Name: Class Period: Rhetoric Ethos (Credibility), or ethical appeal, means convincing by the character of the author. We tend to believe people whom we respect and find credible Ex: If my years as a soldier taught me anything, it s that caution is the best policy in this sort of situation. Pathos (Emotional) means persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions. Ex: For God's sake hold your tongue and let me love Logos (Logical) means persuading by the use of reasoning. Ex: I think; therefore, I am. Personification: Reference to abstractions or inanimate objects as though they had human qualities or abilities. #1
Metaphor: Implied or explicit comparison between two things of unlike nature. Parallelism: Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. Hyperbole: Rhetorical exaggeration. Hyperbole is often accomplished by comparisons, similes, and metaphors. Elision: The omission of a sound or syllable when speaking #2
Polysyndeton: Employing many conjunctions between clauses, often slowing the rhythm. Imagery: visually descriptive or figurative language, especially in a literary work. Anaphora: Repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of sentences or phrases. Symbol: using an object or action that means something more than its literal meaning #3
Allegory: The continuation of a metaphor through whole sentences or even through a whole discourse. Alliteration: Repetition of initial or medial consonants in two or more adjacent words. Assonance: The repetition of the sound of a vowel or diphthong in non:rhyming stressed syllables near enough to each other for the echo to be discernible. Paroemion: Alliteration taken to an extreme where nearly every word in a sentence begins with the same consonant. #4
Dialect: The language used by the people of a specific area, class, district or any other group of people. The term dialect involves the spelling, sounds, grammar and pronunciation used by a particular group of people. Epizeuxis: Repetition of words with no others between. Parenthetical (Parenthesis): Insertion of a verbal unit that interrupts normal syntactical flow. End Rhyme: rhyme between line endings #5
Internal Rhyme: rhyme that occurs within a single line of verse, or between internal phrases across multiple lines Linking Rhyme: rhyme carried over from one stanza to the next Systrophe: The listing of many qualities or descriptions of someone or something #6
Auxesis: Arranging words or clauses in a sequence of increasing force. Merismus: The dividing of a whole into its parts. Metonymy: Substitution of some attribute or suggestive word for what is actually meant. Reference to something or someone by naming one of its attributes. Irony: The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. The 3 common types of irony are: Verbal use of words to express opposite of what is meant #7
Situational irony of events Dramatic audience knows what a character doesn t Parable: a succinct, didactic story, in prose or verse, which illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles. Pun: a play on words based on the multiple meanings of a single word or on words that sound alike but mean different things. #8
Apposition: Placing in immediately succeeding order of two or more coordinate elements, the latter of which is an explanation, qualification, or modification of the first (often set off by a colon). Paine: These are the times that try men s souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country; but he that stands it Now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Cliche: is a word or phrase, often a figure of speech, that has become lifeless because of overuse. Avoid clichés like the plague. (That cliché is intended.) Colloquialism: a word or phrase in everyday use in conversation and informal writing but is inappropriate for formal situations. He s out of his head if he thinks I m gonna go for such a stupid idea. #9
Antithesis: Balancing words, phrases, or ideas that are strongly contrasted, often by means of grammatical structure. Anecdote: Brief story, told to illustrate a point or serve as an example of something, often shows character of an individual Anthropomorphism: attributing human characteristics to an animal or inanimate object (Personification) ex: Bloody knife shall play the umpire Aphorism: brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life, or of a principle or accepted general truth. #10
Syntactic Fluency: Ability to create a variety of sentence structures, appropriately complex and/or simple and varied in length. Syntactic Permutation: Sentence structures that are extraordinarily complex and involved. Often difficult for a reader to follow. Stereotype: A fixed idea or conception of a character or an idea which does not allow for any individuality, often based on religious, social, or racial prejudices. Motif: A recurring image, word, phrase, action, idea, object, or situation used throughout a work (or in several works by one author), unifying the work by tying the current situation to previous ones, or new ideas to the theme. #11
Denouement: an unrealistic resolution of events Conflict: The struggle between opposing forces or characters in a story. External: conflicts can exist between two people, between a person and nature or a machine or between a person a whole society. Internal: a conflict can be internal, involving opposing forces within a person s mind. #12
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