MOON VALLEY HIGH SCHOOL 3625 West Cactus Road Phoenix, Arizona 85029-3198 Telephone (623) 915-8000 Fax (623) 915-8070 Anat Salyer, Principal Edwardo Lopez, Operations & Resources Luanne Ashby, Student Services Fernando Rodriguez, Discipline & Attendance GOVERNING BOARD Don DeBusk, President Sue Maland, Clerk Vicki Johnson, Member Patty Kennedy, Member Pam Reicks, Member SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS Mr. Brian Capistran Welcome, You are among the special students selected to participate in the AP English Language and Composition program at Moon Valley High School. To best direct you for a course of study that challenges you at an AP level and successfully prepares you for the AP Exam in both 11 th and 12 th grades, the College Board Advanced Placement English Committee believes that reading in an Honors or AP Level course should be both wide and deep should include the in-depth reading of texts drawn from multiple genres, periods, and culture. This summer you will be busy as you prepare to enter AP Language and Composition. The nature of the class demands that you begin the school year with the appropriate knowledge and skills necessary to prepare for the AP English Language and Composition Exam in May and the AP English Literature Exam your senior year. I invite you to begin your experience by fulfilling the required summer assignment. This assignment must be completed before the 2016-2017 school year begins. The assignment will allow you to read and to experience the reading to ensure that those inquisitive and sharp minds are prepared for the coming school year. Therefore, using the reading provided, you will practice reading, criticism, exploratory and writing skills before the actual class begins in August. The assignment is attached or can be downloaded on the MVHS AP English Language and Composition website (moonvalley.guhsdaz.org) you will need to have a hard copy of the reading to complete the summer assignment. I highly suggest you pace yourself in regards to the summer assignment; do not leave it until the week before, or even worse, the weekend before school begins. Making the most of your time with the assignments will make the first few weeks of school a smooth segue into the school year. You are expected to bring all of your assignments with you to class on August 8. If you have questions as you work through this assignment, please feel free e-mail me at: melanie.allen@guhsdaz.org. Have a happy summer; I eagerly anticipate working with you in the fall. Sincerely, Melanie Allen, M.Ed. AP English Language and Composition 1 SUCCESS: EVERY STUDENT, EVERY DAY
AP English Language and Composition Assignment Course Description: AP English Language and Composition offers students a year of intense training in reading and writing that not only prepares you for the AP Language examination, but also for successful university study and life-long learning. The class focuses on rhetorical analysis of fiction and non-fiction, including sources in non-literary disciplines, a few philosophical documents, and a sampling of British, World, and American Literature. Students learn to identify an author s purpose and analyze strategies by examining the ways people think and use language. Students read and analyze models of good writing and create their own compositions of various lengths and complexity, and participate in peer response and vigorous revision. Your Assignments: 1. Students will read The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini and complete a dialectical journal in response to the given reading. *Please note there is mature content in the novel; since this is a collegelevel class, the expectation is that we will encounter mature ideas and concepts from time to time. a. As you read, analyze from the elements of rhetorical and literary terms in the work and keep a dialectical journal of your reading. i. A good dialectical journal will include a variety of the following types of entries (an example of appropriate entries is attached): 1. Speculate on a character or on plot development 2. Clarify unfamiliar vocabulary or symbols. You may predict what you think they mean. 3. Copy short phrases and explain their impact or significance. 4. Note reactions to a point of view. 5. Effects of word choice (diction) or sentence structure or type (syntax) 6. Identify rhetorical devices used (see accompanying pages) 7. Make entries at least once every ten pages, noting page numbers in the journal. b. Your journals should move beyond personal comments and more analysis of how the author crafted the writing. You should expect this process to extend your reading time as the purpose is to help you engage and interact with the text. It gives you an opportunity to look beyond the words and determine why the author has chosen the style viewpoint, language, etc. they have used. This will help to prepare you for rhetorical analysis, argument, and synthesis you will complete in this course. c. Students will take quizzes and complete writing pieces on the reading during the first weeks of school. d. Students should not refer to Cliff Notes, Spark Notes or the like to complete this assignment. e. Plagiarism (copying two or more words from any outside source, classmates included) will NOT be tolerated. Thorough, thoughtful work where your original ideas shine through is far superior to reading the same old, worn analysis that resembles everyone else s. Remember: this is a first impression; make it count. 