CHICAGO MANUAL Chicago Manual uses two types of references to specify the provenance of borrowed material and give proper credit to previous research. First, it provides footnotes or endnotes for each quotation, paraphrase or summary in the text itself; and second, it provides complete documentation for each source in the bibliography. Common abbreviations include: chap. (chapter), comp. or comps. (compiler(s)), ed. or eds. (edition; editor(s)), et al. (and others), fig. (figure), ibid. (ibidem), n.d. (no date), no. (number), n.p. (no place; no publisher; no page), p. (page), para. (paragraph), pp. (pages), pt. (part), sec. (section), trans. (translation; translator(s)), vol. (volume) This resource is not exhaustive and does not replace the referencing instructions given in class. In case of any doubt, consult the professor before citing your sources as it is indicated here. Footnotes or Endnotes Note numbers are usually inserted at the end of a sentence or clause, after any punctuation mark except for the dash. They cannot appear out of sequence, more than once or in the same location. (See 14.19-21) Ex.: As she rightly observes, "Fifty years later it's so easy, with hindsight, to understand what was happening but you were part of it then. History was no theme park. It was what you lived. You were affected, whether you liked it or not." 1 The first time a source is cited, the note in full form includes all the bibliographic elements needed to locate it. The following times the source is cited, the note in short form can limit itself to the author s surname (or corporate name), the title of the source, which is abridged if it has more than four words, and the page number. (See 14.15, 14.24-26) Ex.: 1. Linda Grant, When I Lived in Modern Times (London: Granta Books, 2000), 3. When certain bibliographic elements are missing, other details must be provided. If there is no author, the note begins with the title instead. (See 14.79) If there is no publication date, the note includes n.d. (for no date) instead. (See 14.152) If there are no page numbers, the note includes the chapter or paragraph number instead. (See 14.17) Bibliographic Entries Bibliographic entries include all the bibliographic elements needed to locate a source. Provided in a double-spaced list called Bibliography, the entries are done with a hanging indentation and arranged alphabetically according to the authors' surnames. As much as possible, the author's full first name is given; likewise, if a source has a corporate author, its full name is given not the abbreviation. (See 2.22, 14.57, 14.92) Ex.: Grant, Linda. When I Lived in Modern Times. London: Granta Books, 2000. When certain bibliographic elements are missing, other details must be provided. If there is no author, the entry is arranged alphabetically according to the title. (See 14.79) If there is no publication date, the entry includes n.d. (for no date) instead. (See 14.152) If there are no page numbers, the entry includes the section name or number instead. (See 14.160)
Books: Book titles are in italics; the first and last words and all other major words are capitalized. The edition or volume number, if any, is placed after the title. For books found online, the medium, URL or digital object identifier (DOI) is also included. (See 14.69, 14.94-95, 14.118-119, 14.265) Name of Author. Title of Book. Location: Publisher, year. Ex.: Shaw, Harry. Errors in English and Ways to Correct Them. 4th ed. New York: HaperCollins, 1993. Name of Author. Title of Book. Edited by Name of Editor. Location: Publisher, year. Ex.: Aristotle. The Basic Works of Aristotle. Edited by Richard McKeon. New York: Modern Library, 2001. When the publisher is located in a city that may be unknown or confused with another one of the same name, the city name is followed by a comma and by the standard province or state abbreviation (or by the country name). If several locations are listed, the first one should be provided. (See 14.135-136) Chapters in an edited book / works in an anthology: Chapter titles are within quotation marks; the first and last words and all other major words are capitalized. The edition or volume number, if any, is placed after the title. (See 14.111-112, 14.118) Name of Author. "Title of Contribution." In Title of Book, edited by Name of Editor, pages. Location: Publisher, year. Ex.: Mercer, Claire. "Working With Partners: NGOs and CBOs." In Doing Development Research, edited by Vandana Desai and Robert B. Potter, 94-103. London: Sage Publications, 2006. Previously published articles or chapters and unpublished source materials found in a course pack are both referenced like works in an anthology that was compiled (not edited) by the professor. (See 4.60, 14.88) Journal articles: Article titles are within quotation marks; the first and last words and all other major words are capitalized. Periodical titles (such as journals, magazines and newspapers) are in italics; the first and last words and all other major words are capitalized. If there is no issue number, the month is placed in parentheses before the year. As much as possible, online article entries should include the digital object identifier (DOI), rather than the URL. This sourcespecific alphanumeric string is usually found on the first page of scientific articles. (See 14.6, 14.176, 14.179-180, 14.184-185) Name of Author. "Title of Article." Title of Periodical volume, issue (year): pages. Ex.: Miller, Leon. "A Value-based Approach to Sustainability: The Role of Values and Culture in the Pursuit of Wealth." Development and Society 43, no. 1 (2014): 143-161. Name of Author. "Title of Article." Title of Periodical volume, issue (year): pages. Access date. DOI. Ex.: Gostin, Lawrence O. "Public Health Law in a New Century. Part II: Public Health Powers and Limits." Journal of the American Medical Association 283, no. 22 (2000): 2979-84. Accessed December 12, 2014. doi: 10.1001/jama.283.22.2979.
