The Company A leading OLED player Novaled is the company to trade with, work for and invest in. Our company focuses on proprietary organic materials and complementary innovative technologies for superior OLEDs in display and lighting as well as high performance organic electronics (OE). 2 The Company
Novaled s expertise is unique in the OE field for its combining of chemistry, physics and engineering support. With solid partnerships forged with major OLED players worldwide and our more than 500 patents granted or pending, we maintain a strong IP position in OLED technology. As a committed member of the European Foundation of Quality (EFQM), it is our aim to strive for excellence. We are also certified to ISO 9001 standards. Proactive innovation and consistent high quality criteria form the backbone of our business goals. A leading organic electronics center Novaled is a pioneering company in the Dresden region home to Europe s largest cluster of organic semiconductor concerns. Some 20 enterprises and more than 1000 employees cover the entire value chain here from material development to application manufacturing and testing. With its unique OLED materials and know-how, Novaled is also a key player in European OLED projects and active within the global network of display and lighting community professionals. The Company 3
Our Portfolio For the success of our customers Novaled s cutting-edge proprietary organic materials and technologies give our customers outstanding advantages in the field of organic electronics. Our clients regularly enhance product performance and fine-tune their manufacturing on a mass production scale. Our unique expertise in combining physics, chemistry and engineering know-how ensures excellent efficiency and stability values for your OLED devices. 4 Our Portfolio
Material Novaled s portfolio of high-performance organic material allows for significantly increased efficiency and lifetime in organic electronic (OE) devices based on our organic materials such as dopant, transport, interlayer and outcoupling materials suitable for a wide variety of applications including evaporation and solution processing. Novaled materials are designed to deliver customer benefits especially to massproduced devices. Using Novaled materials may also reduce manufacturing costs by improving production processes. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) Other Organic Electronics Display Lighting OPV (Organic Photovoltaic) OTFT (Organic Thin Film Transistor) TV Mobile phone Illumination Signage Organic Solar Cell (OSC) Display RFID tag Application fields for Novaled technology and materials in Organic Electronics Licensing Licensing Novaled PIN OLED technology enables clients to make the most of our cutting-edge organic electronics know-how in securing competitive positioning on the market. Novaled PIN OLED technology can be applied to any number of products on a mass production scale. Licensees benefit from our engineering support and experience in all processes necessary to ramp up manufacturing and produce high performance OLEDs. Technology transfer packages Novaled consolidates its comprehensive knowledge in the fields of display, lighting and organic electronics into so-called technology transfer packages. These packages enable clients to create high performance devices while grasping the underlying technology and enhancing their technical knowledge. Packages include training sessions and stateof-the-art information on OLED specifics and device testing. R&D Contracting Novaled contracts out its technological advances in small molecular, polymer and hybrid OLEDs and organic solar cells. Well-developed programs with fast and effective support ensure that customer products are always cutting edge. Customized OLED devices developed at Novaled shine for themselves. Our Portfolio 5
Our Doping Technology Novaled Doping Significant performance gains Novaled PIN OLED technology focuses on charge transport layers in organic devices. By doping these layers and applying Novaled s technology as well as transport and doping materials, devices achieve highest performance values. Novaled s OLED doping results in a unique combination of high power efficiency and long lifetime. 6 Our Doping Technology
2 Architecture of a bottom-emitting OLED based on Novaled PIN OLED technology Emission layer incorporated between doped transport layers Light emission P -doped transport layer Intrinsic emitting layer N -doped transport layer NOVALED innovative technology: Doped OLED structures with proprietary developed materials Transparent conductor (ITO) Hole transport layer Emitting layer Electron transport layer Metal cathode Glass substrate Novaled p-type dopant Novaled n-type dopant Working principle of Novaled doping: Hole injection from the anode Holes are transported by p-doped, highly conductive hole transport layer (p-htl) to the emitting layer (EML) Electron injection from the cathode Electrons are transported by the n-doped, highly conductive electron transport layer (n-etl) Recombination of electrons and holes in the EML; light is emitted Result of Novaled doping: Considerably enhanced hole and electron-transport as well as charge carrier injection Advantages for our OLED customers: Extremely low operating voltage High efficiency and lifetime in RGB and white Transparent, alkali metal free OLEDs Easy integration on all substrates Ability to reduce process steps (such as plasma substrate treatment) Novaled doping technology allows far more than conventional organic material structures. Thermal stability and ease of handling are key features of Novaled materials. Current Density (ma/cm ) 1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 1E-3 1E-4 1E-5 1E-6 1E-7 1E-8 Backward Current: at -10V: 4E-7mA/cm 2 Rectification Ratio: at + -4V ~1E9-10 -8-6 -4-2 0 2 4 Voltage (V) V curve of red OLED device High rectification ratio Low backward current for PM display applications Our Doping Technology 7
