyalty, duty, friendship, wisdm, self-reliance, and curage as amng his many heric qualities (xii). Cmment n Example 3 Example 3 is an example f the prper use f a surce. The student has integrated the surce f the idea int the text and established a cntext fr the authrity f that surce. Example 4 While there may be issues f cncern with regard t sme f Jim s activities in the Tm Sawyer episdes f The Adventures f Huckleberry Finn, it is imprtant nt t verlk the heric qualities that Jim displays fr much f the narrative, such as, his sense f hnr, ethics, lyalty, duty, friendship, wisdm, self-reliance, and curage (Chadwick-Jshua xii). Cmment n Example 4 Example 4 is anther example f the prper use f a surce. The student is prperly crediting the surce. He r she has incrprated sme ideas frm the surce, but has added ther ideas. The student is fllwing his r her wn plan and nt simply taking anther authr's material.
22 Appendix H Cuncil Rck Schl District Academic Integrity Guidelines High Schl (Adapted frm the Academic Integrity Plicies f Springfield Twnship High Schl and Fairleigh Dickinsn University with permissin) Statement: ACADEMIC INTEGRITY GUIDELINES Academic Miscnduct in any frm, whether intentinal r unintentinal, is unacceptable in Cuncil Rck Schl District. Definitins: Academic Integrity is a cmmitment t the values f hnesty, trust, fairness, respect, and respnsibility in the academic prcess. Cuncil Rck Schl District Academic Integrity Cmmittee will be cmprised f seven members t include: The Directr f Elementary Educatin One High Schl Administratr (appinted by the Superintendent) A parent f a high schl age student Tw teachers frm each high schl (appinted by the high schl principal) The Superintendent will serve as the chair f this cmmittee but will be a nn vting member f the cmmittee. Academic Miscnduct includes but is nt limited t cheating, plagiarism, falsificatin, multiple submissin, cmplicity r interference. Cheating Giving r receiving unauthrized assistance (e.g., cpying, using crib sheets, stealing exams, using electrnic aids/devices, Internet surces, using aids like Cliff s Ntes instead f reading the riginal wrk) in any academic wrk r examinatin. Using r attempting t use any unauthrized materials, infrmatin r study aids in an examinatin r academic wrk. Plagiarism Representing the ideas r language f thers as ne s wn. Using text frm anther surce (e.g. web sites, bks, jurnals, newspapers, etc.) withut dcumenting the surce. Using a direct qutatin frm a text withut qutatin marks, even if the surce has been cited crrectly. Paraphrasing r summarizing the ideas r text f anther wrk withut dcumenting the surce. Substituting a wrd r phrase fr the riginal while maintaining the riginal sentence structure. Citing surces incmpletely with intentin t deceive. Using graphics, visual imagery, vide r audi withut permissin f the authr r acknwledgment f the surce. Translating text frm ne language t anther withut citing the riginal wrk. Obtaining packaged infrmatin (e.g. freign language translatin r a cmpleted paper frm an n-line surce) and submitting it as ne s wn wrk withut acknwledging the surce. Falsificatin f citatins Falsificatin Falsifying r inventing infrmatin r data.