Podcasts: Episode titles are within quotation marks; the first and last words and all other major words are capitalized. Podcast titles are in italics; the first and last words and all other major words are capitalized. (See 8.187, 14.221, 14.280) Name of Interviewee. "Title of Episode." By Name of Interviewer. Title of Podcast. Podcast audio, Month day, year. URL. Ex.: Gates, Bill. Interview by Chris Hardwick, Matt Mira, and Jonah Ray. The Nerdist. Podcast audio, January 22, 2015. http://nerdist.com/nerdist-podcast-bill-gates/. Name of Speaker. "Title of Episode." Filmed Month year. TED video, length. Posted Month year. URL. Ex.: Scott, Sophie. "Why we laugh." Filmed March 2015. TED video, 17:04. Posted April 2015. http://www.ted.com/talks /sophie_scott_why_we_laugh?language=en. Reports: Report titles are in italics; the first and last words and all other major words are capitalized. The report number, if any, is placed after the title. For reports found online, the location, publisher and publication date are replaced by the access date and URL. (See 14.94-95, 14.249, 14.297) Name of Author. Title of Report. Location: Publisher, year. Ex.: Canada, Department of Finance. Debt Management Report: 2013-2014. Rep. No. F1-33/2014E-PDF. Accessed July 16, 2015. http://www.fin.gc.ca/dtman/2013-2014/pdf/dmr-rgd14-eng.pdf. Website content: Web page titles are within quotation marks; the first and last words and all other major words are capitalized. Website titles not in italics or within quotation marks (except for blog titles, which are in italics); the first and last words and all other major words are capitalized. (See 8.186, 14.7-8, 14.244-245) Name of Author. "Title of Web Page." Title of Website. Owner or Sponsor. Access date or Revision date. URL. Ex.: McDonald, Kara C. "Trouble Turnover on UN Security Council." CFR.org. Council on Foreign Relations. Last modified October 15, 2009. http://www.cfr.org/publication/20407/turnover_on_the_un_security_council.html. Generally speaking, you should avoid citing class notes; however, if you decide to quote, paraphrase or summarize class notes in a paper, you must reference them accordingly. Class notes taken during a lecture (1) are referenced like a lecture; printed handouts provided by the professor (2) are referenced like an unpublished manuscript; and class notes available online (3) are referenced like website content. (See 14.225-226, 14.245) 1 Name of Professor. "Title of Lecture." Lecture given in the course ABC1234, Institution, Location, Class date. 2 Name of Professor. "Title of Handout." Handout given in the course ABC1234, Institution, Location, Class date. 3 Name of Professor. "Title of Web Page." Title of Website. Owner or Sponsor. Access date or Revision date. URL. YouTube videos: YouTube video titles are within quotation marks; capitalization and punctuation are consistent with the title as it is seen on the screen. (See 14.277, 14.280) "Title of Video." YouTube video, length. Posted by "username," Month day, year. URL. Ex.: "The EVOLUTION of FILM in 3 minutes." YouTube video, 2:57. Posted by "Scott Ewing," March 21, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84v3gv0wkjk.
