Listen and Speak! らくらく英検 2 級 ~ 英語ができる人になる ~ 第 8 回 Cooperation & Competition Script * はじめに * この番組は英検でおなじみの 日本英語検定協会がお送りする すべての 英語ができる人 になりたい人たちのための番組です これから英検 2 級や準 2 級を目指す人はもちろん さらにその上を目指して 本当に 英語ができる人 になりたいというあなたにとって必ず役にたちますよ 後半はちょっと難しかったり 大変だったりするかもしれませんが 私 伊藤太と頼れるパートナーの Gary Scott Fine がしっかり 英語ができる人 になりたいあなたをサポートします Yes, this program will not only help you succeed on Eiken Tests, but it will also help you improve your English ability, especially listening and speaking. However, the real aim of this program is to help you learn more than English itself. We are not just interested in whether you can use English, but in what you can do with English. Program Number 8 Cooperation & Competition さて 今回のタイトル Cooperation & Competition は 協力と競争 という意味です 仲間や他者と協力し合うことも 逆に rivalry ライバル心を持って compete 競い合うことも どちらも社会的にも歴史的にも重要な意味があると言えるかもしれません この一見すると正反対のように思える cooperation と competition を英語で考えていこう というのが今回のテーマです それでは この後のヒントになるかもしれないので まずはゲーリーと私の会話を聞いてください 1
Introduction G: Hi, Futoshi. Did you see the figure skating competition at Sochi? F: Yes. I was really moved by Asada Mao s last performance. I could not help weeping for her in sympathy. But I also felt bad for her rival, Kim Yu Na. Unfortunately, Kim lost the championship because of a Russian rule. It s a shame, isn t it? G: Yes, it s too bad. But her performance was so excellent that many believe she is still the best skater. F: I agree. She showed her strength. G: You know, in an interview before the Olympics Kim was asked about her rival, Asada, and she said, She has made me stronger. I think Kim has a very strong sense of competition or rivalry, and this is a source of her strength. F: Hmm, that may be one of the reasons why she s been able to stay queen" on the ice. G: By the way, what s your secret of getting along with the queen in your home? Do you behave like a king? F: Are you kidding? I m a slave. I always obey her, wash all the dishes every day, and observe all the rules she has made. G: Futoshi, why do you choose to live as a slave in your own home? F: I d like to give you a piece of advice, Gary. Cooperation is the most important thing for a couple to get along. And the best cooperative relationship for the queen is the relationship between her and a slave, not a king. G: Well, I can see how that might work. And since you re cooperating with your queen by being her slave at home, I m glad that you and I can cooperate with each other here in the studio as partners and equals. Are you ready to begin? F: Yes, let s. G: Then let s get started on today s exercises. F: Right! Now G/F: Here we go! 2
1 Exercise 1 dialogue これから流れる男女の対話を聞いて 後の問に答えてください これから流れる対話は過去の英検に出題されたリスニング問題の一つです 実際の問題は 対話を聞いてから適当な選択肢を選ぶ形式ですが ここではちょっと頑張って ゲーリーの質問に自分の言葉を使って英語で答えてみるようにしてください いいですか もう一度言いますよ 対話を聞いた後 ゲーリーの質問に自分の言葉で答えてくださいね 二次試験の面接対策にもなりますし とても役に立ちますよ それでは 始めます Listen to the dialogue and answer the two questions that follow. 2013-1 pre-2nd No.17 (M=Man / W=Woman) M: Hello? W: Hi, Mr. Jones. This is Beth s baseball coach. Are you coming to watch our next game? M: Sure, Coach Woods. I was planning to. What can I do for you? W: We need some parents to help clean up the field before the game. I was wondering if you could help. M: No problem. I did that once last year. I ll see you there tomorrow. Answer the following questions in your own words. Question 1: What did the woman ask the man to do? Question 2: Why did the man tell the woman that he had helped clean up before? それでは 語彙と会話の表現について確認をしましょう Let s study vocabulary and expressions Listen to my Japanese and repeat after Gary in English. 