Upgrading to LEDs?: Things to Think About So it Doesn t Go Horribly, Horribly Wrong Tobin Neis - Barbizon Lighting Jim Sippel - Lighting Director / Director of Photography Shawn Harmon - Lighting Designer / TD at Waterlife Church.
Topics during the hour: Technology Power Control New technology becomes mature when we stop talking about it and start using it just like we have always used it.
Has this happened to you yet?
Are tungsten / halogen lamps days numbered?
We ve all heard it before: LEDs have long-life light source Significant energy efficiency Stable color & light output Low heat in beam & at fixture housing
But here s where it gets interesting - now we have: Relationally Accurate Color Light Out Beam Shaping & Beam Control Brightness Control & Color Fidelity User Functionality
Let s start with the color All LED s are NOT created equal Excellent Reference AMPAS Illuminating the Future: The Arrival of Solid State Lighting http://www.oscars.org/science-technology/sci-tech-projects/solid-state-lighting-report
This is a little easier to remember http://bit.ly/filmled
SCIENCE ALERT!! Visible Light Spectrum
Just the facts Ma am
Lumens / Foot-candles / Watts - I m So Confused!
So How Do We Get White Light from LEDs?
R/G/B/A LED
Color Rendering Index Low vs High CRI An indicator of the amount of the spectrum a light source emits Color Rendering Index: Measure of light quality of a light source as compared with sunlight (which is given the maximum CRI value of 100). The closer a light-source s CRI is to 100, the better its ability to show true colors.
Color Quality Scale NIST* Color Quality Scale (CQS) National Institute of Standards and Technology Color Quality Scale: CQS is derived from modifications to the method used in the CIE s Color Rendering Index(CRI) Also on a 0-100 scale the closer a lightsource s CQS is to 100, the better its ability to show true colors. Image: Color Quality Scale colors
TLCI (Television Lighting Consistency Index) 85 to 100 errors are so small 75 to 85 a colorist would probably want to correct, but could easily get an acceptable result 50 to 75 a colorist would certainly want to correct the errors, and could probably achieve an acceptable result, but it would take significant time to get there 25 to 50 the color rendering is poor, and a good colorist would needed to improve it, but the results would not be up to broadcast standard 0 to 25 the color rendering is bad, and a colorist would struggle for a long time to improve it, and even then the results may not be acceptable for broadcast
IES TM-30-15 Method for Evaluating Light Source Color Rendition" TM-30 is the Illumination Engineerings Society s updated metric for measuring light quality. It relies on separate fidelity and gamut metrics, and a set of color samples that is more representative of real-world objects as opposed to the pastel samples that were primarily used for the baseline CRI metric that was sometimes called Ra.
Bottom Line Higher IS Better (in general)
MacBeth Color Checker/Chart
FREE ipad APP ALERT AMPAS Color Predictor The app helps predict interaction of the key ingredients in cinematography: the lights, camera, filters and the photographed objects themselves.
AMPAS Color Predictor http://bit.ly/colorpredict
Trust and Verify! Manufacturers used to just make enclosures Now they provide the bulb too! But they (in most cases) don t make them They are reliant / subject to supply chain issues Lux corrected to V (lambda) spectral response of the human eye. Some now do foot candles. CRI (color rendering index) ra average and CRI 1-100 with color references CCT (correlated color temperature in Kelvin) Scotopic and Photopic ratio and graph Dominant wavelength (λ nm)
LED Profile Fixtures
No two LED Profiles were the same as the base reference. So who won?
Fixtures - LED output intensity
Now Let s Talk About Power
LED and Power Consumption Wattage CNBC 2003 NBC SPORTS 2015 14 watts per sq ft 45 watts per sq ft
Not just in studios!
Chesapeake Shakespeare Theatre - Baltimore, MD ACL Live at The Moody Theatre - Austin City Limits, Austin, TX
Theatre Consultants Collaborative, Inc Revision Note Supply Space Location Load Type Termination Schedule - Concert Hall Lighting Group Qty Circuits Qty Terminations Amps Phase Single Phase Voltage Item Total Div. % Demand kw Group Div. % Total Group Demand KW Transformer Div. % Transformer Demand KW Space Demand KW Notes Electrical Loading Conventional P-1 Dimmer Room SCR Dimmers Dimmer Racks 4 4 400 3 120 576 60% 346 P-2 Control Room Automated Fixtures / Worklights / LED Motorized Breaker Panel Board 1 1 200 3 120 72 80% 58 (4) Dimmer Racks. Fed at 400A PER RACK. See Performance Lighting Faceplate (below) for branch distribution. See Performance Lighting Faceplate (below) for branch distribution. P-3 Stage P-4 Stage Portable Stage Lighting Fixtures Low Voltage Conduit P-5 Basement Touring Disconnects P-6 Catwalks Touring Disconnects P-7 Follow Spot Follow spots, etc. Perf Lighting Faceplate 60 60 15 1 120 108 Perf Ltng Control 36 (conduits) 0 Receptacles typically represent 20A distribution from dimmers in clusters of 6, on the average. Load specified at the dimmers. Average Length 100'. Conduit and wire size by others Average Length 120' Conduit Size 1" metallic Company Switch 1 1 400 3 120 144 40% 58 Neutral is usually doubled. Company Switch 1 1 200 3 120 72 40% 29 Neutral is usually doubled. Plug-In Bussway 1 1 100 3 120 36 P-8 Follow Spot Follow spots, etc. Receptacle 4 4 20 1 120 10 80% 8 L5-20R P-90 Dimmer Room P-91 Catwalks P-91 + P-7 Bussways Follow Spots, Automated Fixtures, etc. Multi-Pole Switch 1 1 250 3 120 90 70% 63 Plug-In Bussway 2 2 100 3 120 72 Group Total - Lighting 553 66% 366 Emergency Lighting Group Load carried by P-90 Multi-Pole Switch ASCO 911 REMOTE CONTROL SWITCH Loads carried by P-90 Multi- Pole Switch 365KW Load (Group Demand in KW) requires a 500 KVA transformer
