Notes Prefatory Essay 1. The commentary on literature and religion is extensive, including the excellent collections Religion and Modern Literature: Essays in Theory and Criticism, ed. G.B. Tennyson and Edward Ericson, Jr. (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1975), which includes the important essays by T.S. Eliot and J. Hillis Miller, among others, and Religion and Literature: A Reader, ed. Robert Detweiler and David Jasper (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 2005). See also Helen Gardner, Religion and Literature (London: Faber and Faber, 1971). My own earlier writings include Dehellenizing Literary Criticism, College English, 41 (1980), 769 79, and A(fter) D(econstruction): Literature and Religion in the Wake of Deconstruction, Studies in the Literary Imagination, 18 (1985), 89 100. 2. Ezra Pound, ABC of Reading (New York: New Directions, 1950). 3. See Rowan Williams, Grace and Necessity: Reflections on Art and Love (Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse, 2005). 4. T.S. Eliot, Ash-Wednesday (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1930). 5. Ezra Pound, I Gather the Limbs of Osirus, Selected Prose, 1909 1965, ed. William Cookson (New York: New Directions, 1975), 21. 6. I have discussed this tradition in The Faith of John Dryden: Change and Continuity (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1980). 7. Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas during the English Revolution (New York: Viking, 1972). 8. See my Tracing the Essay: Through Experience to Meaning (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2005) and Reading Essays: An Invitation (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2008). 9. John Dryden, Poems and Fables, ed. James Kinsley (London: Oxford University Press, 1962).
154 Notes 10. Jacques Derrida, Living On: Border Lines, trans. James Hulbert, in Deconstruction and Criticism, by Harold Bloom, Paul de Man, Jacques Derrida, Geoffrey Hartman, and J. Hillis Miller (New York: Seabury Press, 1979). 11. Alexander Pope, Poetry and Prose, ed. Aubrey Williams (Boston: Riverside-Houghton Mifflin, 1969). 12. Maynard Mack, introduction, The Twickenham Edition of The Poems of Alexander Pope: An Essay on Man, ed. Mack (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1950). 13. Cid Corman, The Faith of Poetry (Guilford, VT: Longhouse, 1989). 14. Ibid., 1. 15. Ibid. 16. Peter Gizzi, The Outernationale (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2008). 17. Corman, 7; italics added. 18. Andrew Lytle, preface, The Hero with the Private Parts (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1966), xx. I have discussed writing-as-reading in Reading Essays, especially 1 17 and 260 67. 19. Cynthia Ozick, Metaphor and Memory, Metaphor and Memory (New York: Knopf, 1989), 279. Introduction: The hint half guessed, the gift half understood 1. T.S. Eliot, Four Quartets (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1943). 2. T.S. Eliot, The Pensées of Pascal, Selected Essays, 3rd ed. (London: Faber and Faber, 1951), 408. 3. Flannery O Connor, Mystery and Manners (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1969), 66. See my Tracing the Essay: Through Experience to Meaning (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2005). 4. Quoted in The Art of the Personal Essay, ed. Phillip Lopate (New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 1995), xxxvii. 5. Herbert N. Schneidau, Sacred Discontent: The Bible and Western Tradition (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1976), 49. 6. William J. Harvey, The Art of George Eliot (London: Chatto and Windus, 1961).
Notes 155 7. G.K. Chesterton, A Piece of Chalk, in Lopate, ed., The Art of the Personal Essay, 249 52. 8. Robert Browning, Fra Lippo Lippi, in M.H. Abrams et al., eds., The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 6th ed. (New York: Norton, 1993), vol. 2. 9. Louis Menand, Revising Modernism: T.S. Eliot and His Context (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 126. 10. Quoted in Ezra Pound, Selected Prose 1909 1965, ed. William Cookson (New York: New Directions, 1975), 9. 11. Ibid. Cookson quotes Pound s Terra Italica (1932). 12. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Crack-Up, The Crack-Up, ed. Edmund Wilson (New York: New Directions, 1945), 69; James Baldwin, Notes of a Native Son, Notes of a Native Son (Boston: Beacon Press, 1955), 113. 13. T.S. Eliot, The Metaphysical Poets, Selected Essays, 287. 14. T.S. Eliot, Andrew Marvell, ibid., 303. 15. T.S. Eliot, The Sacred Wood (London: Methuen, 1920), 33. 16. Ibid., 45. 17. Ibid., 28. 18. Ibid., xi xii. 19. Eliot, Selected Essays, 388. 20. James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, ed. Chester G. Anderson (New York: Viking, 1968), 221. 21. T.S. Eliot, Baudelaire in Our Time, Essays Ancient and Modern (London: Faber and Faber, 1936), 66n. 22. C.H. Sisson, Sevenoaks Essays, The Avoidance of Literature: Collected Essays (Manchester: Carcanet, 1978). 23. Pound, The Wisdom of Poetry, in Selected Prose 1909 1965, 361 62. 24. Vincent E. Miller, Eliot s Submission to Time, Sewanee Review, 84 (1976), 448 64. 1 Essaying the VIA MEDIA: John Dryden s RELIGIO LAICI and Alexander Pope s A N ESSAY ON MAN 1. The commendatory poems are reprinted in the California Edition of The Works of John Dryden: Poems 1681 1684, ed. H.T. Swedenberg, Jr. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), 475 78.
