Grammar 6: Sheet 1 Aswer Guide Passage Mara, Daughter of the Nile, p. 1: Mom or Dad: Today we itroduce semicolos, homographs, ad commo ad proper ous o the Activity Sheet. For defiitios, examples, ad/or additioal iformatio about ay of these topics, please cosult the Grammar Guide appedix located i Sectio Three. The city that rose beyod them shimmered, almost draied of 3 color, i the glare of Egyptia oo. Doorways were blue-black i white buildigs, alleys were pluged i shadow; the gay colors of the sails ad hulls that crowded the harbor seemed faded ad idistict, ad eve the gree of the Nile was overlaid by a blidig surface glitter. 3 Oly the sky was vivid, curvig i a 3 high blue arch over aciet Mefe. Whe a semicolo helps to clearly defie the breaks betwee items i a list, it acts as a strog comma. Ofte, semicolos are used whe listed items already cotai commas. I pla to feed the dog; take out the trash; ad fiish my Math, Laguage Arts ad Sciece work after dier. Exercises 1. Draw a box aroud the semicolo. How is it used i this passage? as a strog comma 44as a weak period 2. A proper ou is the ame of a particular perso, place or thig. Proper ous always begi with a capital letter. Place a check mark above each proper ou i the passage. (Egyptia, Nile, Mefe) 3. A commo ou is a geeral word that refers to a perso, place, thig or idea. Write above each commo ou i the passage. (city, color, glare, oo, Doorways, buildigs, alleys, shadow, colors, sails, hulls, harbor, gree, glitter, sky, arch) 4. Homographs are words that are spelled alike but have differet meaigs. Homographs may or may ot soud alike. The words rose ad glare are homographs. Write a meaig for each word. We have give you oe. (rose a flower; the reddish color of such a flower; glare a agry expressio) 5. Write a paragraph, modeled after this oe, that describes a city i darkess rather tha light. What colors will you see? (Aswers will vary.) F.Y.I.: Semicolos A semicolo is a puctuatio mark that ca act like a weak period or a strog comma. Whe a semicolo replaces a period i order to combie two seteces, it acts like a weak period. His hat was eormous; the flaps that covered his ears bouced i time to the rhythm of his steps. 6. This paragraph is full of descriptios of color ad light. Uderlie the words or phrases that describe color ad light. (shimmered; draied of color; glare; blue-black; white; pluged i shadow; gay colors; faded; idistict; gree; [overlaid by a] blidig surface glitter; vivid; blue) Grammar 6 d Aswer Guide d Sheet 1
Grammar 6: Sheet 36 Aswer Guide Passage The Broze Bow, p. 111: Mom or Dad: We itroduce proou case o today s Activity Sheet. prep Suddely words were echoig (i pos op cc adj s prep obj/op lv his mid). For each oe (of you) is pa prep pos/adj op frag s precious (i His sight). [Not scripture, but the words (of the carpeter).] That was what had cofused him. Rosh looked (at a ma) ad saw a thig to be used, (like a tool or a weapo). Jesus looked ad saw a child (of God). [Eve the old miser (with his moeybag)?] F.Y.I.: Proou Case prep obj prep op prep Did you kow that each persoal proou has three cases? A proou s case chages i relatio to other words. 1. Nomiative whe the proou is the subject of a setece. I hit the ball. 2. Possessive whe the proou ows somethig. My ball wet over the fece. 3. Use objective proous whe the proou is the object of the setece, so it receives or is affected by the actio from a subject. Michael soaked me with the hose. op op s v cc v art do prep op frag prep pos op op Exercises 1. For all persoal proous, write om above ay omiatives, obj above ay objectives, ad pos above ay possessives. (obj: [oe of] you; him; pos: his [mid]; His [sight]; his [moeybag]) 2. Circle the beig verbs i the passage. (were; is; was; to be) 3. Write prep above all prepositios, op above all objects of prepositios, ad draw paretheses aroud all prepositioal phrases. (i his mid; of you; i His sight; of the carpeter; at a ma; like a tool or a weapo; of God; with his moeybag) 4. Use s to label the subject of the fourth setece. If it is a proou, draw a arrow to its atecedet. (that words) 5. Uderlie the complete predicate of the fial complete setece. (looked ad saw a child of God) 6. Draw brackets aroud ad write frag above all setece fragmets. (Not scripture, but the words of the carpeter. Eve the old miser with his moeybag?) 