Our Organic Materials Added value for customers As an expert in synthetic and analytical chemistry, Novaled offers high performance materials for OE devices such as OLEDs. Novaled materials lead to significantly increased efficiency and lifetime of organic electronic devices. The p and n dopants exhibit some of the strongest oxidation and reduction potentials available in molecular structures. Additional dedicated materials further increase OLED device performance characteristics including improved angular light emissions. Thermal stability, enhanced processability and ease of handling are key features of Novaled materials. 8 Our Organic Materials
Novaled materials for different applications The world of organic electronics may still be young but its relevance is confirmed by its impressive market growth rates. For OLEDs market research specialists forecast substantial growth in both the more mature display field as well as the newly emerging OLED lighting industry. The same is true for the likewise promising organic photovoltaic and other OE markets. High performance devices with Novaled materials Novaled materials are well established in the display and lighting markets. Our materials are known for improving the functionality of OLED and OPV devices and are also valued for many other OE applications like OTFTs. Reducing costs is another factor Novaled materials can contribute to. OLED (Lighting) OLED (Display) OPV (Organic Photovoltaic) OTFT (Organic Thin Film Transistor) Dopant materials for p- and n-side Transport and blocking materials p-n-junction materials External Internal outcoupling materials outcoupling materials External outcoupling materials Novaled OLED materials lead to significantly increased efficiencies, longer lifetimes and lower voltage. Our dedicated OLED lighting materials also improve performance characteristics such as angular emission and light outcoupling efficiency. Novaled s organic materials can support vacuum and solution processing. Customers can select from a wide range of single as well as composite dopant, transport, interlayer and outcoupling materials to best serve individual structures. We ensure high-quality and on-demand availability of mass production volumes through our well experienced subcontractors. Our Organic Materials 9
Engineering Our materials are designed to deliver customer benefits not just in a lab environment, but also especially to mass-produced devices. Process compatibility differentiates our approach from research activities focused solely on optimizing device performance. Materials Technology Novaled s unique combination of three skills device physics, synthetic chemistry and processing ensures a deep understanding of all aspects of optical properties, stack architecture, degradation mechanisms (chemical and physical), device processing as well as doping, transport and other material qualities. This enables us to deliver best-in-class service and products to our clients. Overview Novaled materials Hole Side (p-htl) Electron Side (n-etl) Transport & Blocking Materials NHT NET Dopant Materials NDP NDN p-n-junction Materials Outcoupling Materials NET NLE, NET Novaled is developing the following materials: Molecular p-dopants increasing conductivity of hole transport layers Molecular n-dopants increasing conductivity of electron transport layers Hole transport materials perfectly matching with our p-dopants Electron transport materials perfectly matching with our n-dopants Interlayer materials to adapt Novaled PIN OLED technology to a wide variety of emitter material solutions Outcoupling materials for light extraction 10 Our Organic Materials
Improved OLED functionality Novaled materials enable OLED manufacturers to reap the benefits of PIN OLED technology such as better product performance, simpler stack design and easier manufacturing of their products. Doping and transport materials Enable very low operating voltages and sustain or improve the efficiency and lifetime of OLED devices Provide a unique combination of OLED performance and process compatibility Reasonable evaporation temperature range for simple process control High device stability in the absence of matrix layer dopant diffusion even at high temperatures Low vapor pressure, no cross-contamination Electrode n-etl EML p-htl Electrode Can be adapted to solution processes (high through-put coating and printing techniques) Solution-processed Novaled p-htl materials improve yield Have passed numerous customer mass production tests Are created for our customers based on extensive OLED design know-how p-n-junction materials for stacking OLEDs... Enable very low operating voltages Drastically improve operational stability Reduce absorption losses Electrode OLED 1 p-n-junction Stacking unit OLED 2 Electrode Allow metal-free stacked structures Optical outcoupling materials... Improve OLED device light extraction and by that efficiencies significantly Enable white top-emitting OLEDs without microcavity effects Inhibit viewing angle-dependent color coordinate shift Electrode Outcoupling OLED Electrode Novaled materials used in this stack Our Organic Materials 11