156 Notes 2. John Dryden, Poems and Fables, ed. James Kinsley (London: Oxford University Press, 1962). All quotations of Dryden s poems come from this edition. 3. Alexander Pope, Poetry and Prose, ed. Aubrey Williams (Boston: Riverside-Houghton Mifflin, 1969). All quotations of Pope s poems come from this edition, unless otherwise indicated. 4. I elaborate on this minor tradition in The Faith of John Dryden: Change and Continuity (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1980). 5. On these points, see my Tracing the Essay: Through Experience to Meaning (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2005). 6. For the religious and political backgrounds, see my book cited above, as well as Dryden s Religio Laici: A Reappraisal, Studies in Philology, 75 (1978), 347 70. In both places, I appraise at some length earlier treatments of Dryden s poem and of his evolving religious understanding. 7. Aubrey Williams, introduction, The Twickenham Edition of The Poems of Alexander Pope: Pastoral Poetry and An Essay on Criticism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1961). 8. See my Poetic Strategies in An Essay on Criticism, Lines 201 559, South Atlantic Bulletin, 44 (1979), 43 47. 9. T.S. Eliot, Baudelaire in Our Time, Essays Ancient and Modern (London: Faber and Faber, 1936), 66n. 10. Alexander Pope, The Universal Prayer, The Twickenham Edition of The Poems of Alexander Pope: Minor Poems, ed. Norman Ault and John Butt (London: Methuen, 1964). 2 A grander scheme of salvation than the chryst<e>ain religion : John Keats, a New Religion of Love, and the Hoodwinking of The Eve of St. Agnes 1. The Letters of John Keats, ed. Hyder E. Rollins (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 2.70 71, 115. 2. Quoted in Robert Gittings, John Keats (London: Heinemann, 1968), 425. As Gittings notes, Keats omitted some potentially offensive oaths from the mouths of Madeline and Porphyro, while retaining that in line 145. 3. Letters 2.304. The text used throughout for the poems is Keats: Poetical Works, ed. H.W. Garrod (1956; rpt. London: Oxford University Press, 1966).
Notes 157 4. Ibid., 2.80, 2.101 2. 5. Ibid., 2.101 2. 6. Ibid., 2.102. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid., 2.103. 9. Ibid., 1.179. 10. Hugh Miller, Essays (London, 1856 62), 1.452; William Michael Rossetti, Life of John Keats (London, 1887), 183. 11. Earl Wasserman, The Finer Tone: Keats Major Poems (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1953). 12. Jack Stillinger, The Hoodwinking of Madeline: Scepticism in The Eve of St. Agnes, Studies in Philology, 58 (1961), 533 55. 13. The present essay modifies my original The Eve of St. Agnes Re-Considered, Tennessee Studies in Literature, 18 (1973), 113 32. See also Stuart M. Sperry, Jr., Romance as Wish- Fulfillment: Keats s The Eve of St. Agnes, Studies in Romanticism, 10 (1971), 27 42. 14. I take this notion from the highly suggestive book by Walter A. Davis, The Act of Interpretation: A Critique of Literary Reason (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978). 15. Letters, 2.163. 16. James D. Boulger, Keats Symbolism, ELH, 28 (1961), 258 59. 17. Letters, 2.223 24. 18. Ibid., 81. 3 George Eliot s Layman s Faith : The Lyrical Essay-Novel ADAM BEDE 1. William J. Harvey argues, however, that Eliot so constructs the story narrative and commentary as to engage the reader directly, entangling us, complexifying our response. It requires some effort, however, to convince oneself, let alone others, of Eliot s masterful technique and rhetorical strategy, although many have tried. See The Art of George Eliot (London: Chatto and Windus, 1961). 2. For the reader s convenience, given the large number of quotations from the novel, I have given page numbers thusly; they are to Adam Bede (New York: Signet-New American Library, 1961). 3. William Wordsworth, Preface to Lyrical Ballads, in M.H. Abrams et al., eds., The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 6th ed. (New York: Norton, 1993), 2.144.
158 Notes 4. Donald Davie, These the Companions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982). 5. Cynthia Ozick, Metaphor and Memory (New York: Knopf, 1989), 278 6. Quoted in ibid., 279. 7. Ibid. 8. Cynthia Ozick, The Riddle of the Ordinary, in Lydia Fakundiny, ed., The Art of the Essay (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), 421. 4 Priests of Eternal Imagination: Literature and Religion The Instance of James Joyce and A PORTRAIT OF THE ARTIST AS A YOUNG MAN 1. The text of the novel used throughout is James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, ed. Chester G. Anderson (New York: Viking, 1968). For the reader s convenience, I include all page references thusly. 2. See Wayne C. Booth, The Rhetoric of Fiction (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961). 3. Anderson, 520 n., in Joyce, A Portrait. 4. Anderson, 521 n., in ibid. 5. John Dryden, Poems and Fables, ed. James Kinsley (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962). 6. Alexander Pope, Poetry and Prose, ed. Aubrey Williams (Boston: Riverside-Houghton Mifflin, 1969). 7. Maynard Mack, introduction, The Twickenham Edition of The Poems of Alexander Pope: An Essay on Man, ed. Mack (London: Methuen, 1950), lxxvii. 8. Hugh Kenner, In the Wake of the Anarch, Gnomon: Essays on Contemporary Literature (New York: McDowell, Obolensky, 1958), 176. 9. M.H. Abrams, Natural Supernaturalism: Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature (New York: Norton, 1971). 10. William Wordsworth, The Prelude, in M.H. Abrams et al., eds., The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 6th ed. (New York: Norton, 1993), 2.144. 11. Ezra Pound, Credo, in Selected Prose 1909 65, ed. William Cookson (New York: New Directions, 1975), 53. 12. Pound, Axiomata, in ibid., 49.