7. Rewrite the fragmets so that they are complete seteces. (Possible aswers: These were ot scripture, but the words of the carpeter. -OR- What was echoig i his mid was ot scripture but the words of the carpeter. To Jesus, was eve the old miser with his moeybag a child of God?) 8. Aalyze the secod ad sixth seteces. (cc: For; adj: each; s: oe; prep: of; op: you; lv: is; pa: precious; prep: i; adj: His; op: sight; s: Jesus; v: looked; cc: ad; v: saw; art: a; do: child; prep: of; op: God) 9. What is the ame of the literary device that the author uses to compare the me to tools or weapos? Simile Metaphor This table shows proous accordig to case, perso ad umber of the ou. (Please see Activity Sheet.) Sheet 36 d Aswer Guide d Grammar 6
Grammar 6: Sheet 72 Aswer Guide Passage Luther, p. 55 (paraphrased): Mom or Dad: Please review participial phrases. s hv lv part/pa Somethig must be doe! s v part/adj art obj Luther said. [Followig the custom prep art op s v if (of the day)], he decided to brig adj do prep art op prep these matters (to the attetio) (of art adj op prep ger/op the church officials) (by ivitig adj adj obj prep art op his fellow professors) (to a debate). s adv v adj do prep He therefore put his thoughts (ito op sc s lv part/pa writig). Whe he was fiished, s hv v adj/i do he had writte iety-five theses, cc do prep op s v prep or ideas. (I them) he objected (to part adj op if usig idulgece moey) to build art adj do prep op cc prep a great church (i Rome), ad (to art adj op sc s v do the pope s claim) that he had power prep op prep op (over souls) (i purgatory). Exercises 1. Uderlie the exclamatory setece. (Somethig must be doe!) 2. Draw a star over the umber word. Write the rule for hypheatig umbers. (iety-five; umbers betwee twety-oe ad iety-ie require a hyphe) 3. Draw brackets aroud the participial phrase i the secod setece. (Followig the custom of the day) Sheet 72 d Aswer Guide d Grammar 6 4. Double uderlie the gerud phrase i the secod setece. (ivitig his fellow professors) 5. Rewrite the secod setece ad remove the participles ad geruds. (Example: He followed the custom of the day whe he brought these matters to the attetio of the church officials. He ivited his fellow professors to a debate.) 6. Aalyze the third setece. For a extra challege, aalyze the etire passage. (s: Somethig; hv: must; lv: be; part/pa: doe; s: Luther; v: said; part/adj: Followig; art: the; obj: custom; prep: of; art: the; op: day; s: he; v: decided; if: to brig; adj: these; do: matters; prep: to; art: the; op: attetio; prep: of; art: the; adj: church; op: officials; prep: by; ger/op: ivitig; adj: his; adj: fellow; obj: professors; prep: to; art: a; op: debate; s: He; adv: therefore; v: put; adj: his; do: thoughts; prep: ito; op: writig; sc: Whe; s: he; lv: was; part/ pa: fiished; s: he; hv: had; v: writte; adj: iety-five; do: theses; cc: or; do: ideas; prep: I; op: them; s: he; v: objected; prep: to; part: usig; adj: idulgece; op: moey; if: to build; art: a; adj: great; do: church; prep: i; op: Rome; cc: ad; prep: to; art: the; adj: pope s; op: claim; sc: that; s: he; lv: had; p: power; prep: over; op: souls; prep: i; op: purgatory) 7. Circle the correct structure of each setece. First: (Compoud) Secod: (Simple) Third: (Simple) Fourth: (Complex) Fifth (Challege): (Complex) Mom or Dad: The fifth setece icludes two clauses, yet it is very strage i that the subordiate clause that he had power over souls i purgatory is actually icorporated withi the idepedet clause. It serves as a adjective to describe the pope s claim. The idepedet clause icludes a compoud object: he objected to usig idulgece moey to build a great church...ad to the pope s claim. 8. Why might a author vary the structure of seteces i a paragraph? (Possible: variety i setece structures chages the rhythm of the seteces which reduces mootoy ad adds iterest to the piece.)