Examples for long lifetime, high temperature stable, low voltage OLEDs Red fluorescent top-emitting OLED Cap layer Transparent Electrode n-etl NET-18 with 10% NDN-26 Red fluorescent EML p-htl NHT-51 with 10% NDP-9 Key features: Lifetime (LT50) >35,000h at 85 C Lifetime (LT50) >1,000,000h at 20 C Storage stability at 120 C Low driving voltage: 2.3V, extremely stable operating voltage Efficiency 24 cd/a (cc: 0.67 / 0.33) Reflective Electrode Glass substrate Red fluorescent bottom-emitting OLED Reflective Electrode n-etl NET-18 with 10% NDN-26 Red fluorescent EML p-htl NHT-51 with 10% NDP-9 Transparent Electrode Glass substrate Key features: Lifetime (LT50) >40,000h at 85 C Lifetime (LT50) >1,000,000h at 20 C Storage stability up to 120 C Driving voltage at 2.8V Voltage rise only 0.1V after 6,000 hours at 3,700cd/m 2 Efficiency 7 cd/a (cc: 0.67/0.33) all data given at 1,000 cd/m 2 12 Our Organic Materials
Example for Novaled s high efficiency OLEDs with outcoupling approach Novaled outcoupling materials can be easily incorporated into the active part of OLED stacks. The working principle is to reduce surface plasmon losses directly at the cathode with our high performing electron transport materials for outcoupling. This approach provides several advantages to our customers, e.g. to be combined with other outcoupling approaches like external foils to achieve highest outcoupling efficiencies. White fluorescent bottom-emitting OLED* +75% efficiency Optimized stack 2 +47 % efficiency Optimized stack 1 Reference stack Ag Cathode n-etl NET-18 with NDN doping Emitter Layer p-htl NHT49 with NDP doping Ag Cathode Internal outcoupling: NET-61 n-etl NET-18 with NDN doping Emitter Layer p-htl NHT49 with NDP doping Ag Cathode Internal outcoupling: NET-61 n-etl NET-18 with NDN doping Emitter Layer p-htl NHT49 with NDP doping Glass substrate Anode Glass substrate Anode Glass substrate Outcoupling foil Anode w/o internal and external outcoupling: with Novaled internal outcoupling material NET-61 w/o external foil: with Novaled internal outcoupling material NET-61 and with external foil: 19,0 lm/w 28,0 lm/w 35,5 lm/w * Driving voltage: 3.1 V at 1000cd/m 2 Color coordinates: CIE: 0.45/0.41 (DOE) using blue and orange fluorescent emitters Novaled materials used in this stack Our Organic Materials 13
High performance lighting OLEDs with Novaled lighting technology Each lighting application requires the most ideally adapted OLED stack. Novaled offers tailor-made solutions to specific customer lighting applications. Diverse architectures Single unit white Stacked white (tandem) Single-unit white enables: Easy processing Low driving voltage Long lifetime Stacked white allows for: Very high CRI (daylight like) Long lifetime and lower current flow Example for a stacked, high performing white light OLED 87 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 High Power Efficiency: >60lm/W at 1,000 cd/m 2 Lifetime: >100,000 hours at 1,000 cd/m 2 cc: 0.47/0.42 CRI=87 14 Our Organic Materials
Novaled s device architecture expertise based on specific substrate material Substrate material OLED architecture Advantages Metal (Steel / Aluminium) Top-emitting OLEDs thick HTL possible easy heat dissipation frosted glass effect and high efficiencies with Novaled outcoupling Material NLE-17 Glass Bottom-emitting OLEDs thick HTL for increased yield and lifetime Glass Top- and bottomemitting OLEDs (transparent) transparent in off state front and backside light emission Bottom-emitting OLED Top-emitting OLED Transparent OLED Electron transport layer Emission layers Hole transport layer Reflective electrode Transparent electrode Substrate These architectures coupled with the Novaled PIN technologies yield the following performance parameters: Architecture Power efficiency* Lifetime* Top 35 lm/w 25,000 h Bottom 60 lm/w 100,000 h Transparent 22 lm/w 10,000 h White at illuminant A *at a brightness of 1000 cd/m 2 Our Organic Materials 15
Organic Solar Cell, Source: Heliatek Improved OPV and OTFT performance Novaled doping technology and materials are not limited to OLED applications but are also used to enhance other organic electronics (OE). Because OE devices and device makers often use solution-based coating processes in addition to vacuum processes, Novaled offers materials which are compatible with solution processing. Materials like dopants enable organic photovoltaic devices for: Electrode n-etl Absorber 2 p-htl n-etl Absorber 1 p-htl Electrode PIN Tandem solar cells having: Simpler stack designs Aligned energy level for high open circuit voltage Optimized charge transport for high fill factor Optimized thickness and tandem structure for harvesting the entire solar spectrum High stability Simplified manufacturing 12% certified efficiency with Novaled PIN concept and materials demonstrated by Heliatek (2013) 16 Our Organic Materials