Notes 159 13. Pound, Deus et Amor, in ibid., 70. 14. Ibid. 15. Pound, Religio or, The Child s Guide to Knowledge, in ibid., 47. 16. Peter Makin, Bunting: The Shaping of His Verse (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), 202. In footnote 42 on page 202, Makin identifies the sources of his quotations. 17. T.S. Eliot, Four Quartets (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1943). 18. Vincent Sherry, The Uncommon Tongue: The Poetry and Criticism of Geoffrey Hill (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1987), 25. 19. Ibid., 21. 20. Geoffrey Hill, quoted in ibid. 21. Ibid. 22. Ibid., 22. 23. Sherry, 22. The quotation is, according to Sherry, a description offered by Joseph Cary in Three Modern Italian Poets (New York: New York University Press, 1969). 24. Geoffrey Hill, The Mystery of the Charity of Charles Péguy (London: Andre Deutsch, 1983), 31. 5 Journey toward Understanding: T.S. Eliot and the Progress of the Intelligent Believer 1. T.S. Eliot, preface, For Lancelot Andrewes: Essays on Style and Order (London: Faber and Gwyer, 1928), ix. 2. T.S. Eliot, The Pensées of Pascal, Selected Essays, 3rd ed. (London: Faber and Faber, 1951), 411. 3. See Lyndall Gordon, T.S. Eliot: An Imperfect Life (New York: Norton, 2000). 4. T.S. Eliot, The Pensées of Pascal, Selected Essays, 411. 5. Ibid., 412. 6. Ibid., 411. 7. Ibid., 408. 8. Alexander Pope, The Dunciad (4.471) in Poetry and Prose, ed. Aubrey Williams (Boston: Riverside-Houghton Mifflin, 1969). 9. For a number of reasons, not least the rhetorical value of keeping in mind the intersection of whole and part, I will read
160 Notes Four Quartets in the four individual and separate editions, all published by Faber and Faber: Burnt Norton (1941), East Coker (1940), The Dry Salvages (1941), and Little Gidding (1942). All four were published together for the first time in 1943. See Helen Gardner, The Composition of Four Quartets (London: Faber and Faber, 1978). 10. See my forthcoming study T.S. Eliot and the Essay (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2010). 11. C.H. Sisson, Anglican Essays (Manchester: Carcanet, 1983). 12. T.S. Eliot, Tradition and the Individual Talent, The Sacred Wood (London: Methuen, 1920), 28. 13. Ibid., 28 29. 14. Cynthia Ozick, Metaphor and Memory, Metaphor and Memory (New York: Knopf, 1989), 279. 6 Religious feeling without religious images : E.B. White s Essays and the Poetics of Participation 1. E.B. White, Essays (New York: Harper and Row, 1977), 235. Page references as here are given in the text for the reader s convenience. 2. John Dryden, Poems and Fables, ed. James Kinsley (London: Oxford University Press), 1962. 3. Quoted in Marie Cabaud Meaney, Simone Weil s Apologetic Use of Literature: Her Christological Interpretation of Greek Texts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 5. 4. Ibid., vii. 5. Ibid., 18. 6. Ibid., 201. 7. Ibid., 210. 8. T.S. Eliot, The Dry Salvages (London: Faber and Faber, 1941). 9. T.S. Eliot, Little Gidding (London: Faber and Faber, 1942). 10. T.S. Eliot, The Sacred Wood (London: Methuen, 1920), 18. 11. T.S. Eliot, Selected Essays, 3rd ed. (London: Faber and Faber, 1951), 408. 12. Tracing the Essay: Through Experience to Meaning (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2005). 13. Cynthia Ozick, Metaphor and Memory (New York: Knopf, 1989), 279.