Grammar Guide Abbreviatios Abbreviatios are shorteed versios of commoly used words. Mr. (for Mister) St. (for Street or Sait) Oe of the most commo abbreviatios is Mr. to stad for Mister ad Mrs. which stads for Missus which, i itself, is a shorteed versio of Mistress. Normally, you idicate that you are usig a abbreviatio by puttig a period after the abbreviatio. Some more examples: Dr. for Drive or Doctor; Blvd. for Boulevard; etc. for etcetera. A acroym is a special kid of abbreviatio that does ot eed a period ad is proouced as oe word. NASA (Natioal Aeroautics ad Space Admiistratio) A iitialism is a special kid of abbreviatio i which each letter used to form the abbreviatio is proouced separately. Like acroyms, iitialisms do ot eed periods. FBI (Federal Bureau of Ivestigatio) Acroym (see Abbreviatios) Actio Verb (see Verb) Active Voice (see Voice) Adjective A adjective describes or modifies a ou. Gree book Sleepy girl Hot potato Adjectives add to our uderstadig of ous. If you have a box (ou), ad the say it is soft, hot, dark, ad wet, the words soft, hot, dark, ad wet are all adjectives. If you are talkig about a youg ma, youg is a adjective; it describes the ma. I yellow flower, yellow is a adjective; it describes the flower. If you are talkig about his sati shirt, his ad sati both serve as adjectives that describe the shirt. Notice that some words like soft, hot, ad dark are always ad oly adjectives. Other words like sati ad his ca serve as adjectives but are ous (sati) ad proous (his) as well. Notice, too, that eve verbs ca serve as adjectives: the shiig star, a crumpled sheet of paper. You ca strig adjectives together. The gree me ate. The three gree me ate. The three tall gree me ate. The three strog tall gree me ate. Adjectives come i oe of three forms: positive, comparative, or superlative. The positive form modifies a word without comparig it to aythig else. For example: That dog is big. The comparative form modifies a word by comparig it to oe other thig. Comparative adjectives ofte use the edig -er or the words more or less. For example: That dog is bigger tha my dog. The superlative form modifies a word by comparig it to two or more other thigs. Superlative adjectives ofte use the edig -est or the words most or least. : That dog is the biggest dog o my block. For further iformatio about special types of adjectives, see Article, Determier, ad Quatifier. Adjective/Adjectival Clause (see Clause) Adverb A adverb adds to or modifies our uderstadig of a verb. Adverbs tell us how, whe, or where the verb happeed (or is happeig or will yet happe). They ca also describe or modify our uder-stadig of a adjective or aother adverb. Ex: The gree me ate quickly. (Quickly describes how the verb ate.) The woma walked slowly. (Slowly describes the verb walked.) Josh fell dow. (Dow is a adverb because it describes the verb fall. It tells us about Josh s fallig: He fell dow) Emily will feel better tomorrow. (Tomorrow describes whe Emily will feel better.) The deep gree moss grew. (Deep describes the adjective gree.) The gree moss grew extremely quickly. (Quickly describes how the moss grew. Extremely describes the other adverb, quickly.) Here s a clue that will help you idetify may adverbs: if you fid a word that eds i -ly, it is almost assuredly a adverb. Grammar 6 d Sectio Four d Grammar Guide d 3
I the phrase talk loudly, the verb talk is modified by the adverb loudly. How did he talk? He talked loudly. Loudly adds to our uderstadig of talk. How about the phrase worked hard? Which word is the verb that tells us what happeed? (worked is the verb) Ad which is the adverb that tells us how the perso or machie worked? (hard is the adverb) How about suddely remembered? What is the verb ad what is the adverb? (remembered is the verb; suddely is the adverb) You ca fid adverbs right ext to the verbs they modify either i frot of or after the verb; ad you ca fid them at distaces from their verbs. He quickly jumped o the horse. He jumped quickly oto the horse. Quickly, the large ma jumped oto the horse. He jumped oto the gallopig horse quickly before it got away. Examples of adverbs that modify adjectives: i the phrase the very bright light, very is a adverb; it modifies the adjective bright. (Notice that very does ot modify light! You ca t have a very light!) I tremedously loud egie, tremedously is a adverb; it modifies the adjective loud; you ca have a loud egie ad a tremedously loud egie, but you ca t have a tremedously egie. Adverbs come i oe of three forms: positive, comparative, or superlative. The positive form modifies a word without comparig it to aythig else. For example: He rus fast. The comparative form modifies a word by comparig it to oe other thig. Comparative adverbs ofte use the edig -er or the words more or less. For example: He rus faster tha my dog. The superlative form modifies a word by comparig it to two or more other thigs. Superlative adverbs ofte use the edig -est or the words most or least. For example: He rus the fastest of all the dogs o my block. Adverbs add power to your writig. Use them ofte. Adverb/Adverbial Clause (see Clause) Agreemet (see Subject-Verb Agreemet) Alphabetizatio Alphabetizatio is the process of placig a series of words i