One Work by 2-3 Authors If a source has two to three authors, the footnote or endnote includes every author's name in the same order as on the title page. If it includes two surnames, there is no comma between them; if it includes three surnames, there is a comma between each of them. (See 14.18, 14.76) Ex.: Critical thinking is the ability to react, or to ask oneself a series of questions in order to gain a better understanding of a piece of information. 1 This ability is essential during research because doing research is "like zigzagging up and down a rocky hill through overgrown woods, sometimes in a fog, searching for something you won't recognize until you see it." 2 1. M. Neil Browne and Stuart M. Keeley, Asking the Right Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking, 10th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2011), 2-3. 2. Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams, The Craft of Research, 3rd ed. (Toronto: Nelson Education, 2008), 32. If a source has two to three authors, the bibliographic entry includes every author's name in the same order as on the title page. The first name is inverted, and each name is separated by a comma. (See 14.18, 14.76) Ex.: Browne, M. Neil, and Stuart M. Keeley. Asking the Right Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking. 10th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2011. Ex.: Booth, Wayne, C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of Research. 3rd ed. Toronto: Nelson Education, 2008. One Work by 4+ Authors If a source has four or more authors, the footnote or endnote includes the first author's name, followed by et al. (for and others). (See 14.18, 14.76) Ex.: "A student doing research is part of a community of scholars... governed by the codes of academic honesty that identify plagiarism whether intentional or accidental as a serious offence against academic integrity." 3 3. William E. Messenger et al., The Canadian Writer's Handbook, 5th ed. (Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press, 2008), 490. If a source has four or more authors, the bibliographic entry includes every author's name in the same order as on the title page. The first name is inverted, and each name is separated by a comma. (See 14.18, 14.76) Ex.: Messenger, William E., Jan De Bruyn, Judy Brown, and Ramona Montagnes. The Canadian Writer's Handbook. 5th ed. Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press, 2008.
2+ Works by the Same Author If multiple sources are written by the same author, they are cited like any other source. Ex.: Studies have shown how powerful the writing paradigm can be during treatment. 1 In fact, Pennebaker has concluded that in order for there to be both physical and psychological benefits "the mere expression of a trauma is not sufficient. Health gains appear to require translating experiences into language." 2 1. James W. Pennebaker, "Putting Stress Into Words: Health, Linguistic, and Therapeutic Implications," Behaviour Research and Therapy 31, no. 6 (1993): 539, accessed February 5, 2015, doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(93)90105-4. 2. James W. Pennebaker, "Writing About Emotional Experiences as a Therapeutic Process," Psychological Science 8, no. 3 (1997): 164, accessed February 5, 2015, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.x. In the bibliography, two or more works written by the same author are arranged alphabetically according to the titles. The first bibliographic entry includes the author's name, and subsequent entries replace the author's name by a three-em dash. (See 14.57, 14.64, 14.67) Ex.: Pennebaker, James W. "Putting Stress Into Words: Health, Linguistic, and Therapeutic Implications." Behaviour Research and Therapy 31, no. 6 (1993): 539-548. Accessed February 5, 2015. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(93)90105-4.. "Writing About Emotional Experiences as a Therapeutic Process." Psychological Science 8, no. 3 (1997): 162-166. Accessed February 5, 2015. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.x. 2+ Works in the Same Note If multiple sources are provided in the same footnote or endnote, they are separated by a semicolon and arranged according to the order in which they are cited in the text. (See 14.52) Ex.: At a local scale, the notion of place is not only a space that we occupy; it is also a part of who we are. This relationship between location and identity can easily be observed through behaviours displayed both during national holiday celebrations and during all-out war. 3 3. Philip Crang, "Local-global," in Introducing Human Geographies, 3rd ed., ed. Paul Cloke, Philip Crang, and Mark Goodwin (New York: Routledge, 2014), 8; Pyrs Gruffudd, "Nationalism," in Introducing Human Geographies, 556-557. In the bibliography, two or more works provided in the same the footnote or endnote are arranged alphabetically according to the authors' surnames. (See 14.57, 14.60) Ex.: Crang, Philip. "Local-global." In Introducing Human Geographies. 3rd ed. Edited by Paul Cloke, Philip Crang, and Mark Goodwin, 7-22. New York: Routledge, 2014. Gruffudd, Pyrs. "Nationalism." In Introducing Human Geographies. 3rd ed. Edited by Paul Cloke, Philip Crang, and Mark Goodwin, 556-567. New York: Routledge, 2014.
