Ph D

- - ABSTRACT: A survey on the paradoxical concepts in the poems of top poets of the th and centuries The subject of this thesis is to survey the paradoxical concepts in the poems of top poets of the th th th, and centuries In this regard, the emphasis is on Nasere-Khosrow, Nezami and Saadi s poems which have been studied The method of study is library research; and on this basis, their works have been studied, notes have been taken and then this study has been compiled Paradox is a European term which has entered Persian literary topics in recent years It has been translated as "Tanaghoznemaei" and more recently as "Padnemaei" which can be studied in poetry and thought or concept What is now studied as "Tanaghoznemaei" in Persian poetry and literature is in the field of poetry which is interpreted as a "literary technique" or more recently as a "literary element" under "Badie' Ma'navi" in literary terminology However, what we have dealt with is of a quite different nature and cannot be included in this area, nor can it be interpreted as "Tanaghoznemaei"; rather it should explicitly be called "contradiction" We have criticized and assessed poets` contradictory remarks, thoughts, beliefs and claims, which are not only not considered "elements" or "literary techniques" but are generally outside this topic and are included in "literary criticism" topics Issues which, unfortunately, have been neglected and less noticed in our literary area Such studies actually require more intellectual investment, and they help the dynamic current of thought and concept more Moreover, they cause development and variety in the researcher's concept and attitude as well as their addressees Before this research, the writer was of the opinion that contradiction and contradictory thinking in any poet's poems is his flaw, indicating a weakness in his thought and personality And, the more the contradictions in a poet's poems are, the more his weaknesses and defects are, and vice versa However, in this study it was proved that the issue is quite the opposite of what we initially thought! Any poet with a more dynamic and developed flow of thought manifests this dynamism and development in a contradictory stand in his poems Each utterance and thought in each stage is indicative of his thought in that stage; and variety and his different stands reveal the growing trend of his thinking development or at least is a symbol of indefiniteness in his thought and utterance, which in a way shows lack of static and absolute attitude of the thinker For this reason, for instance, the books of Farrokhi Sistani and Naser-e- Khosrow, who are approximately contemporary and th, th

who use the same style and have almost the same number of poems, are by no means comparable from the view of contradiction in their thought and their twosided or multi-sided stands Contradictions in Farrokhi's poems hardly exceed the number of fingers in a hand and even those are trivial and negligible However, in Naser-e-Khosrow's poems, one can notice hundreds of contradictions in thought, philosophy, belief and claims While Farrokhi, a panegyrist poet of Ghaznavids, has a fixed thought and personality enjoying an unchangeable trend of life; and in spite of the fact that Naser-e-Khosrow also used to have a period as a panegyrist poet in the same court, he was revolutionized at the age of He left comfort and safety of Ghaznavids' prosperous court Seeking the truth, he set off for adventurous journeys studying religions, sects and different attitudes in his era and experienced a social and thinking life filled with ups and downs In this research, we have also dealt with Nezami and Saadi in addition to Naser-e-Khosrow The three poets have various grounds in their thinking contradictions in accordance with their attitudes, beliefs and thinking manners As mentioned before, Naser-e-Khosrow s poems had contradictions of a conceptual, philosophical and religious nature to a larger extent Whereas in the poems of Nezami, who was largely a story teller and bears the title of a "lyric poet", a lower volume of attitudinal and thought contradictions is noticed; however, throughout his works, that is, in Leili & Majnoon, Khosrow & Shirin, Makhzanolasrar, etc contradictions are more outstanding Relatively many contradictions are noticed in Saadi s poems; a poet renowned for love, cognition and ethics Type and nature of these contradictions and contradictory thinking indicate the type and nature of a poet s psychological confusion and worries Furthermore, they show how high his level of attitude and concept is By criticizing the poems and thoughts of poets in different periods, one can reach a total criticism of thoughts and concepts of societies, ethnic groups and nations, and can think if poetry in all historical periods is criticized and studied, one can draw a graph of the trend of thought, psychology and personality of a nation with all its ups and downs throughout history, and can see and can think how that particular nation has been, how it is, and how it will probably be By: Batool Karbasi Amel

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