2. Students will complete rhetorical devices terms cards and take an exam over the terms during the first week of school. Note: the completed cards are a requirement to take the test and/or receive credit for taking the exam. 2
John Smith Instructor Allen AP Language August 8, 2016 Dialectical Journal Example Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain EVIDENCE/TEXT CHAPTER I Pg. 1 You don t know about me without me you have read a book by the name of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; but that ain t no matter. Pg. 1 I never seen anybody but lied one time or another Pg. 3 she was going to live so as to go to the good place. Well, I couldn t see no advantage in going where she was going, so made up my mind I wouldn t try for it. CHAPTER II Pg. 7 Everybody said it was a real beautiful oath, and asked Tom if he got it out of his own head. CHAPTER III Pg. 12 So I knowed, then, that this warn t pap I judged the old man would turn up again by and by, though I wished he wouldn t. Pg. 20 I took up a book and begun something about General Washington and the wars. CONCLUSIONS/DISCUSSION In the first sentence, we have an ALLUSION to Twain s earlier book. Clearly this is intended to be a sequel, but Tom Sawyer was written in a 3 rd person POINT OF VIEW. This is going to be 1 st person from Huck. Since Huck talks in the same dialect as he did in TS, I assume he s still a boy and fairly uneducated; I ll need to keep this in mind as I read. Huck seems to be hinting here that he might tell some stretchers himself. This could be another clue that I can t take everything he says at face value. IRONY: Miss Watson seems to be such a meanspirited, uncharitable woman, yet she s trying to tell Huck how to make it to Heaven. Huck doesn t want to go to the good place because he fears mean people like her will be there. Some more IRONY, to call such a vicious, violent pirate-oath beautiful. This passage also shows that Huck still looks up to Tom, trusting him even when Tom is just making up ridiculous stories. Huck is apparently still quite gullible. The fact that Twain has Huck mention this is probably FORESHADOWING. I ll bet Huck s father will be showing up soon, and he doesn t seem like a very nice guy (though maybe that s just Huck s impression of him). If I recall correctly, Huck was unable to read at all in TS: this means at least a year has passed that Huck s been going to school. This helps with SETTING. Also, Huck seems to have been right about his dad; he is really mean. 3
Rhetorical Device Terms Cards Throughout the year, AP English Language and Composition students will be analyzing a writer s use of various techniques. In order to analyze effectively, it is important students possess a common language when discussing. Directions: Using the following glossary, create a set of 3x5 flashcards with the term on the front of the card and the definition on the back of the card. (The cards should be sturdy enough to be used throughout the year.) There will be a test over these terms during the first week of class; the completed cards are a requirement in order to take the test. For further explanation and examples of these devices go to: http://virtualsalt.com/rhetoric.htm 1. A Sentential Adverb is a single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal syntax, used to lend emphasis to the words immediately proximate to the adverb. 2. Asyndeton consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. In a list of items, asyndeton gives the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. 3. Polysyndeton is the use of a conjunction between each word, phrase, or clause, and is thus structurally the opposite of asyndeton. The rhetorical effect of polysyndeton, however, often shares with that of asyndeton a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up. 4. Understatement deliberately expresses an idea as less important than it actually is, either for ironic emphasis or for politeness and tact. 5. Litotes, a particular form of understatement, is generated by denying the opposite or contrary of the word which otherwise would be used. Depending on the tone and context of the usage, litotes either retains the effect of understatement, or becomes an intensifying expression. 6. Parallelism is recurrent syntactical similarity. Several parts of a sentence or several sentences are expressed similarly to show that the ideas in the parts or sentences are equal in importance. Parallelism also adds balance and rhythm and, most importantly, clarity to the sentence. 