Notes 161 14. Richard Selzer, A Worm from My Notebook, in Lydia Fakundiny, ed., The Art of the Essay (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), 435. I have written about this essay at some length in Reading Essays: An Invitation (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2008), 159 66. 15. Paul H. Fry, The Reach of Criticism: Method and Perception in Literary Theory (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983), 200. 16. See Joseph Epstein, A Line Out for a Walk: Familiar Essays (New York: Norton, 1991). 17. I discuss Death of a Pig at length in Tracing the Essay. 18. It is this book from which I have taken all quotations of Here Is New York (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1949), with page references provided in text. I discuss this essay at some length in On the Familiar Essay: Challenging Academic Orthodoxies (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). 7 RELIGIO CRITICAE: An Essay on Reception and Response 1. John Dryden, Poems and Fables, ed. James Kinsley (London: Oxford University Press, 1962). 2. Alexander Pope, Poetry and Prose, ed. Aubrey Williams (Boston: Riverside-Houghton Mifflin, 1969). 3. Adam Nicolson, God s Secretaries: The Making of the King James Bible (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 33. 4. Geoffrey H. Hartman, Criticism in the Wilderness: The Study of Literature Today (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1980), 35. 5. Quoted in ibid., 221. 6. Ibid., 221. 7. William Wordsworth, Preface to Lyrical Ballads, in M.H. Abrams et al., eds., The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 6th ed. (New York: Norton, 1993), 2.144. 8. Hartman, 19. 9. E.B. White, Essays (New York: Harper and Row, 1977), 235. 10. T.S. Eliot, Essays Ancient and Modern (London: Faber and Faber, 1936), 66n. 11. Ibid., 93. 12. T.S. Eliot, Selected Essays, 3rd ed. (London: Faber and Faber, 1951), 408.
162 Notes 13. T.S. Eliot, Burnt Norton (London: Faber and Faber, 1941). 14. Sister Benedicta Ward, introduction, The Spirit of Holiness: An Introduction to Six Seventeenth-Century Anglican Writers. By Richard Southern, Sister Benedicta Ward, Kathleen Lea, and Mary Chitty (Oxford: SLG Press, 1976), vii viii. 15. T.S. Eliot, Little Gidding (London: Faber and Faber, 1942).
Bibliography Abrams, M.H. Natural Supernaturalism: Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature. New York: Norton, 1971. Anderson, Chester G. See Joyce, James. Atkins, G. Douglas. A(fter) D(econstruction): Literature and Religion in the Wake of Deconstruction. Studies in the Literary Imagination 18 (1985), 89 100.. Dehellenizing Literary Criticism. College English 41 (1980), 769 79.. Dryden s Religio Laici: A Reappraisal. Studies in Philology 75 (1978), 347 70.. The Eve of St. Agnes Reconsidered. Tennessee Studies in Literature 18 (1973), 113 32.. The Faith of John Dryden: Change and Continuity. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1980.. On the Familiar Essay: Challenging Academic Orthodoxies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.. Poetic Strategies in An Essay on Criticism, Lines 201 559. South Atlantic Bulletin 44 (1979), 43 47.. Reading Essays: An Invitation. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2008.. Tracing the Essay: Through Experience to Meaning. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2005. Baldwin, James. Notes of a Native Son. Boston: Beacon Press, 1955. Booth, Wayne C. The Rhetoric of Fiction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Boulger, James D. Keats Symbolism. ELH 28 (1961), 244 59. Browning, Robert. Fra Lippo Lippi. In The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Chesterton, G.K. A Piece of Chalk. In Lopate, ed., The Art of the Personal Essay, 249 52. Corman, Cid. The Faith of Poetry. Guilford, VT: Longhouse, 1989.. Livingdying. New York: New Directions, 1970.
164 Bibliography Davis, Walter A. The Act of Interpretation: A Critique of Literary Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978. Derrida, Jacques. Living On: Border Lines, trans. James Hulbert. In Deconstruction and Criticism, by Harold Bloom, Paul de Man, Jacques Derrida, Geoffrey Hartman, and J. Hillis Miller. New York: Seabury Press, 1979. Detweiler, Robert, and David Jasper, eds. Religion and Literature: A Reader. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 2000. Dryden, John. Poems and Fables. Ed. James Kinsley. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.. Works (California Edition): Poems 1681 1684. Ed. H.T. Swedenberg, Jr. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972. Eliot, George. Adam Bede. 1859. New York: Signet-New American Library, 1961. Eliot, T.S. Ash-Wednesday. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1930.. The Dry Salvages. London: Faber and Faber, 1941.. Essays Ancient and Modern. London: Faber and Faber, 1936.. Four Quartets. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1943.. Little Gidding. London: Faber and Faber, 1942.. Religion and Literature. In Tennyson.. The Sacred Wood. London: Methuen, 1920.. Selected Essays. 3rd ed. London: Faber and Faber, 1951. Epstein, Joseph. A Line Out for a Walk: Familiar Essays. New York: Norton, 1991. Fakundiny, Lydia, ed. The Art of the Essay. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Crack-Up. Ed. Edmund Wilson. New York: New Directions, 1945. Fry, Paul H. The Reach of Criticism: Method and Perception in Literary Theory. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983. Gardner, Helen. Religion and Literature. London: Faber and Faber, 1971. Gittings, Robert. John Keats. London: Heinemann, 1968. Gizzi, Peter. The Outernationale. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2008. Gordon, Lyndall. T.S. Eliot: An Imperfect Life. New York: Norton, 2000. Harvey, William J. The Art of George Eliot. London: Chatto and Windus, 1961. Hill, Christopher. The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas during the English Revolution. New York: Viking, 1972.
