関係詞 1 I have a brother () is a pilot for an international airline. Here is a book () is full of pictures. This is the man () I asked the way yesterday. A man () name was John Smith came to see me. This is all the money () I have with me. ac the ideas found in ikebana have also had a powerful impact on daily life some very successful U.S. and European companies include these ideas in their designs of consumer products Japanese style also influences artists, designers, and creative professionals around the world The students are all my friends. They are talking over there. The students. Is this the book? You bought it yesterday. Is this the book? She is the actress. We saw her the other day. She is the actress. The house was built ten years ago. Its roof is blue. The house. ( our team / someone / coach / need / can / we / who ). ( a song / us / touched / was / there / which ). ( my neighbors / the women / to / was / are / talking / I / whom ). ( will open / is / garden / very beautiful / the art museum / whose ) soon. soon. ( Mark / subject / history / the only / likes / is / that ). 16 1
I have an aunt ( ) lives in the United States. who whose whom which This is the hotel ( ) I visited last year. which how when where A boy ( ) name was Ken broke the window. who whose whom which This is all ( ) I know about it. which that what how I will tell you ( ) he told me. that who what which The girl in the short skirt is a good tennis player. The girl ( ) is wearing the short skirt plays tennis well. Jane has a dog which has white ears. Jane has a dog ( ) ears are white. China is a very big country with a long history. China is a very big country ( ) ( ) a long history. I have a friend. I often play catch with him. I have a friend with ( ) I often play catch. I ( the camera, me, like, Ken, gave, which ). This is ( about, speaking, she, the man, was ). 2 12 10 1 20 Japan s global influence can be seen in the popularity of its culture. Manga and anime are obviously very popular. But (a). In particular, Japanese design ideas relating to simplicity are very popular outside of Japan. Traditional arts like bonsai and ikebana create clean, simple shapes from nature. Therefore, ikebana artists remove flower parts that hide these simple shapes. This reveals the clean, simple beauty of flowers. In turn, similar ideas have influenced the appearance of many objects in Japanese life. For example, the idea of wabi, or simple beauty, appears in Japanese food, home design, and cooking tools. Outside of Japan, wabi and similar ideas of simplicity are called *minimalism. This was an important artistic movement in Western countries starting in the late s. Many Western artists from this period were strongly influenced by Japanese design and Zen Buddhism. Therefore, they created paintings and sculptures based on simple shapes and lines. Similarly, architects and home designers were influenced by minimalism and Japanese style. Since then, many Japanese design ideas, like wabi-sabi, mono no aware, and iki, became popular among artists and creative professionals around the world. Japanese ideas like wabi continue to have a strong influence today. For example, (b). They have also copied Japanese packaging and gift-wrapping in their product boxes. These companies are known around the world for their successful use of minimalism and Japanese design. The global influence of Japanese culture is very clear in anime and video games. However, (c). These ideas shape the appearance of homes and other items that people in many countries use every day. ORIGINAL MATERIAL *minimalism 関係詞わび Choose ( any, books, to read, two, you, want ). My grandfather, ( is, is, eighty, healthy, over, very, who ). 2 1
関係詞 3 Friday 1 is the day 2 sailors do not like 3 to sail. (when) There are 1 times 2 everyone 3 needs to be alone. (when) Now 1 is the time 2 we have 3 to make a decision. (when) I don t like 1 to live in 2 a house 3 privacy is not protected. (where) The cafeteria 1 we ate 2 lunch yesterday 3 wasn t very good. (where) The room 1 the wine 2 is kept 3 is below ground level. (where) I would like to visit the town in which I grew up. I would like to visit the town ( ) I grew up. Do you remember the day on which the spacecraft landed on the moon? Do you remember the day ( ) the spacecraft landed on the moon? We are living in an age in which pollution has become a global problem. We are living in an age ( ) pollution has become a global problem. This is the store at which we buy vegetables. This is the store ( ) we buy vegetables. 14 3
My sister has some books ( Let s find a river ( Father would often tell us about the days ( I ll go to the town ( They are the girls ( There was a time ( Kyoto is the city ( ) are written in Spanish. ) we can catch plenty of fish. ) they call Everson. ) I handed the candies. ) Nara was the capital of Japan. ) my mother was born. The time will come when we can travel to the moon. Kyoto is where my mother was born. April is when school begins in Japan. ) we were very young. 4 11 10 1 20 People in many countries have begun using Japanese-style emoji. Recently, a popular U.S. cellphone company started offering emoji. After that, it became more common for American adults to use these cartoon symbols in text messages and e-mails. Since this phone is popular in other countries, lots of people outside Japan are using emoji, too. Before this, many Americans used a smaller set of symbols called emoticons. These included cartoon hearts, smiling faces, and other simple images. The same English word, emoticon, is used for symbols like :-) and ;-). These are created from letters and symbols on keyboards. In the U.S., :-) and ;-) can mean I m happy, I m telling a joke, or lots of other things. The meaning depends on the situation. Large sets of emoji, however, offer Americans many more choices. A Japanese phone company invented the first set of emoji in. Before that, another Japanese company let people add heart symbols to messages. At that time, people in Japan also used kaomoji such as (-_-). Like U.S. emoticons, kaomoji combined letters and symbols from keyboards. Emoji were much easier to create on cellphones. They also helped people show how they were feeling. This is difficult to tell from short messages like I m minutes late. Emoji soon became popular with teenagers. In turn, this helped the Japanese mobile phone culture grow faster than in other countries. The first set of emoji included symbols. Today, the standard set in the U.S. includes symbols. Nevertheless, the most popular symbols are happy faces, hearts, and sad faces. In both Japan and the U.S., adults are sometimes confused by how young people use emoji. This is because there are so many different combinations. One writer even created a version of the classic novel Moby Dick told with emoji. Groups of friends often develop special meanings for emoji. Therefore, the same symbol can mean different things to different people. ORIGINAL MATERIAL this emoticons 関係詞絵文字 4 13