7. Chiasmus might be called "reverse parallelism," since the second part of a grammatical construction is balanced or paralleled by the first part, only in reverse order. Instead of an A,B structure (e.g., "learned unwillingly") paralleled by another A,B structure ("forgotten gladly"), the A,B will be followed by B,A ("gladly forgotten"). \ 8. Zeugma includes several similar rhetorical devices, all involving a grammatically correct linkage (or yoking together) of two or more parts of speech by another part of speech. 9. Antithesis establishes a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them, often in parallel structure. 10. Anaphorais the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences, commonly in conjunction with climax and with parallelism. 4
11. Epistrophe (also called antistrophe) forms the counterpart to anaphora, because the repetition of the same word or words comes at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences. 12. Anadiplosis repeats the last word of one phrase, clause, or sentence at or very near the beginning of the next. 13. Conduplicatio resembles anadiplosis in the repetition of a preceding word, but it repeats a key word (not just the last word) from a preceding phrase, clause, or sentence, at the beginning of the next. 14. Epanalepsis repeats the beginning word of a clause or sentence at the end. The beginning and the end are the two positions of strongest emphasis in a sentence, so by having the same word in both places, you call special attention to it. 15. Hypophora consists of raising one or more questions and then proceeding to answer them, usually at some length. A common usage is to ask the question at the beginning of a paragraph and then use that paragraph to answer it. 16. Rhetorical question (erotesis) differs from hypophora in that it is not answered by the writer, because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no. It is used for effect, emphasis, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the facts at hand. 17. Procatalepsis, by anticipating an objection and answering it, permits an argument to continue moving forward while taking into account points or reasons opposing either the train of thought or its final conclusions. 18. Metabasis consists of a brief statement of what has been said and what will follow. It might be called a linking, running, or transitional summary, whose function is to keep the discussion ordered and clear in its progress. 19. Distinctio is an explicit reference to a particular meaning or to the various meanings of a word, in order to remove or prevent ambiguity. 20. Amplification involves repeating a word or expression while adding more detail to it, in order to emphasize what might otherwise be passed over. 21. Scesis Onomaton emphasizes an idea by expressing it in a string of generally synonymous phrases or statements. While it should be used carefully, this deliberate and obvious restatement can be quite effective. 22. Apophasis (also called praeteritio or occupatio) asserts or emphasizes something by pointedly seeming to pass over, ignore, or deny it. This device has both legitimate and illegitimate uses. 23. Metanoia (correctio) qualifies a statement by recalling it (or part of it) and expressing it in a better, milder, or stronger way. A negative is often used to do the recalling. 24. Aporia expresses doubt about an idea or conclusion. Among its several uses are the suggesting of alternatives without making a commitment to either or any. 5
25. Simile is a comparison between two different things that resemble each other in at least one way. In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation, comparing an unfamiliar thing to some familiar thing (an object, event, process, etc.) known to the reader. 26. Analogy compares two things, which are alike in several respects, for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or difficult idea or object by showing how the idea or object is similar to some familiar one. 27. Metaphor compares two different things by speaking of one in terms of the other. Unlike a simile or analogy, metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing, not just that one is like another. 28. Catachresis is an extravagant, implied metaphor using words in an alien or unusual way. While difficult to invent, it can be wonderfully effective. 29. Synecdoche is a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part, the genus for the species, the species for the genus, the material for the thing made, or in short, any portion, section, or main quality for the whole or the thing itself (or vice versa). 30. Metonymy is another form of metaphor, very similar to synecdoche (and, in fact, some rhetoricians do not distinguish between the two), in which the thing chosen for the metaphorical image is closely associated with (but not an actual part of) the subject with which it is to be compared. 