23 Multiple Submissin Submitting substantial prtins f any academic exercise mre than nce withut prir authrizatin and apprval f the teacher. Cmplicity Facilitating any f the abve actins r perfrming wrk that anther student then presents as his r her wn wrk. (e.g., cpying smene s hmewrk, allwing smene t cpy hmewrk ) Interference Interfering with the ability f a fellw student t perfrm his r her assignments. (e.g., stealing ntes r tearing pages ut f bks). Teacher Respnsibilities fr Encuraging Academic Integrity: T create a learning envirnment that supprts academic integrity. T educate and hld students accuntable fr cmplying with the Cuncil Rck Academic Integrity Guidelines. Student Respnsibilities fr Maintaining Academic Integrity: T read, understand, and fllw the Cuncil Rck Schl District Academic Integrity Guidelines. T authenticate any assignment submitted t a teacher. Students must be able t prduce prf that the submitted assignment is actually their wn wrk. Authenticatin f an assignment may include: Keeping cpies f all drafts f wrk. Keeping phtcpies f research materials (including dwnlads frm web sites). Keeping ntes, nte cards, surce cards. Keeping lgs f wrk n assignments and papers. Saving drafts r versins f assignments electrnically under individual file names. The inability t authenticate wrk is sufficient grunds fr a charge f plagiarism. T prvide prper dcumentatin by including ne r mre f the fllwing: Fllwing the district-apprved dcumentatin frmat per teacher directin. Submitting an "acknwledgments page" (when applicable) t credit help given by thers (e.g., help that has been apprved by the teacher giving the assignment). Using in-text r in-prject dcumentatin (e.g., media presentatin) accurately and apprpriately. Using Wrks Cited and/r Wrks Cnsulted pages accurately and apprpriately. Submitting nly his r her wn wrk. Academic Miscnduct Cnsequences: Except fr the prgressive cnsequences utlined belw fr plagiarism, verified vilatins f these Academic Integrity Guidelines fr Academic Miscnduct will be within the discretin f the teacher wh may: refer a student t a schl administratr fr their miscnduct. award a zer (0) fr the assignment, test, r examinatin. Plagiarism Cnsequences: The prgressive discipline utlined belw is a guideline fr administratrs and teachers. There is a presumptin that the nature f the infractin and the age/grade f the child will be taken int cnsideratin as these
24 cnsequences are applied. All verified instances f plagiarism will be dcumented and referred t the schl administratr. Any verified first ffense f this plicy whether intentinal r unintentinal will result in a grade f zer (0) fr the assignment. The teacher will prvide a secnd chance pprtunity fr the student t crrect the assignment and learn frm the mistake. The teacher has discretin, given the nature f this ffense, t remve the zer and grade the newly submitted prject r, where this first ffense is clearly intentinal, t assign the lwest pssible passing grade fr this assignment. A secnd verified ffense is deemed intentinal. That secnd ffense will result in the fllwing: An autmatic and irrevcable zer (0) fr the assignment. A referral t the schl administratr with a recmmendatin fr schl discipline that may include a suspensin frm schl. A requirement that the assignment be resubmitted in cnfrmity with the guidelines established herein. A third verified ffense f this plicy will result in the fllwing: A referral t the Cuncil Rck Schl District Academic Integrity Cmmittee. Within three (3) days f this referral, the student and his parents r guardians will be given ntice f the date, place and time f this hearing and be given the pprtunity t be present and speak befre the cmmittee. The teacher and a schl administratr will als appear befre the cmmittee t present the assignment and the prir verified vilatins. The Academic Integrity Cmmittee is empwered t fashin a cnsequence fr this third vilatin f the plicy that takes int accunt the nature f the vilatin, the timing and nature f prir vilatins and the testimny f bth teacher and student. A finding f the Academic Integrity Cmmittee f a verified third vilatin f this plicy may include, amng ther cnsequences, a failure fr the marking perid fr the curse in which the vilatin ccurred and/r a recmmendatin t the schl administratr fr further schl discipline. Academic Miscnduct in a Graduatin Prject When the secnd r third verified ffense invlves a Graduatin Prject, the student will receive an NS fr the prject and must cmplete a new Graduatin Prject in a different curse. Unless circumstances dictate therwise, all hearings befre the Cuncil Rck Schl District Academic Integrity Cmmittee will be held in the Bard Rm at the Chancellr Center, 30 N. Chancellr St., Newtwn, PA. Adapted frm the Academic Integrity Plicies f Springfield Twnship High Schl and Fairleigh Dickinsn University with permissin Develped and apprved by a representative cmmittee f Cuncil Rck Teachers and Administratrs Octber 2006