Revision Note Supply Space Location Load Type Termination Schedule - Concert Hall Lighting Group Qty Circuits Qty Terminations Amps Phase Single Phase Voltage Item Total Div. % Demand kw Group Div. % Total Group Demand KW Transformer Div. % Transformer Demand KW Space Demand KW Notes Electrical Loading LED/Hybrid P-1 Dimmer Room SCR Dimmers Dimmer Racks 2 2 400 3 120 288 60% 173 P-2 Control Room Automated Fixtures / Worklights / LED Motorized Breaker Panel Board 1 1 200 3 120 72 80% 58 (2) Dimmer Racks Fed at 400A each. See Performance Lighting Faceplate (below) for branch distribution. See Performance Lighting Faceplate (below) for branch distribution. P-3 Stage P-4 Stage Portable Stage Lighting Fixtures Low Voltage Conduit P-5 Basement Touring Disconnects P-6 Catwalks Touring Disconnects Perf Lighting Faceplate 30 30 15 1 120 54 Perf Ltng Control 24 (conduits) 0 Receptacles typically represent 20A distribution from dimmers in clusters of 6, on the average. Load specified at the dimmers. Average Length 100'. Conduit and wire size by others Average Length 120' Conduit Size 1" metallic Company Switch 1 1 400 3 120 144 40% 58 Neutral is usually doubled. Company Switch 1 1 200 3 120 72 40% 29 Neutral is usually doubled. Plug-In Load carried by P-90 Multi-Pole P-7 Follow Spot Follow spots, etc. Bussway 1 1 100 3 120 36 Switch P-8 Follow Spot Follow spots, etc. Receptacle 4 4 20 1 120 10 80% 8 L5-20R P-90 Dimmer Room P-91 Catwalks P-91 + P-7 Bussways Follow Spots, Automated Fixtures, etc. Multi-Pole Switch 1 1 250 3 120 90 70% 63 Plug-In Bussway 2 2 100 3 120 72 Group Total - Lighting 380 51% 194 Emergency Lighting Group ASCO 911 REMOTE CONTROL SWITCH Loads carried by P-90 Multi- Pole Switch 194KW Load (Group Demand in KW) requires a 300 KVA transformer
Harmonics Transformers LED Tungsten
Harmonics - Snooze Alert!! (It s still kind of important) In a power system with a fundamental frequency of 60Hz, the second harmonic is 120Hz, the third harmonic is 180Hz, etc. Harmonics have no useful purpose, yet contribute to losses and lower system efficiency. It s not this Harmonics can cause overheating in windings, greatly reducing the life of the transformer. It could be this
Harmonics
Harmonics K-Rated Transformers K-Rated transformers are sized to handle 100% of the fundamental 60 Hz load, plus the non-linear load specified. K-Factor 13: A K-13 transformer can accommodate 200% of the harmonic loading of a K-4 rated transformer. These transformers are used for multiple receptacle circuits in health care facilities, UPS without optional input filtering, Production or assemble line equipment, Schools and classroom facilities. Examples of equipment producing non-linear loads: Lighting Ballasts, Dimmers, Computers, Switched Power supplies on electronic equipment.
Harmonics When to Change out Transformers: Implementing an energy efficiency program Existing transformers are noisy and/or hot Changing load profile Aging transformers Pursuing High Performance Building Certifications
HVAC Consideration heat loads and humidity ORLANDO FEBRUARY 17-18, 2015
Heat Loads
Heat Loads
Architectural Lighting in Performance Venues
In Theatre, we expect our house lighting and architectural accent lighting to dim from 0%-100%, on a evenly ramped curve, without flicker, pulsing, popping on or off at the low end of the curve. Dependent upon the LED dimming ballast/driver, LEDs are (OR ARE NOT) compatible with different types of dimming. Common LED Dimming Options: DMX (preferred) 0-10v Line Voltage Wireless (Zigbee, Mesh, Wireless DMX) Others.
Emergency Lighting - Considerations Transfer Switches - Sense Feeds UL1008 transfer vs UL924 devices DMX requires a Listed UL924 device to bypass and drive DMX to full Some manufacturers are having fixtures listed as a UL924 device to accept a second mains feed and switch within the fixture Planning for mixed wireless vs. wired data must be considered. Warning: New Code Changes Coming Soon!
Hybrid Systems Centralized dimming Remote Dimming Localized Dimming
Controlled Switching DMX Controlled relay panels DMX Controlled Motorized Breaker Panels
Quiescent Loads Just because it s off, doesn t mean it s not on.
So What About Control?
How Complicated is your system? There s a solution for most any size/scope
Data Distribution DMX / Networking cables
Data Distribution wireless transmitters & receivers
Follow Tobin: @tobgyver Email: tneis@barbizon.com Follow Jim: @jimsippel Email: jimsippel@gmail.com Shawn doesn't tweet Email: pointlight@me.com