Bibliography 165 Hill, Geoffrey. The Mystery of the Charity of Charles Péguy. London: Andre Deutsch, 1983. Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Ed. Chester G. Anderson, 1916. New York: Viking, 1968. Keats, John. The Letters of John Keats. Ed. Hyder E. Rollins. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958.. Poetical Works. Ed. H.W. Garrod. 1956. London: Oxford University Press, 1966. Kenner, Hugh. Gnomon: Essays on Contemporary Literature. New York: McDowell, Obolensky, 1958. Lytle, Andrew. The Hero with the Private Parts. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1966. Mack, Maynard. Introduction. The Twickenham Edition of The Poems of Alexander Pope: An Essay on Man. Ed. Mack. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1950. Meaney, Marie Cabaud. Simone Weil s Apologetic Use of Literature: Her Christological Interpretation of Greek Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Menand, Louis. Revising Modernism: T.S. Eliot and His Context. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Miller, Hugh. Essays. London, 1856. Vol. 1. Miller, J. Hillis. Literature and Religion. In Relations of Literary Study: Essays on Interdisciplinary Contributions, ed. James E. Thorpe. New York: Modern Language Association, 111 26. O Connor, Flannery. Mystery and Manners. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1970. Ozick, Cynthia. Metaphor and Memory. New York: Knopf, 1989.. The Riddle of the Ordinary. In Fakundiny, 416 23. Pope, Alexander. Poetry and Prose. Ed. Aubrey Williams. Boston: Riverside-Houghton Mifflin, 1969. Pound, Ezra. ABC of Reading. London: Routledge, 1934.. Selected Prose, 1909 1965. Ed. William Cookson. New York: New Directions, 1975. Rossetti, William Michael. Life of John Keats. London, 1887. Schneidau, Herbert N. Sacred Discontent: The Bible and Western Tradition. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1976. Selzer, Richard. A Worm from My Notebook. In Fakundiny, 434 39. Sherry, Vincent. The Uncommon Tongue: The Poetry and Criticism of Geoffrey Hill. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1987.
166 Bibliography Sisson, C.H. Anglican Essays. Manchester: Carcanet, 1983.. The Avoidance of Literature: Collected Essays. Manchester: Carcanet, 1978. Sperry, Stuart M., Jr. Romance as Wish-Fulfillment: Keats s The Eve of St. Agnes. Studies in Romanticism 10 (1971), 27 42. Stillinger, Jack. The Hoodwinking of Madeline: Scepticism in The Eve of St. Agnes, Studies in Philology 58 (1961), 533 55. Tennyson, G.B., and Edward Ericson, Jr., eds. Religion and Modern Literature: Essays in Theory and Criticism. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1975. Ward, Sister Benedicta. Introduction. The Beauty of Holiness: An Introduction to Six Seventeenth-Century Anglican Writers. By Richard Southern, Sister Benedicta Ward, Kathleen Lea, and Mary Chitty. Oxford: SLG Press, 1976, v x. Wasserman, Earl. The Finer Tone: Keats Major Poems. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1953. White, E.B. Essays. New York: Harper and Row, 1977.. Here Is New York. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1949. Williams, Aubrey. Introduction. The Twickenham Edition of The Poems of Alexander Pope: Pastoral Poetry and An Essay on Criticism. Ed. Williams. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1961. Williams, Rowan. Grace and Necessity: Reflections on Art and Love. Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse, 2005. Wordsworth, William. Preface to Lyrical Ballads. In The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 6th ed., ed. M.H. Abrams et al. New York: Norton, 1993. Vol. 2.. The Prelude. In The Norton Anthology of English Literature.