25 Appendix I HOW TO DO AN OUTLINE: An utline is a way f rganizing infrmatin. An utline uses key wrds t shw main tpics, subtpics, and details. Sample Outline Frmat: Outline Title I. Main tpic A. Imprtant subtpic B. Imprtant subtpic 1. Detail 2. Detail II. Main tpic A. Imprtant subtpic B. Imprtant subtpic 1. Detail 2. Detail C. Imprtant subtpic 1. Detail 2. Detail III. Main tpic A. Imprtant subtpic 1. Detail 2. Detail B. Imprtant subtpic 1. Detail a. Sub-detail b. Sub-detail 2. Detail C. Imprtant subtpic D. Imprtant subtpic 1. Detail 2. Detail Sample Outline: The Sixties I. Vilence A. Assassinatins B. Civil Unrest 1. Marches 2. Rits II. Vietnam War A. Invlvement B. U.S. Trps 1. Demgraphics 2. Statistics C. Prtest 1. Draft Ddgers 2. Demnstratrs III. Yuth Culture A. Clthing 1. Mini-skirts 2. Hippie-lk B. British Invasin 1. The Beatles a. Music b. Influence 2. Other Grups C. Prtests and Demnstratins D. Hippie Culture 1. Drugs 2. Meditatin
26 Appendix J Graceful Integratin f Qutes Integrate qutes as smthly as yu can int yur wn writing. Dn't just drp a qute in the text withut warning. Prvide clear signal phrases, including the authr's name, t prepare the reader fr the qute. Vary these signal phrases (see list belw). Often, rather than quting a full sentence, yu can weave a phrase frm the surce int yur sentence. Examples f graceful integratin f citatins and qutes: Example 1: Maria Tatar, a Harvard prfessr in Literature, says that the stry is abut the triumph f children ver hstile predatry adults (44), where the children are inncent victims f their adult aggressrs. If this is the case, then the stry is intended t be a celebratin f the gdness f children. The ppsing viewpints have mre Christian vertnes, where children share the faults f the adults, and the stry gives a mral warning. Sheldn Cashdan, a psychlgy prfessr, sees the stry as a mral tale against gluttny (64), ne f the seven deadly sins. A similar idea is that the tale shws the dangers f giving in t temptatin in general, which includes gluttny (Bettelheim 161). Example 2: The tale Rapunzel encmpasses the mythic quest, with Rapunzel herself fulfilling the rle f the herine, whse jurney parallels that f the her in the her mnmyth. It als can be cnsidered a rite f passage tale because f bth Rapunzel s and the prince s grwth int maturity (Stallman). Rapunzel s jurney begins befre she is even brn; her call t adventure ccurs when her father steals rapunzel (a plant) frm an enchantress s garden (Phelps). As punishment fr stealing, the enchantress states: Yu must hand ver yur child after yur wife gives birth. I will take care f it like a mther (Grimm). The enchantress is characterized as a pssessive mther; her act f lcking Rapunzel in a twer at the age f twelve is nt evil r wicked in the Grimm versin, but selfish instead. Therefre, accrding t Katherine Phelps, the herine must bear the burden f her parents mistakes and as Brun Bettelheim affirms, the her[ine] is prjected int severe dangers (145). She requires supernatural aid t vercme her challenges, and her aid cmes in the frm f her lng glden hair which acts as a ladder that the enchantress can climb t enter the twer (Phelps). Her hair can be seen in tw ways: as a symbl f lve and the pssibilities it hlds fr bth gd and evil r as a symbl f sexual maturity (Stallman). Example 3: In The Jim Dilemma : Reading Race in Huckleberry Finn, Jcelyn Chadwick-Jshua f Harvard University s Graduate Schl f Educatin, indicates a cncern abut readers wh fail t see Jim s traits as the marks f a her (xii). She lists Jim s sense f hnr, ethics, lyalty, duty, friendship, wisdm, self-reliance, and curage as amng his many heric qualities (xii). Signal phrases. These are phrases which precede the qutatin. They may include the authr s name and a verb (argues, cmpares, suggests, demnstrates, pints ut, claims, implies, indicates, asserts, acknwledges endrses emphasizes cnfesses cmpares bserves admits illustrates agrees denies cnfirms refutes implies suggests asserts infers claims prpses disputes rejects
27 Appendix K Wrks Cited Frmat and In-Text Citatins In-Text Citatins As suggested in the MLA Handbk fr Writers f Research Papers, 7th Editin (call number 808 MLA), and ther standard surces n prper bibligraphic frmat, the best way t give credit t ne's surce f infrmatin is t add a brief nte, citing the surce-- immediately after the infrmatin--in the bdy f the paper. This nte leads yur reader t mre cmplete infrmatin abut the surce in the wrks-cited list. In-text r parenthetical citatin is easy t use. The fllwing are sme examples t help yu. Fr each example, the full surce is listed as it wuld appear in yur wrks-cited list fllwed by an example f an in-text citatin fr that wrk. Yu can apply ne f these example types t any kind f surce, n matter what its frmat. Ntice the placement f the in-text citatin in relatin t punctuatin in the sentence. Fr a surce with ne authr, where the authr's name is mentined in yur text: If the full surce is. Nakashima, Gerge. The Sul f a Tree: A Wdwrker's Reflectins. New Yrk: Kdansha, 1981. Print. Then an example f its in-text citatin might be. Gerge Nakashima believes that, "Trees have a yearning t live again, perhaps t prvide the beauty, strength and utility t serve man, even t becme an bject f great artistic wrth" (93). *In this example, yur reader will knw t lk in the wrks cited fr Nakashima, s yu need nly t give the page number r numbers n which the qutatin is fund. Fr a surce with ne authr, where the authr's name is nt mentined in yur text: If the full surce is. Grdn, Richard. The Alarming Histry f Medicine. New Yrk: St. Martin's, 1993. Print.