31. Personification metaphorically represents an animal or inanimate object as having human attributes- -attributes of form, character, feelings, behavior, and so on. Ideas and abstractions can also be personified. 32. Hyperbole, the counterpart of understatement, deliberately exaggerates conditions for emphasis or effect. 33. Allusion is a short, informal reference to a famous person or event. 34. Eponym substitutes for a particular attribute the name of a famous person recognized for that attribute. By their nature eponyms often border on the cliche, but many times they can be useful without seeming too obviously trite. 35. Oxymoron is a paradox reduced to two words, usually in an adjective-noun ("eloquent silence") or adverb-adjective ("inertly strong") relationship, and is used for effect, complexity, emphasis, or wit. 36. Epithet is an adjective or adjective phrase appropriately qualifying a subject (noun) by naming a key or important characteristic of the subject, as in "laughing happiness," "sneering contempt," "untroubled sleep," "peaceful dawn," and "lifegiving water." 37. Hyperbaton includes several rhetorical devices involving departure from normal word order. One device, a form of inversion, might be called delayed epithet, since the adjective follows the noun. If you want to amplify the adjective, the inversion is very useful. 6
38. Parenthesis, a final form of hyperbaton, consists of a word, phrase, or whole sentence inserted as an aside in the middle of another sentence. 39. Alliteration is the recurrence of initial consonant sounds. The repetition can be juxtaposed (and then it is usually limited to two words). 40. Onomatopoeia is the use of words whose pronunciation imitates the sound the word describes. "Buzz," for example, when spoken is intended to resemble the sound of a flying insect. 41. Apostrophe interrupts the discussion or discourse and addresses directly a person or personified thing, either present or absent. Its most common purpose in prose is to give vent to or display intense emotion, which can no longer be held back. 42. Enthymeme is an informally-stated syllogism which omits either one of the premises or the conclusion. The omitted part must be clearly understood by the reader. The usual form of this logical shorthand omits the major premise. 43. Climax (gradatio) consists of arranging words, clauses, or sentences in the order of increasing importance, weight, or emphasis. Parallelism usually forms a part of the arrangement, because it offers a sense of continuity, order, and movement-up the ladder of importance. 44. Diacope: repetition of a word or phrase after an intervening word or phrase as a method of emphasis. 45. Antimetabole: reversing the order of repeated words or phrases (a loosely chiastic structure, AB- BA) to intensify the final formulation, to present alternatives, or to show contrast. 46. Antiphrasis: one word irony, established by context. 47. Epizeuxis: repetition of one word (for emphasis). 48. Aposiopesis: stopping abruptly and leaving a statement unfinished. 49. Anacoluthon: finishing a sentence with a different grammatical structure from that with which it began. 50. Enumeratio: detailing parts, causes, effects, or consequences to make a point more forcibly. 51. Antanagoge: placing a good point or benefit next to a fault criticism, or problem in order to reduce the impact or significance of the negative point. 52. Parataxis: writing successive independent clauses, with coordinating conjunctions, or no conjunctions. 53. Hypotaxis: using subordination to show the relationship between clauses or phrases (and hence the opposite of parataxis). 54. Sententia: quoting a maxim or wise saying to apply a general truth to the situation; concluding or summing foregoing material by offering a single, pithy statement of general wisdom. 7
55. Exemplum: citing an example; using an illustrative story, either true or fictitious. 56. Pleonasm: using more words than required to express an idea; being redundant. Normally a vice, it is done on purpose on rare occasions for emphasis. 57. Assonance: similar vowel sounds repeated in successive or proximate words containing different consonants. 58. Dirimens Copulatio: mentioning a balancing or opposing fact to prevent the argument from being one-sided or unqualified. 59. Symploce: combining anaphora and epistrophe, so that one word or phrase is repeated at the beginning and another word or phrase is repeated at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences. 60. Appositive: a noun or noun substitute placed next to (in apposition to) another noun to be described or defined by the appositive. Don't think that appositives are for subjects only and that they always follow the subject. The appositive can be placed before or after any noun. For further explanation and examples of these devices go to: http://virtualsalt.com/rhetoric.htm 8