Racial Profiling and the NYPD

Racial Profiling and the NYPD

Jay L. Newberry Racial Profiling and the NYPD The Who, What, When, and Why of Stop and Frisk

Jay L. Newberry Department of Geography Binghamton University Binghamton, NY USA ISBN 978-3-319-58090-6 ISBN 978-3-319-58091-3 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-58091-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017940213 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover Illustration: nemesis2207/fotolia.co.uk Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to the people who supported me through the writing of this project; to those who provided guidance, insight, wisdom, and commentary. Most importantly, I would like to thank all my colleagues at Binghamton University s Department of Geography. I would also like to thank my graduate and undergraduate research assistants who spent weeks cleaning up the SQF database and looking for trends in the data for our specific use; this includes Stephanie Brewer, Amanda Rizzi, and David Ostern. Last, but not least, I would like to thank all the wonderful people that I have not specifically mentioned who have helped along the road to completing this project. v

CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 2 In the Shadow of Lady Liberty 7 3 Broken Windows or Breaking Communities 19 4 The Impact of Broken Window on Police Practices in New York City 35 5 Analytical Methods 43 6 Analytical Results 53 7 Discussion and Conclusion 65 Index 75 vii

LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 4.1 Select stop-and-frisk data variables from 2003 to 2014 38 Fig. 5.1 The New York city study site and the areas of racial ethnic domination 49 Fig. 5.2 Stop-and-frisk basic statistics by race and ethnicity 2013 2015 50 Fig. 6.1 Hotspots for stop-and-frisk stops by group 57 Fig. 6.2 DEA results for the Black and Hispanic groups 60 Fig. 6.3 DEA results for the White group 61 ix

LIST OF TABLES Table 5.1 List of census variables used for the PCA and basic statistics for the 2012 and 2014 stop-and-frisks 47 Table 6.1 PCA Extraction Results 54 Table 6.2 Regression on the extracted dimensions 56 Table 6.3 Borough level efficiency scores for the target groups 2012 and 2014 63 Table 6.4 Precinct Efficiency of the five best and worst precincts, 2012 and 2014 63 xi