Index Abrams, M.H., 75, 100 Anderson, Chester G., 92, 93 Andrewes, Lancelot, 103, 148 Aquinas, Thomas, 85 Aristotle, 29, 85 Arnold, Matthew, 9, 10 Athanasius, St., 33 Atterbury, Francis, 16, 99 Augustine, St., 116 Baldwin, James, 7 8 Bloom, Harold, 104 Bolingbroke, Viscount (Henry St. John), 15, 99 Booth, Wayne C., 81 Boulger, James D., 51 2 Bramhall, John, 103 Brawne, Fanny, 43, 54 5 Browne, Sir Thomas, xiv, 16 Browning, Robert, 4 6 Bultmann, Rudolf, 11, 127 Bunting, Basil, xv, 7, 102 3 Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 80 Carlyle, Thomas (Sartor Resartus), 3 Charles I, xiv, 117 Chesterton, G.K., 4, 5, 117 Christ, xxii, 14, 30, 32, 47, 113 15, 117, 127, 129 31, 144, 148 Christianity, xv, xvii, xix, xxii, 2, 7, 30, 45, 48, 75, 78, 113, 127, 130 Anglo-Catholic, 1, 9, 109, 110, 128, 149 as both/and, 93 as bridging of opposites, 148 embodies pattern, 130 its current decline, 148 and literature s relation to, xxii, 1 2, 149 and part-iality, 17, 20, 21, 23 4, 31 and religion, xii Cicero, 29 Clarke, Samuel, 40 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 60, 110, 147 comparison, xiii, 8, 112, 115, 151 Cookson, William, 6, 11 Corman, Cid, xvii xix, 7 Creech, Thomas, 15 Dante, xix xx, 54 5, 95, 116, 129 Davie, Donald, 63 Derrida, Jacques, xv, xx, 7, 8, 114, 149 Dickinson, Henry, 17 18 Donne, John, xiii, 10 Dryden, John, ix, xvii, xviii, 15 42, 97, 101, 103, 107, 114, 115, 120, 128 conversion of, 98 his bridging of contradictory qualities, 148 as layman, 15, 16, 22, 99 and the priesthood of all readers, 10, 18, 98 Works: Absalom and Achitophel, 15
168 Index Dryden, John Continued Essay of Dramatick Poesy, xv The Hind and the Panther, 41 Religio Laici, 10, 104 anticlericalism in, 15 19, 23 4 argues against interpreting, 20, 23 and balance, 21, 23, 26 Church of England as middle way in, 41 against Deism, xiv xv, 16 17, 23, 28 9, 33, 126 7 and embodiment, xv xvi, 33, 41, 42 as essay, xiv xvi, 99 against exclusivism, xiv xv and Incarnation, 20, 29 33 and indirectness, 31 its Horatian nature, 25 as layman s faith, xiv, 16, 99 and matters crucial to salvation, 16 and mediation, xvi, 23 and modesty and humility, 17 18, 21, 22, 33 moral focus of, 25, 26, 28 opposes self-interest, 30 and part-iality, 17, 19 21, 23 4, 27, 28, 31 2 and the post-reformation laity, 24 5 and the private spirit, 23 5, 145 and reading as site, 18 19, 22 reason as medium in, 27 and the responsible layman, 27 and tension, 17, 18, 26, 27, 29, 42, 98 thesis of, 20, 23 and the via media, 21, 26, 27, 99 100 See also essay, layman s faiths Eliot, George, xii, 59 78 difference from T.S. Eliot, 66 7, 77 Work: Adam Bede, 3 as (also) an essay, 59 61, 71 as Bildungsroman, 60 and Christianity, 75 and the clerical character, 60, 62 4, 68 the commonplace in, 61, 66 8, 71 and difference in times, 59 66, 71 and education, 60, 64 6, 72 6 and embodiment, 69, 70 embraces participation in suffering, 65 7, 69, 73, 74, 78 imagined reader in, 61, 62, 64 5, 67, 71, 72 and journey toward understanding, 65, 74 and layman s faith, 59, 64, 68 70 as mixed entangled affair, 65, 71 2, 76 narrator in, 59 61, 64, 67 9, 71, 76 natural imagery in, 64 primacy of feelings in, 69 and religion and literature, 59, 61, 65, 69, 71 and Romantic values, 59 64, 66 and The Scarlet Letter, 60 sympathy and understanding in, 70, 72, 74 8 truth-telling in, 61, 65, 66, 71 Eliot, T.S., xix, 32, 36, 37, 66, 85, 98, 101, 106 7, 109 23 and asceticism, 110, 116 and autobiography, 130 and doubt, 109, 110, 123 his early life and thinking, 9 10, 109, 128 9
Index 169 his progress toward Christianity, 109 10 the idea of journey in, 110 1, 115 as layman, 110, 114 6, 123, 130 and necessity to amalgamate disparate experience, 7 8, 9 opposes directness, 129, 130, 149 opposes immanentism, 7 opposes Wordsworth, 128 9 and participation, 115, 120, 121 questions of heterodoxy in, 13 14 and tension, 110, 115 and understanding, 113, 115, 116, 118 22 and world as it is, 6 and writing, 150 1 Works: Ash-Wednesday, xiii, 103, 112, 116 8 For Lancelot Andrewes, 109 Four Quartets, xi, xii, 6, 13, 80, 91 bridges apparent opposites, 114, 146 Burnt Norton, 112, 116, 150 The Dry Salvages, 1, 112, 113, 117, 128 and each moment burning with meaning, 112 East Coker, 9, 14, 104, 111, 113 14, 116, 117, 120, 150, 151 as essay, 111, 117 identifies the Incarnational pattern, 111 13 and the journey toward understanding, 115 and layman s faith, 115 and the letter versus the spirit, 11 and the literal, 12 Little Gidding, 9, 104, 105, 111, 112, 117, 118, 120, 122, 123, 128, 150 and the middle way, 113 and necessarye coniunction, 111 12 and the necessity of embodiment, 117 and the prominence of I in, 121 purgation of desire in, 116, 121, 122 and the Resurrection, 123 and time, 3, 111 13, 118, 122 and understanding, 