Block Quotations If a quotation has more than 100 words, five lines or one paragraph, it is presented as a freestanding block of text. As opposed to other quotations, it is not within quotation marks; instead, it is indented half an inch (or 1.27 cm) from the left margin and double-spaced. The note number is inserted after the period or comma. (See 2.18, 13.9-10) Ex.: Walgrave and Wouters propose three determinants to "asking others": motivation, capacity and compatibility. The first proposition builds on the straightforward idea that asking others to participate is sticking your neck out. By asking others, one publicly displays endorsement of a cause and comes out as a supporter of a movement. Not all targets of a recruiter may react positively: some may disagree with the cause, some may change their opinion about the recruiter accordingly, or some may even react in a hostile way. So, asking others comes with a cost, and not all potential participants are prepared to bear that cost. It depends on the motivation of the potential recruiter. 1 1. Stefaan Walgrave and Ruud Wouters, "The Missing Link in the Diffusion of Protest: Asking Others," American Journal of Sociology 119, no. 6 (2014): 1677, accessed January 30, 2015, doi: 10.1086/676853. In the bibliography, block quotations are referenced like any other quotation, paraphrase or summary. Ex.: Walgrave, Stefaan, and Ruud Wouters. "The Missing Link in the Diffusion of Protest: Asking Others." American Journal of Sociology 119, no. 6 (2014): 1670-1709. Accessed January 30, 2015. doi: 10.1086/676853. Modified Quotations If a quotation must be modified for the benefit of the reader, your changes or clarifications are either provided in brackets within the quotation, or provided in parentheses after the quotation. (See 13.48-52, 13.58-60) Ex.: "It [yoga] is neither a religion, nor a creed; it is a need of life, as the breath we breathe" 1 (my italics). 1. Swami Krishnananda, An Introduction to the Philosophy of Yoga (Rishikesh: Divine Life Society, 2000), PDF e-book, chap. 5. If words, clauses or sentences are omitted from a quotation, the omission is indicated by an ellipsis (...), except before the first word or after the last word within quotation marks. In the bibliography, modified quotations are referenced like any other quotation, paraphrase or summary. Ex.: Krishnananda, Swami. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Yoga. Rishikesh: Divine Life Society, 2000. PDF e-book.
Second-hand Quotations If a work is cited in another source, it is best to locate the original; however, if it cannot be found, the original work is provided in the footnote or endnote, followed by the indirect source. (See 14.273, 15.52) Ex.: In an interesting variation to the conception of literature as a reflection of the significant beliefs, values and norms of a society, Wolfenstein and Leites argue that "the common day-dreams of a culture are in part the sources, in part the products of its popular myths, stories, plays and films." 2 2. Martha Wolfenstein and Nathan Leites, Movies: A Psychological Study (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1950), 12-13, quoted in Milton C. Albrecht, "The Relationship of Literature and Society," American Journal of Sociology 59, no. 5 (1954): 426, accessed October 3, 2015, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2772244. If you must quote a quotation, the bibliography mentions the indirect source alone. (See 15.52) Ex.: Albrecht, Milton C. "The Relationship of Literature and Society." American Journal of Sociology 59, no. 5 (1954): 425-436. Accessed October 3, 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2772244. Foreign-language Quotations If a quotation must be translated for the benefit of the reader, your translation follows the foreign-language quotation in the running text or, in the case of block quotations, in a freestanding block of text. As opposed to other quotations, your translation is not within quotation marks; instead, it is provided in parentheses after the foreign-language quotation. (See 13.71-76, 14.108) Ex.: "La démarche palliative est avant tout d'ordre relationnel. C'est ce qui intéresse les soignants qui s'y vouent" 2 (The palliative approach is first and foremost a relational one, which is what attracts the caregivers who devote themselves to it; my translation). 2. Pascal Hintermeyer, "Soins palliatifs" [Palliative care], in Dictionnaire du corps [Dictionnary of the body], ed. Michela Marzano (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2007), 882. When it improves clarity, the translation alone can appear in the running text, and the original quotation can be provided in a footnote or endnote (along with the reference). If you must translate a quotation, the bibliographic entry includes a translation of the foreign-language title provided in brackets after the original title; however, if the translation is quoted from an English publication, the bibliography mentions both the foreign-language source and its translation. (See 13.71-76, 14.108) Ex.: Hintermeyer, Pascal. "Soins palliatifs" [Palliative care]. In Dictionnaire du corps [Dictionnary of the body]. Edited by Michela Marzano, 880-884. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2007.