Organic CMOS-type technology Organic CMOS = P-type OTFT + N-type OTFT P-doped layer Source Drain Source Drain N-doped layer hole current Gate Ambipolar Semiconductor Insulator Substrate electron current Gate Schematical setup of a CMOS type OTFT The success of classical silicon CMOS technology is based on the combination of p-type and n-type silicon transistors. Such complimentary circuits are needed by the organic electronics industry, too. With Novaled p- and n-type dopants this vision can be realized. Both p- and n-type field-effect transistors can be accomplished side by side based on a single semiconductor layer by controlled p- and n-doping of the contact regions. Novaled s dopants work perfectly with a wide range of OTFT materials and can be processed both in vacuum and in solution. Controlled p- and n-doping by using Novaled PIN OLED technology allows for: Reduced contact resistance at Source/Drain Use of less expensive contact material (replace Gold) Definition of conduction type for a wide range of materials Increased mobility Control of threshold voltage High response frequency without doping Width-normalized resistance as a function of the channel length for pentacene OTFTs with and without area-selective NDP-9 contact doping. By linear extrapolation the contact resistance (at L=0µm) is extracted. Transistors without doping exhibit a contact resistance of 2.38 kohm-cm, whereas NDP-9 contact doping reduces this value to 0.95 kohm-cm. Source: Hagen Klauk, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Voltage transfer curve for an organic inverter. The inverter is based on two pentacene OTFTs, where the first transistor features p-contact doping, whereas the other features n-contact doping (organic type CMOS). The achieved voltage gain is >10. Source: Novaled Our Organic Materials 17
Our Engineering Expertise Novaled engineering works harder in advancing OLED industry partners As an OLED insider wanting to learn how to structure and build high performance OLEDs and devices for specific applications with dedicated features, you ve come to the right place. Novaled is the ideal partner for know-how transfer, able to give you all the tools and resources you need to be competitive in the promising field of display and lighting OLEDs. 18 Our Engineering Expertise
Novaled s partners around the world continually avail themselves of our expertise in OLED manufacturing and development of supporting processes. Novaled s know-how in the fields of production and process engineering allows companies to enter or strengthen their position in the promising fields of OLED and OPV. Novaled is experienced in all processes relevant to OLED manufacturing and our OLED experts stand ready to assist you with their depth of knowledge. We offer state-of-the-art tools, equipment and infrastructure for testing your processes. Our customers benefit from the practical knowledge we ve gained in working with over 1000 different organic and metal materials in manufacturing and testing OLEDs. Comprehensive processes e.g. defect monitoring with high resolution microscopes... Material Front End Processing Back End Testing Test chambers Clean rooms, class 100 and 10,000 Pretreatment lithography Clean rooms, class 100 and 10,000 Diverse OLED tool (e.g.cluster tool) Clean rooms, class 100 and 10,000 Glass and thin film encapsulation Wide range of state-of-the-art measurement equipment Solution processing Novaled s production chain Know-how transfer services We provide access to tailor-made know-how packages and contracted R&D projects aimed at improving OLED products. Novaled has substantial experience in the development of highly efficient and long-lasting PIN OLED structures. Recent years have seen significant results in both OLED efficiency and lifetime as well as customized OLED architectures. Our Engineering Expertise 19
Novaled AG is a leader in the research, development and commercialization of technologies and materials that enhance the performance of OLEDs (organic light-emitting diodes) and other organic electronics. Novaled offers OLED product manufacturers a unique combination of proprietary technology, materials and expertise, and is currently the only company licensing and selling organic conductivity doping technology and materials for use in the commercial mass production of display products in the OLED industry. Novaled has developed strategic partnerships with key OLED innovators and producers throughout the world and, with a broad portfolio of more than 500 patents granted or pending, has a strong IP position in OLED technologies, structures and materials. Commercially active since 2003, Novaled was founded in 2001 as a spin-off of the Technical University and the Fraunhofer Institute of Dresden. Novaled is headquartered in Dresden with sales offices in Korea and Japan. Novaled AG Tatzberg 49 01307 Dresden Germany Tel +49(0)351/7 96 58-0 Fax +49(0)351/7 96 58-29 info@novaled.com www.novaled.com