111, 113, 115 and The Waste Land, 145 and writing, 111 13, 117, 122 23 The Hollow Men, 109 The Metaphysical Poets, 8, 147 The Pensées of Pascal, 109, 110 Prufrock and Other Observations, 111 Religion and Literature, 9 10, 149 The Sacred Wood, 9, 10, 112, 128 9, 149 A Sermon, 103, 109 10 Thoughts After Lambeth, 103 Tradition and the Individual Talent, 8, 112, 115, 119, 121 2, 129, 147 The Waste Land, 6, 93, 103, 109, 110, 112, 117, 118, 121, 140, 141 2, 145 Epstein, Joseph, 134, 135 essay and affirmativeness, 135 and Anglicanism, 16 17, 41 and the bringing together of opposites, 134 its difference from literature, 2, 3 as form, xxii, 2 as indirect, 2, 3 invites, 135 and layman s faith, 10, 13
170 Index essay Continued poetry became, 147 its tension, 134 and the via media, 17, 21, 26, 27 Faber, Geoffrey, 109 familiar criticism, 137 Ferrar, Nicholas, 117 Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 7 8 Flaubert, Gustave, xx, xxi, 93, 16 Fry, Paul H., 133 Gascoyne, David, 145 Gizzi, Peter, xix Gnosticism, 2, 79, 88, 148 Hartman, Geoffrey H., 131, 147, 148 Harvey, William J., 3 Hawthorne, Nathaniel (The Scarlet Letter), 60 Hazlitt, William, 134 Heidegger, Martin, 11 Herbert, George, xiii, 10, 127 Herbert of Cherbury, Lord Edward, xiv Hesse, Hermann (Siddhartha), 3, 93 Hill, Geoffrey, 104 7 Hoagland, Edward, 134 Homer (The Odyssey), xix, 65, 66, 80, 81, 94, 97, 129. See also Odysseus Hopkins, Gerard Manley, xiii Hobbes, Thomas, 34 immanence, xv, xix, 5, 7, 11 13, 57, 101, 113, 148, 149 Incarnation, xiii, xxii, 1, 5 6, 14, 22, 83, 91, 92, 99, 110, 111, 113, 114, 117, 118, 121, 122, 127, 148, 151 defined, 129 30 and discarnation, 41, 88 and embodied truth, xx and every moment, 4, 11 its indirectness, 5, 149 and literature, 2 3, 11 and paradigm, 7 as pattern, xvi, xvii, xx, xxi, 9 10, 30, 32, 39, 41, 128 30, 149 indirectness, xvi, 2, 3, 5, 31, 39, 71, 116, 149 and detour, 9, 129, 130 intersection of time and the timeless, 3 4, 112, 118, 136 7, 142 Johnson, Samuel, 10 11, 103, 110 Joyce, James, xii, 79 107, 129 and the Church, 93 his understanding of religion and literature, 97 8, 106, 107 Works: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and aesthetics, 79, 80, 85 8 authorial distance in, 80, 81, 89, 92, 97 and autobiography, 81, 85, 89 as Bildungsroman, 80 its change in narrative form, 97 its fire sermon, 81, 93 5 and disembodied mind, 84, 88 dislike of physical world in, 79, 81 2, 86 8, 90, 91, 96, 97 epiphany in, 83, 88 9, 96 and the Eucharist, 83 and Gnostic desire, 79, 88 and the imagination, 96, 97 and impersonality, 88 and Incarnation, 83 irony in, 80 1, 85, 92, 96 issue of forgery in, 79, 90 2, 96, 97, 106 and the journey toward understanding, 81, 90 1 and layman s faith, 106 pattern in, 83, 88, 96
Index 171 portrays lack of participation, 79, 81, 83, 84, 88 90, 94, 96, 97 and priest of eternal imagination, 10, 92, 95 8, 106 and question of a hero, 79, 80 and religion, 80, 83, 84, 87, 91 8 and Romanticism, 79, 80, 106 seeking of transformation in, 82 3, 86, 89 93, 95, 96 (mis)understanding in, 81, 84, 85, 88, 90, 92, 93, 95, 97 Stephen Hero, 79, 106 Ulysses, 80, 81 Julian, Dame, of Norwich, 121 Kazin, Alfred, 141 Keats, George, 44 Keats, Georgiana, 44 Keats, John, xii, xix, 43 57, 119 as anticlerical, 43 and Christianity, xvii, 43 and dreaming, 46, 56 7 faith in beauty, 45 7, 54 6 his alternative religion, 44, 45, 47 9, 51 2, 54, 56 his vale of soul-making, 44, 45 meaning as immanent for, 57 Works: La Belle Dame sans Merci, 56, 112 13 Endymion, 45 6 The Eve of St. Agnes as delight of the senses, 48, 50, 52, 53 and the hoodwinking of the layman-poet, 57 as intense experience, 47 8, 52 6 its difference from The Divine Comedy, 54 5 its imagery, 48 54 its realistic frame, 55 6 narrator in, 45, 50, 52 paralleling contrasts in, 48 9, 53, 54 physical love in, 50 2, 55 and skepticism, 55 6 treats asceticism, 48 9, 53, 55 The Fall of Hyperion, 46 Lamia, 56 Letters, 43 5, 49, 50 1, 54, 57 Ode to Fanny, 54 Ode on a Grecian Urn, 56 Ode on Melancholy, 46 Ode to Psyche, 43, 47, 101 Sleep and Poetry, 46, 56 Sonnet Written in Disgust of Vulgar Superstition, 44 Sonnet ( The day is gone, and all its weets are gone! ), 54 To J.H. Reynolds, 46 To ( What can I do to drive away... ), 54 Kenner, Hugh, 100 Kierkegaard, Soren, xiii Klee, Paul, 134 layman, 105 6 and the common reader, 10, 13, 35, 151 and the direction of post- Reformation writing, xvii xviii and literature, 10 layman s faith, xiv, 10, 22, 150 culminates in today s students, 148 and Deism, 16 17, 23, 28 31 and the essay, 13 14, 16, 26, 27 as individualistic, 15, 41 2 and reading, 35 and sympathy and charity, 33 and the via media, 21, 26, 27 see also individual authors Leviticus, 77, 78 Locke, John, 34 Lucretius, 15