1. 何かお手伝いしましょうか What can I do for you? 2. 掃除を手伝う help clean up 3. ~していただけないでしょうか I was wondering if you could ~. それでは 少し答え方についてヒントを出しましょう Beth という女の子が所属する baseball team のコーチをしている女性が 電話で Beth の父親に何か頼み事をしていますね Question 1 は その事についてそのまま答えれば大丈夫です Question 2 は Why did the man tell the woman that he had helped clean up before? と なぜその男性は女性に対して以前掃除を手伝ったことがあると伝えたのか という内容の質問です 女性が I was wondering if you could help. と遠慮がちに頼み事をしていることを考えれば 男性が相手を思いやって発言していることが分かりますね それでは この点に注意してもう一度聞いてみましょう 3
Listen to the dialogue and answer the two questions that follow. 2013-1 pre-2nd No.17 (M=Man / W=Woman) M: Hello? W: Hi, Mr. Jones. This is Beth s baseball coach. Are you coming to watch our next game? M: Sure, Coach Woods. I was planning to. What can I do for you? W: We need some parents to help clean up the field before the game. I was wondering if you could help. M: No problem. I did that once last year. I ll see you there tomorrow. Answer the following questions in your own words. Question 1: What did the woman ask the man to do? Question 2: Why did the man tell the woman that he had helped clean up before? Model answer Listen to the models and compare them with your answers. Question1: What did the woman ask the man to do? She asked him to help clean up the field before the game. Question2: Why did the man tell the woman that he had helped clean up before? Because he didn t want her to feel uncomfortable about making the request. Or In order to reassure her by showing that he was willing to cooperate. では少し確認しましょう Question1 の模範解答は She asked him to help clean up the field before the game. と ask 人 to 不定詞 ~ それから help 原形不定詞 が組み合わされた表現になっていますね これは大変よく使う形なので すらすら上手く言えるように 是非練習してください Question 2 は 女性からの依頼を承諾する際に男性が No problem. I did that once last year. と答えた理由をたずねていますね やはり人に何かを頼むのは気が引けるものです 男性はそれを察してとても自然な形で相手への理解と協力の意思を示していることが分かりましたか 女性の I was wondering if you could help. の was と could という past tense 過去形が politeness 丁寧さを示していますね これはこのシリーズ第 2 回の Past Tense & Politeness を是非参考にしてください それから 男性の What can I do for you? や女性の I was wondering if you could ~. は実際の会話でも大変よく使われる表現です このように 相手への配慮を表すことは言語を問わず その人の 会話力 を表すことにもなりますから これらの表現を自然に使えるようにしましょう 4
2 Exercise 2 passage このエクササイズでは 短い文章が読まれた後にゲーリーが1つ質問をしますので 自分が思ったことを自由に答えてください 主語と正しい答え方に注意して 聞かれたことに対してまっすぐ答えてくださいね Listen to the passage and answer the question that follows. 2013-3 2nd No.21 The horror novel Frankenstein was written by a woman named Mary Shelley. When she was just 19 years old, she and some other writers decided to have a small contest to see which of them could write the scariest short story. Mary Shelley s story was so good that the other writers suggested she turn it into a novel. She did, and Frankenstein became one of the world s most famous books. Answer the following question in your own words. Question : What was the purpose of the competition between Mary and the other writers? さあ きちんと聞き取れましたか それでは 少し語彙と英文の表現を確認しましょう Let s study vocabulary and expressions Listen to my Japanese and repeat after Gary in English. 1. 恐ろしい scary 2. 最も恐ろしい scariest 3. 提案する 勧める suggest 4. A を B にする 変える turn A into B おなじみの フランケンシュタイン が生まれたきっかけは意外なものでしたね ただし 質問自体はさほど難しくありません Mary Shelley という当時 19 歳の女性とその他数人の writers が had a small contest つまり ちょっとしたコンテストを行ったわけですが What was the purpose ~? その目的は何だったのかという質問ですね 答え方と文法に気を付けながら 焦らず確実に答えるようにしましょう それでは この点に注意して もう一度聞いてください Listen to the passage and answer the question that follows. 2013-3 2nd No.21 The horror novel Frankenstein was written by a woman named Mary Shelley. When she was just 19 years old, she and some other writers decided to have a small contest to see which of them could write the scariest short story. Mary Shelley s story was so good that the other writers suggested she turn it into a novel. She did, and Frankenstein became one of the world s most famous books. 5
