Harvard Style Citation Why do I need to cite? Simply put - referencing is the citing of sources you have used to support your essay, research, conference or article etc. Firstly, whenever another source contributes to your work you must give the original author the appropriate credit in order to avoid plagiarism, even when you have completely reworded the information. How to avoid plagiarism: Formulate a detailed plan - carefully outline both the relevant content you need to include, as well as how you plan on structuring your work Keep track of your sources - record all of the relevant publication information as you go (e.g. If you are citing a book you should note the author or editor s name(s), year of publication, title, edition number, city of publication and name of publisher). Carefully save each quote, word-for-word, and place it in inverted commas to differentiate it from your own words. When you are paraphrasing information, make sure that you use only your own words and a sentence structure that differs from the original text Save all of your research and citations in a safe place - organise and manage your Harvard style citations. Secondly, proving that your writing is informed by appropriate academic reading will enhance your work s authenticity. Academic writing values original thought that analyzes and builds upon the ideas of other scholars. It is therefore important to use Harvard style referencing to accurately signpost where you have used someone else s ideas in order to show that your writing is based on knowledge and informed by appropriate academic reading. How do I Create and Format In-text Harvard Style Citations? In-text citations are the perfect way to seamlessly integrate sources into your work, allowing you to strengthen the connection between your own ideas, and the source material that you have found, with ease. When adopting Harvard style referencing in your work, if you are inserting a quote, statement, statistic or any other kind of source information into the main body of your essay you should: Provide the author s surname and date of publication in parentheses right after the taken information or at the end of the sentence 1
There are many assumptions when it comes to the information processing approach to cognition (Lutz and Huitt, 2004). If you have already mentioned the author in the sentence, Harvard referencing guidelines require you to only enter the year of publication in parentheses, directly after where the author s surname is mentioned In the overview of these developmental theories, Lutz and Huitt (2004) suggest that If you are quoting a particular section of the source (rather than the entire work), you should also include a page number, or page range, after the date, within the parenthetical Harvard citation "...the development of meaning is more important than the acquisition of a large set of knowledge or skills..." (Lutz and Huitt, 2004, p.8), which means that... Note that if the source has four or more authors, you do not need to write out all of their surnames; simply use the first author s surname followed by the abbreviation et al. (meaning and others ) in italics If you are reading a source by one author and they cite work by another author, you may cite that original work as a secondary reference. Fong s 1987 study (cited in Bertram 1997) found that older students memory can be as good as that of young people How do I Format My Reference List? A reference list is always required when you cite other people s work within your assignment, and the brief in-text Harvard style citations in your work should directly link to your reference list. As a general rule a reference list includes every source that you have cited in your work, whilst a bibliography also contains any relevant background reading which you have consulted to familiarise yourself with the topic (even those sources that are never mentioned in the narrative). Your Harvard referencing bibliography should start on its own page, with 2
the same formatting as the rest of the paper and aligned to the left with the sources listed alphabetically. Many people use the terms reference list and bibliography interchangeably, and if you are using the Harvard reference style you may be required to provide a bibliography as well as a reference list, so be sure to check this with your tutor. Follow these guidelines when compiling your reference list: 1. Start your reference list on a new page at the end of your document 2. General formatting should be in keeping with the rest of your work 3. Use Reference List, References or Works Cited as the heading 4. Arrange the list in alphabetical order by the author s last name (titles with no author are alphabetized by the work s title, and if you are citing two or more sources by the same author they should be listed in chronological order of the year of publication) 5. When there are several works from one author or source, they should be listed together but in date order - with the earliest work listed first 6. Italicize titles of books, reports, conference proceedings etc. For journal articles, the title of the journal should be printed in italics, rather than the title of the journal article 7. Capitalize the first letter of the publication title, the first letters of all main words in the title of a journal, and all first letters of a place name and publisher 8. Creating and managing your reference list with Cite This For Me s Harvard referencing generator will transform and improve the way you reference and conduct research. Reference list / bibliography examples: Book, one author: Bell, J. (2010) Doing your research project. 5th edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press. One author, book, multiple editions: Hawking, S.W. (1998) A brief history of time: From the big bang to black holes. 10th edn. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group. 3
E-book: If all information resembles a book, use the template for a book reference If a page number is unavailable, use chapter number. URL links are not necessary, but can be useful. When including a URL, include the date the book was downloaded at the end of the Harvard citation: Available at: URL (Downloaded: DD Month YYYY) More than three authors, journal article*: Shakoor, J., et al. (2011) A prospective longitudinal study of children s theory of mind and adolescent involvement in bullying, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(3), pp. 254 261. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02488.x. Conference papers: Drogen, E. (2014) Changing how we think about war: The role of psychology, The British Psychological Society 2014 Annual Conference. The ICC, Birmingham British Psychological Society, 07-09 May 2014. Harvard Referencing Formatting Guidelines Accurate referencing doesn t only protect your work from plagiarism - presenting your source material in a consistent and clear way also enhances the readability of your work. Closely follow the style s formatting rules on font type, font size, text-alignment and line spacing to ensure that your work is easily legible. Before submitting your work check that you have formatted your whole paper - including your reference list - according to the style s formatting guidelines. Even when using a Harvard citation generator, always check with your professor for specified guidelines - there is no unified style for the formatting of a paper. Make sure that you apply the recommended formatting rules consistently throughout your work. Reference List 4
Chernin, E. (1988) The Harvard System : A mystery dispelled. Available at: http://www.uefap.com/writing/referenc/harvard.pdf (Accessed: 4 July 2016). Parker, G. (ed.) (1903) Mark anniversary volume. New York: Henry Holt. 5