172 Index Luther, Martin, 10, 97 Lytle, Andrew, xxi Mack, Maynard, 100 Makin, Peter, 102 3 Manicheanism, 2, 6, 148 Maritain, Jacques, xiii Marvell, Andrew, 8 mediation, xvi, 3, 39, 115, 118 Merton, Thomas, xiii Miller, J. Hillis, ix Miller, Vincent E., 13 Milton, John, 39, 99, 104, 121 Montaigne, Michel de, 105, 134 Moore, Marianne, 11 Murray, Paul, xiii, xx Nashe, Thomas, 80 Newman, John Henry, Cardinal, 26, 109 O Connor, Flannery, 2 Odysseus, 6, 111, 115, 118, 119, 129, 131. See also Homer Oppen, George, xix Ozick, Cynthia, xxi, xxii, 77, 78, 134 participation, xx, xxi, 65 7, 69, 73, 74, 78, 79, 81, 88 90, 94, 96, 97, 115, 120, 121 and Christianity, 12 or identification, 135 6 and listening, 132 and literary commentary, 135 and pattern, 139 and writing, 132 3 Pascal, Blaise, 6, 105, 109, 130 pattern, xii, xiii, xvi, xvii, xx, xxi, 6, 7, 9 10, 11, 30, 32, 39, 41, 83, 88, 96, 111 14, 121 3, 128 31, 133, 138 40, 142, 149, 151. See also Incarnation Pickering, Samuel F., Jr., 134 Plato, 29 Plutarch, 29 Pope, Alexander, 15 42, 101, 107, 110, 111 and the clergy, 16, 34 his critical ideal, 35, 145 6 and Deism, 15 on directness, 36, 39 as Erasmian Catholic, 16, 34 and Gen rous Converse, 133, 145 6 and the layman s faith, 34 5, 42 and mediation, 30 and middle way, 99 100 and moral response, 146 7 Nature as means in, 40 and parts/whole, 34 40, 99 and reason, 100 and tension, 39 Works: Dunciad IV, 35, 38, 40 1, 99 An Essay on Criticism, 8, 16, 33 6, 133 An Essay on Man, ix, xvi xvii, 14 16, 37 40, 100, 121 The Universal Prayer, 15, 37 8 Pound, Ezra, xii, xiii, xv, 3, 6, 11 13, 101 2 Ramus, Peter, 34 reading, xiv, xx, xxii and bridging of apparent opposites, 148 as participation, 133 and perception of relation, 7 and reception-response, xxi, 147, 150 and writing-as-, xxi See also religion; understanding religion desire for a new, xvii xviii its relation to reading and criticism, 9 10, 13, 147 9 and literature, xi xii, 1 2 Romanticism, xvii, 9
Index 173 Schneidau, Herbert N., 3, 11 Selzer, Richard, 132 3 Seneca, 29 Shakespeare, William (Hamlet), 2, 119, 120 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 101 Sherry, Vincent, 104, 105 Simon, Richard, Father, 17 19, 21, 25 Sisson, C.H., 11 12, 104, 114 Southwell, Robert, St., 105 Sterne, Laurence, 10 Stillinger, Jack, 47, 50 Swift, Jonathan, xiii, 10, 16, 80, 81, 99, 103 Thomas, R.S., xiii xiv, xx Thoreau, Henry David, 10, 125, 131, 134 7, 148 Tiresias, 118, 129, 140 transcendence, xv, 5, 7, 11, 13, 86, 113, 148 understanding, 84, 85, 88, 92, 93, 95, 106, 111, 115, 118 22, 138, 139, 142, 148 entails participation, xx, xxi half-, 1, 5, 6, 13, 113 and listening, 131 love and, xix and reading, xx, xxii, 131 as sequence, 130 and sympathy, 81, 96, 131 via media (or middle way), xiv, 15 42, 85, 99, 100, 101, 113, 151 Virgin Mary, the, xx, 148 Ward, (Sister) Benedicta, 150 Wasserman, Earl, 47 Weil, Simone, xx, 127 30 White, E.B. (Andy), 125 48 difference from Thoreau, 125 6, 131, 137 does not identify with, 135 6, 139 and embodied truth, 131 and essayistic character, 131 as familiar essayist, 141, 143 and familiarity, 139 his reasons for writing, 139, 140 and immanence, 126 invites, 135 8, 144 and the layman, 126 and participation, 135 44 and religion, 125 6, 131 self-centeredness of, 138 9, 144 and time, 139 and T.S. Eliot, 142 as understanding, 131 2 Works: Charlotte s Web, 125 Death of a Pig, 131, 138 Essays, 133, 134, 139 Here Is New York, 139 43 The Home-Coming, 139 Once More to the Lake, 138 A Slight Sound at Evening, 125, 135 Stuart Little, 125 Williams, Aubrey, 34, 37 Williams, Rowan, xiii Williams, William Carlos, 11 Woolf, Virginia, 10 11 Wordsworth, William, xv, xvii, 3, 7, 59 60, 62, 67, 75, 80, 100 2, 119, 147 Yeats, William Butler, 147 8