Answer the following question in your own words. Question : What was the purpose of the competition between Mary and the other writers? Model answer Listen to the model and compare it with your answer. Question: What was the purpose of the competition between Mary and the other writers? Model It was to see which of them could write the scariest short story. Or It was to determine who among them could write the scariest short story. さあ どうでしたか このエピソードは competition 競争のプラスの側面を表していますね それでは ここで インドネシア出身の作家 Toba Beta の言葉を紹介しましょう I make us better by competing with you. ポジティブで力強い言葉ですね しかし 何事もコインの裏表のようにプラスとマイナスがあります つまるところ What is important is the balance between cooperation and competition. ということになるかもしれませんね Yes. I think both competition and cooperation are necessary and vital for life. Many people have said many interesting things about competition and cooperation. Let me introduce to you a website where you can read some of these things, and find some valuable thoughts and useful English phrases. The site is called www.goodreads.com. You can find the quotes on competition and cooperation if you download the script of this podcast from Eiken s website and check the link you ll find at this point in the script. http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/competition?page=1 読書家のための SNS Goodreads Goodreads は 2006 年 12 月に創業し 2007 年 1 月に公開したウェブサイト及び運営会社名である 誰でも無料で他の利用者が追記した書籍情報や注釈 批評を閲覧できる アカウントを作成することで個人用ページに図書目録や読書リストを 公開ページとして推薦図書や議論のグループを作成することができる ( ウィキペディア(Wikipedia) より) 6
Repetition Drill using the passage さあ ここからは 放送された英文について Repetition Drill を行います repetition は反復でしたね ポーズの間にゲーリーの英語をできるだけそっくりに真似してみましょう 単語の発音だけでなく イントネーションや雰囲気も真似してくださいね 1) Repetition Drill Repeat during each pause. Practice again and again, and you ll surely improve. Ready? Let s begin. The horror novel Frankenstein was written / by a woman named Mary Shelley. // When she was just 19 years old, / she and some other writers decided to have a small contest / to see which of them could write the scariest short story. // Mary Shelley s story was so good / that the other writers suggested she turn it into a novel. // She did, and Frankenstein became one of the world s most famous books. // どうでしたか 上手に真似ができると楽しいですね さあ 次は 英語ができる人 は必ずと言っていいほど練習するシャドウイングにいきます 私が実際 少しシャドウイングのお手本を示しますね ゲーリーの後に続いてシャドウイング つまり ゲーリーの言葉の影を追うような形で 聞きながらゲーリーの言葉を真似していきます 2) Shadowing Drill 1 While listening, shadow each part. (G F) The horror novel Frankenstein was written / by a woman named Mary Shelley. // When she was just 19 years old, / she and some other writers decided to have a small contest / to see which of them could write the scariest short story. // Mary Shelley s story was so good / that the other writers suggested she turn it into a novel. // She did, and Frankenstein became one of the world s most famous books. // 7