28 Then an example f its in-text citatin might be. "Wars were ne f the mst imprtant factrs in stimulating the imprvement f surgical methds. Increased casualties gave the physician many chances t practice his craft" (Grdn 123). *In this example, yu need t use yur authr s name in the citatin because it is nt mentined in yur text. Fr a surce entered in yur wrks-cited list by its title with n authr listed: If the full surce is... "Hemingway." Merriam-Webster's Bigraphical Dictinary. Springfield: Merriam- Webster, 1995. Print. Then an example f its in-text citatin might be. Hemingway's richly detailed nvels were enhanced by his life experiences as he "served in Wrld War I as a vlunteer in an American ambulance unit in France and later in Italy" ("Hemingway"). *In this example, yu d nt include a page number because this reference surce is arranged alphabetically. Or, if the surce entered is a webpage with an, editr, fllw this frmat: If the full surce is.. Kauderer, Amik, ed. Space Statin Assembly. NASA. NASA, 23 Nv. 2007. Web. 6 July 2009. Then an example f its in-text citatin might be This rbtic system plays a key rle in space statin assembly and maintenance: mving equipment and supplies arund the statin, supprting astrnauts wrking in space, and servicing instruments and ther paylads attached t the space statin (Kauderer). Or, if the surce entered is a magazine article r the title f a webpage, fllw this frmat: Suffrage Histry. Susan B. Anthny Center fr Wmen s Leadership.
29 University f Rchester, 2006. Web. 6 July 2009. Then an example f its in-text citatin might be Althugh Susan B. Anthny and Elizabeth Cady Stantn devted 50 years t the wman's suffrage mvement, neither lived t see wmen gain the right t vte ( Suffrage Histry ). Fr a surce with tw authrs: If the full surce is. Manguel, Albert, and Gianni Guadalupi. The Dictinary f Imaginary Places. San Dieg: Harcurt, 1987. Print. Then an example f its in-text citatin might be. "Snark Island is an island f unpleasant chasms and crags, and dismal, deslate valleys, smewhere in the Ocean" (Manguel and Guadalupi 357). Fr a surce in which the authr's wrk has been reprinted r excerpted in a secndary surce: If the full surce is. Phialas, Peter. "As Yu Like It." Shakespeare's Rmantic Cmedies. Chapel Hill: U f Nrth Carlina, 1966. Excerpt in Shakespearean Criticism. Ed. Mark Sctt. Vl. 5. Detrit: Gale, 1987. 122-25. Print. Then an example f its in-text citatin might be. "In Shakespearean rmantic cmedy, thugh rmance is its subject, the dramatist refuses t reprduce, merely t dramatize, rmance. Instead, he chses t present it in a cmic mde" (Phialas 125). Stevensn, Rbert Luis. "Literature: 'The Wrks f Edgar Allan Pe'," The Academy VII.139 (1879): 1-2. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Laurie Lanzen Harris. Vl. 1. Detrit: Gale, 1981. 499-500. Print.