RESOLVING THE CYPRUS CONFLICT
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Resolving the Cyprus Conflict Negotiating History Michális Stavrou Michael
RESOLVING THE CYPRUS CONFLICT Copyright Michális Stavrou Michael, 2009. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-62002-5 All rights reserved. First published in 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN in the United States a division of St. Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-0-230-11674-0 ISBN 978-0-230-10338-2 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230103382 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Michael, Michális S. Resolving the Cyprus conflict : negotiating history / Michalis Stavrou Michael. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Cyprus History Cyprus Crisis, 1974 2. Cyprus Politics and government 1960 3. Cyprus International status. I. Title. DS54.9.M535 2009 956.9304 dc22 2009011017 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: November 2009 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
... to the lost homelands and generations of Cyprus
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Contents List of Maps Acknowledgments ix xi Introduction: The Cyprus Conflict 1 1 Identifying the Sources of the Conflict 7 2 A Prisoner s Dilemma 37 3 Faltering UN Involvement 79 4 The End of an Era? 113 5 Toward Annan s European Solution 145 Conclusion: And bring all Cyprus Comfort 191 Notes 207 Bibliography 259 Index 275
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List of Maps 2.1 Cyprus Post-1974 38 2.2 1977 Greek Cypriot Map 53 2.3 1978 Turkish Cypriot Map 57 4.1 Boutros-Ghali s Map of 1992 127 5.1 Annan Map 2004 175
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Acknowledgments This book has been a part of my life for many years. Its completion brings to an end what has been a long but rewarding path of research, discovery, memory, narrative, and finally conclusion. It was not often easy to maintain the momentum, and certainly there were times when I felt it would never come to fruition. In this respect the project threatened to emulate its subject matter. There are many people who, in various ways and at different junctures, contributed to this project. Foremost I wish to thank my colleague, friend, and teacher Joseph Camilleri, who guided me through this scholastic journey and constantly challenged my thinking and presumptions. The support of my family was crucial at all times, in particular during the final stages. I want to especially thank my wife Maria Vamvakinou for her support, tolerance, and encouragement throughout this endeavor. I also want to acknowledge the assistance of Alexander Kouttab, Larry Marshall, and Alex Keeble for their invaluable assistance and excellent work as they proofread their way through hundreds of pages. I am indebted to Anastasia Andreou for her thorough resolve and audacious persistence to trace several minute details for me, including the number of the elusive Nicosia-Rome Alitalia flight scheduled for July 20, 1974. The author and publishers wish to thank Cartographer Vladimir Bessarabov and the Cartography Section, Department of Peacekeeping Operations, at the United Nations, for permission to reproduce copyright material: Cyprus post-1974, 1977 Greek Cypriot Map, 1978 Turkish Cypriot Map, Boutros-Ghali s Map of 1992, and the Annan Map 2004 ; thanks also to Map Librarian Brenda Brookes, at the Dag Hammarskjöld Library, and Alex Skevofylakas for their assistance in providing access to, converting, and supplying the aforementioned maps. Every effort has been made to trace the rights holders of copyright material, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers would be pleased to make the necessary arrangements to obtain permissions at the first opportunity.
xii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book would not have been possible without the foresight and commitment of my publishers, Palgrave Macmillan. In particular I wish to thank Farideh Koohi-Kamali, her capable assistants Asa Johnson and later Robyn Curtis, as well as Samantha Hasey for all their assistance, professional dedication, and guidance. I am also indebted to the reviewers for their commentary, which has helped improve the original manuscript. The views conveyed in this book are exclusively those of the author. Finally, I wish to dedicate this work to my late father, Stavros, and to my mother Xenia, who, having endured dislocation from their beloved Ayios Epiktitos, 1 Kyrenia, never lost hope that one day the partition of Cyprus would cease. As each generation invests its hopes and aspirations in the hands of their children, I also dedicate this book to my children Stavros and Stella, in the hope that their generation will learn to live in peace and harmony in a world without borders.