要領はつかめましたね 次は実際に自分で shadowing にチャレンジしてください shadowing は自分で speaking をするという負荷をかけながら listening をするので 筋トレと同じように 耳トレ になります 必ず listening の能力が向上しますので できるまで何度でも繰り返してください 聞く音声の方を大きくして 自分の声はあまり聞こえないようにすると一層効果が上がりますよ 2) Shadowing Drill 1 While listening, shadow each part. Ready? Let s begin. The horror novel Frankenstein was written / by a woman named Mary Shelley. // When she was just 19 years old, / she and some other writers decided to have a small contest / to see which of them could write the scariest short story. // Mary Shelley s story was so good / that the other writers suggested she turn it into a novel. // She did, and Frankenstein became one of the world s most famous books. // どうですか できるようになるとすごく楽しいし やりがいがあるでしょう 次はセンテンスの途中に区切りはありませんよ 各センテンスの間も短いですから 一気にパッセージ全体をシャドウイングできるように頑張ってくださいね できたらとても達成感が得られますよ 3) Shadowing Drill 2 Shadow the whole passage from the beginning to the end. Practice again and again. It may be much harder, but you will enjoy a feeling of accomplishment, if you can. Ready? Let s begin. The horror novel Frankenstein was written by a woman named Mary Shelley. // When she was just 19 years old, she and some other writers decided to have a small contest to see which of them could write the scariest short story. // Mary Shelley s story was so good that the other writers suggested she turn it into a novel. // She did, and Frankenstein became one of the world s most famous books. // 8
3 Challenge passage & opinion さて いよいよ最後のエクササイズ チャレンジのコーナーです ここからは一気に英語だけで進めて行きますから しっかり集中してくださいね Listen to the passage, and answer Gary s question. 2013-3 2nd No.22 The town where Stephanie lives is famous for its colorful sailboats. Every year there is a festival, and the sailboats race on the lake. Stephanie has gone to see the race many times, but this year a friend asked her to join the crew of his boat. Stephanie does not know anything about sailing, but her friend says he will teach her everything she needs to know. Now, Gary is going to make several points about the passage, and then ask you a question. Please answer his question. You should express your opinion as well as you can. According to the passage, a woman named Stephanie, who didn t know anything about sailing, was asked to take part in a sailboat race. No matter how little she knows about sailing, once she accepts the request, she will have to cooperate with other team members as well as compete with other teams. There may also be competition within the team, in other words, a rivalry with other team members. This is very natural not only in team sports, but also in the workplace and in society. Now, I would like to ask you a question. Which is more important to you, competition or cooperation? Please explain your answer. Model Now, let s listen to Futoshi. He will present a model response. Listen and compare it with your answer. I think cooperation is more important to me. Of course I understand that competition or rivalry may often increase our motivation and make us stronger. However, they are only stimuli, not action. On the other hand, cooperation is in itself action. It means that we actually work together, that is, it is a joint effort toward a goal. If we are to bring about a great success, rivalry or competition is not enough. We must work together, change our individual efforts into a greater power, and move ahead together toward a common goal. That is cooperation. That is why cooperation is more important than competition to me. 9