alphabetical order i order from a to z begiig with the first letter of the word. Whe two words start with the same letter, the you compare their secod letters. Whe two words share the same first ad secod letters, the you compare the third letters... ad so o util you fid a letter o which they disagree. Aalogy aardvark, adjective, adverb, amber, ambulace A aalogy compares two (or more) thigs that, although otherwise dissimilar, are similar i some importat way. Aalogies are used to suggest that because two (or more) thigs are similar i some way they are also similar i some further way. For further iformatio about special types of aalogies, see Simile ad Metaphor. Phil hates receivig usolicited spam e-mail because deletig it from his ibox wastes so much time. He isists there must be some solutio to this problem o the horizo! Of course, he also used to thik that, by ow, he would t eed to cotiually pitch the juk mail that accumulates i his mailbox o a daily basis. (The aalogy i this paragraph suggests that spam e-mail, like postal juk mail, may be here to stay!) Atecedet A atecedet is the ou that a proou refers to. Emily cooked breakfast. She is a good cook. (Emily is the atecedet for the proou she.) Ate meas before or i frot of. The ou to which the proou refers usually comes before or ate the proou. Whe you say, He came, the perso you re talkig to wats to kow Who is he? To whom are you referrig whe you talk about him or he? If you aswer, Oh! I m talkig about Joh (or whoever), Joh (or whoever) is the atecedet. That is the ou to which he refers. Atecedets are extremely importat, especially whe you begi to use proous. For example, read the followig seteces: Mike ad Tim were talkig. Tim said he could marry Sarah because he did t mid if Sarah did t like him. Every proou i the secod setece must have a atecedet or a implied atecedet. Tim is obviously the oe who s talkig. Tim says he (who? Tim? Mike? Someoe else?) could marry Sarah because he (who?) did t mid if Sarah did t like him (agai, who is Tim talkig about?). Never use a proou uless you kow that its atecedet is obvious! Besides the proous where 4 d Grammar Guide d Sectio Four d Grammar 6
it is very obvious that you eed to kow the atecedet, there are a few proous where you ca usually figure out what the atecedet is... eve if o oe tells you. Atoym I/me/my you/your/yours we/us/our/ours A atoym is a word that meas the opposite of aother word. Up is the opposite of or atoym for dow Cold is the atoym for hot Out is the atoym for i. Apostrophe A apostrophe ( ) is a puctuatio mark that ca show possessio, make cotractios, or show whe letters are left out. Apostrophes are also used to make letters, umbers, ad sigs plural. the kids cookbook (the cookbook belogs to the kids) did t (did ot) I m waiti for him. (shorteed versio of waitig) Z s, 9 s, $ s Appositive A appositive is a ou or ou phrase (appositive phrase) that reames or describes the ous or proous that come immediately before it. Appositives are usually surrouded or set off by commas. Mark, first basema for the Ragers, had a strog seaso. Carme, a mother of three, barely had time to make dier. My guitar, a Ibaez, is a real beauty. Use a appositive whe you wat to say somethig importat about the subject, but you wat the setece itself to focus o somethig you cosider eve more importat. So, for example, you wat to say that Samso lost all his stregth whe he cut his hair. That is the mai message you wat to tell people. But i order for them to really uderstad what you are sayig, you eed to tell them that he was ormally a strog ma. So you isert the appositive: Samso, a strog ma, lost all his stregth whe he cut his hair. Appositive Phrase (see Appositive) Article A article is a special type of adjective. There are three articles the, a, ad a. Articles tell somethig about the ous that follow them. The dogs fight A plae flies A apple falls. The is called a defiite article, because it defies exactly which oe: the specific apple that we ve bee talkig about or the apple that we are about to talk about. The tells you that the ou that follows is a particular oe. The apple (oe specific apple) A apple (ay apple) A ad A are called idefiite articles, because you ca t be sure which particular item they are talkig about. They just say that it is some item. A ad a mea the same thig. A is used whe the ou that follows it begis with a cosoat soud. A is used whe the ou that follows it begis with a vowel soud. a boa costrictor a oe-dollar bill a at a hour Attributio A attributio is the phrase that idicates who said whatever is beig quoted. Eddie said Josh yelled Caitly laughed A attributio ca be placed before, i the middle of, or after the quotatio. Whe the attributio is before the quotatio, idetify who is beig quoted, follow that with a comma, ad the begi the quotatio. Michael said, I sure am hugry. Duae says, I love to eat Italia food. Whe a attributio is i the middle of a quotatio, attach the attributio to whatever comes before it. The, follow the attributio with a comma ad treat it ad the quotatio that follows as if the attributio were before the quotatio. I love that idea! said Amber. This will be so much fu. I m ot sure, commeted Chase, if it will work. Grammar 6 d Sectio Four d Grammar Guide d 5