不定詞 Computers and cellphones can translate every literary work. Travelers may offend native speakers with impolite questions. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a word. Travelers don t have to wait to get translations from phone companies. Cellphones are perfect; we can read foreign street signs and e-mail messages very clearly. We may travel to foreign countries without studying foreign languages. It is good for the health to keep early hours. () My grandmother lived to be ninety. () He was happy to get a gold medal at the Olympics. () Would you like something to drink? () We went to Kyoto to see some temples. () I was very surprised to hear that. What should I do to improve this sentence? What is the best way to learn English? To speak French is difficult. He grew up to be a great pianist. I don t know ( how, what, why ) to use the new printer. Have you decided ( who, where, what ) to go? My father told me ( not, to not, not to ) drive so fast. I saw a boy ( to eat, eat, eaten ) sweets. ( It, That, This ) is fun to travel abroad. ( me / trouble / promised / not / again / to / he ). ( the moon / man / walk / was / first / the / to / on / he ). ( a match / natural / nervous / before / get / to / it s ). 12
Mary went to the department store, ( ) she? did wasn t doesn t didn t You were absent from school yesterday, ( ) you? didn t wasn t weren t were Your sister doesn t live in Nagoya, ( ) she? don t does doesn t do Tom won t join our club, ( ) he? does was will won t You have finished your homework, ( ) you? hasn t have didn t haven t Mary has many books, ( ) ( )? Your brother can swim, ( ) ( )? Let s go fishing, ( ) ( )? Open the window, ( ) ( )? The movie wasn t interesting, ( ) ( )? She isn t from Canada, is she? ( ) Please tell me when your mother will arrive. ( ) She asked him why he did such a thing. ( ) I don t know ( to / come / he / Japan / when / will ). Do you know ( she / lives / where )? I wonder (the / is / box / what / in ). Tell me ( come / didn t / to / you / school / why ) yesterday. 6 10 10 1 20 文の種類 文の構造機械翻訳 Travel to foreign countries used to be harder than it is today. It was more expensive, and travelers had to do much more work. Unless a native speaker could help them, they had to learn lots of foreign phrases. This ( them / simple / ask / allowed / to / questions ) like Where is the airport? or What is your name? Travelers brought books of these phrases on trips. Today, computers and cellphones can translate words and sentences from other languages. Many travelers use these devices instead of foreign phrase books. Computer translations are not perfect, but they have improved a lot in the last ten years. They work best with common phrases like Thank you. It is much harder to translate complicated sentences from poems or novels. It is also difficult to translate jokes. Social customs are also hard. So travelers may find it difficult to ask questions in a way that is respectful of local customs. One of the biggest challenges is speech. In order to translate speech, computers must analyze what travelers say in their native language. Computers break words down into smaller sounds. These are called phonemes. Then they analyze how these sounds are usually translated. After that, they play the correct sounds in the foreign language. Computers do not understand languages like people do, but they translate speech quickly. When travelers use their cellphones to translate, they speak to computers owned by phone companies. They usually wait a few seconds for translations. Computer translations have made travel easier. It is still difficult to have a natural conversation in a foreign language like German or Arabic. However, cellphones allow travelers to translate simple phrases. They also have similar programs that read foreign street signs and e-mail messages. These tools are not perfect. However, they are good enough in most situations. In the future, travelers may no longer study foreign languages. Instead, they may let machines do all the work. ORIGINAL MATERIAL 6 11
否定 疑問表現 American teenagers ( ) can lead a lazy life with their friends during the summer holidays if they wish. can join a lot of summer camps, but some of them are so hard that they often lose weight. usually enjoy several different activities during one summer vacation. work hard to earn enough money to join summer camps or summer schools. The man following Susan ( ) was her bodyguard, and Susan loved him very much. had a hobby of driving limousines. was a Hollywood movie star. always protected her and piloted a helicopter for her when necessary. Susan ( ) was always afraid of the man following her around and wanted a life without him. was from a very rich family, and I was little interested in her story. had similar problems as normal children, though she was really rich. was quite excited when I told her of my everyday life. 1 exhausted surprised excited satisfied tired (A) Anyway, I will never forgive the headmaster who had to stop this summer camp because of his evil deeds. But I m sure I won t forget my impressions of the camp for a long time. I would like to visit Bainbridge House again next summer to enjoy the special summer holidays. Susan, who is now living next door to me, also agreed to my opinion. 7 You can t be ( ) careful when you drive a car. very much too He is ( ) clever than his brother. so less much We cannot ( ) laughing at his joke. but help without His composition in English leaves ( ) to be desired. nothing only still Where does he live? do you know Who broke the window? do you think Some of them are kind but others are not. all of them There is no mother ( ) loves her child. Not ( ) student likes sports. Didn t you buy a new TV set? ( ), I ( ). ( ) is more pleasant than fishing. Is the news true? I m ( ) ( ). 10 7