How was it? Could you catch what Futoshi said? Did you understand his points? Okay, now he will explain what he just said. Please listen. はい ゲーリーは ステファニーという女性が sailing つまり セーリング ヨットなどで舟を操ること について何も知らないのにもかかわらず sailboat race つまり ヨットレースに参加するよう友達から誘われたことを説明しました その上で ステファニーのセーリングの知識がどれほど少ないとしても 一旦レースへの参加を決めれば 彼女は他のメンバーと cooperate 協力しなければならない一方で 他のチームとは compete 競争しなければならないことを指摘しました そして チームの中にあっても他のメンバーと競争することになるかもしれないし そうしたことはチームスポーツだけに限られないとした上で Which is more important to you, competition or cooperation? という good question を提示してくれました これに対して私は cooperation を more important だとする根拠として competition や rivalry はよい刺激になるかもしれないけれど 刺激でしかないこと on the other hand 一方で cooperation はそれ自体がすでに行動であることを前回同様に 対比 という技術を使って指摘しました 加えて このシリーズの第 3 回 第 4 回 第 5 回で説明した もし~なら と 仮説 を使って根拠を補強する方法を使ったのが分かりましたか この辺りに注意してもう一度聞いてください それから どちらの方法も大変役に立つ方法ですから 是非 英検のウェブサイトからスクリプトをダウンロードして確認してくださいね Now, let s listen to Futoshi again. Please listen carefully, and focus on his opinion, and the way in which he expresses it. I think cooperation is more important to me. Of course I understand that competition or rivalry may often increase our motivation and make us stronger. However, they are only stimuli, not action. On the other hand, cooperation is in itself action. It means that we actually work together, that is, it is a joint effort toward a goal. If we are to bring about a great success, rivalry or competition is not enough. We must work together, change our individual efforts into a greater power, and move ahead together toward a common goal. That is cooperation. That is why cooperation is more important than competition to me. 10
Closing Dialogue G: Futoshi, I m not sure that cooperation is really more important than competition. F: Why not? G: Well, it s generally not cooperation but competition that makes things start. Do you remember our discussions for our second Podcast? F: Yes. It was at the beginning of last August. In the process of making the script, we were both a little stubborn and had heated debates. G: Yeah, actually we competed in order to persuade each other. As soon as I sent an email to you, you fiercely wrote back an opposing view with an unbelievably long passage. It was not only a good start, but has also become a good memory, hasn t it? F: Yes, definitely, a good memory. G: At first we tried to beat each other, but through the debates, we came to understand each other s views, and by finding meeting points in many respects we successfully got over our differences. Then we reached our common goal as a team! F: Yeah, it was really a great experience. I believe we have become a good team through, so to speak, cooperative competition. G: I completely agree with you, Futoshi. That was real cooperation, indeed. F: So, you agree cooperation is, if anything, more important than competition or rivalry. G: I didn t say that. Rivalry is just as important as cooperation. F: Oh, boy G: Shall we have another heated debate? さあ 今回のレッスンはどうでしたか 後半は少し難しかったかもしれませんね 是非 英検のウェブサイトからスクリプトをダウンロードして復習してください それから何度も聞き直して 自分でも話せるように練習してみてくださいね Repetition や Shadowing だけでなく 話す内容の構成を組み立てること そして相手に伝えること こうしたトレーニングを続ければ あなたも必ず 英語ができる人 になります ところで今回 第 8 回目のタイトルは Cooperation & Competition でした 実際にはどちらも大切な要素ですが 本当に大事なのはそのバランスなのかもしれませんね とは言え debate は 英語ができる人 になる近道の一つです 皆さんもどちらが more important かを英語で debate してみてはどうでしょう Well, then See you next time! 11
< 講師陣プロフィール > 伊藤太 (Futoshi Ito) 大手予備校 有名進学塾等で英語講師を務め 東大クラス 医学部コース等を担当 作成した教材から東大 筑波大等の入試長文問題を的中 コーチングを取り入れた研修方法を確立し 数多くの講師 教員の授業力 授業アンケート向上に寄与 現在 多数の私立学校にコンサルタント アドバイザーとして関わるとともに ネイティブスピーカーを含む学校教員 予備校講師 (100 名超 ) のコーチを務める ゲイリー スコット ファイン (Gary Scott Fine) オレゴン州ポートランド出身 スタンフォード大学大学院修士課程修了 ( 東アジア研究 ) 南カリフォルニア大学大学院修士課程修了 ( 映画 テレビ研究 ) 現在 東海大学教育研究所准教授 主な研究テーマはエンターティーメントメディアを通じた第二言語習得 朝日新聞 土曜版 ENGLISH JOURNAL ( アルク ) CNN ENGLISH EXPRESS ( 朝日出版社 ) に映画 ドラマに関わる英語コラムを連載中 NHK 教育テレビ アルクヒアリングマラソン等多数の番組で出演及びテキスト執筆で活躍 12