Study this example situation:

Study this example situation: Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has Lost his key. He has Lost his key= He lost it recently, and he still doesn't have it. Have/has Lost is the present perfect simple: 1/we/they/you have (=I've etc.) he/she/it has (= he's etc.) finished Lost done been etc. The present perfect simple is have/has+ past participle. The past participle often ends in -ed (finished/decided etc.), but many important verbs are irregular (Lost/done/written etc.). For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1. When we say that 'something has happened', this is usually new information: 0 Owl I've cut my finger. 0 The road is closed. There's been (there has been) an accident. 0 (from the news) Police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery. When we use the present perfect, there is a con nection with now. The action in the past has a result now: 0 'Where's your key?' 'I don't know. I've Lost it.' (=I don't have it now) 0 He told me his name, but I've forgotten it. (= I can't remember it now) 0 'Is Sally here?' 'No, she's gone out.' (=she is out now) 0 I can't find my bag. Have you seen it? (= Do you know where it is now?) Note the difference between gone (to) and been (to): 0 james is on holiday. He has gone to Italy. (= he is there now or on his way there) 0 Jane is back home now. She has been to Italy. (=she has now come back) You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet. just = a short time ago: 0 'Are you hungry?' 'No, I've just had lunch.' 0 Hello. Have you just arrived? We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected: 0 'Don't forget to pay your electricity bill.' 'I 've already paid it.' 0 'What time is Mark leaving?' 'He's already Left.' Yet = until now. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences: 0 Has it stopped raining yet? 0 I've written the email, but I haven't sent it yet. You can also use the past simple (did, went, had etc.) in the examples on this page. So you can say: 0 'Is Sally here?' 'No, she went out.' or 'No, she's gone out.' 0 'Are you hungry?' 'No, I just had lunch.' or 'No, I've just had lunch.' Present Units 8, 11 Been Units 8A, 126A Present perfect Units 9-10 Present perfect and Units 12-14 Yet and Unit 111 American Appendix 7

Exercises Unit 7 Read the situations and write sentences. Use the following verbs in the present perfect:. arnve break fall go up grow 1mprove lose 1 Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. Tom...... 2 Lisa can't walk and her leg is in plaster. Lisa............ 3 Last week the bus fare was 1.80. Now it is 2. The bus fa re........... 4 M aria's English wasn't very good. Now it is better. Her English... 5 Dan didn't have a beard before. Now he has a beard. Dan......... 6 This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it. 7 The temperature was 20 degrees. Now it is only 12. The letter.............. The.................. Put in been or gone. 1 James is on holiday. He's.. gone. to Italy. 2 Hello! I've just......... to the shops. I've bought lots of things. 3 A lice isn't here at the moment. She's............... to the shop to get a newspaper. 4 Tom has... out. He'll be back in about an hour. 5 'Are you going to the bank?' 'No, I've already.......... to the bank.' - Complete B's sentences. Make sentences from the words in brackets. A 1 Would you like something to eat? No, thanks..1.... W..nQ1.. (I I just I have I lunch) 2 Do you know where Julia is? Yes,........................ (I I just I see I her) 3 What time is David leaving? (he I already I leave) 4 What's in the newspaper today? I don't know................. (I I not I read I it yet) 5 Is Sue com ing to the cinema with us? No,............. (she I already I see I the film) 6 Are your friends here yet? Yes,................. (they I just I arrive) 7 What does Tim think about your plan? (we I not I tell I him y et) B Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet. 1 After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says, 'Would you like something to eat?' You say: No thank you.. 1:.v.e wn<j:j.... (have lunch) 2 joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the ca ller says, 'Can I speak to joe?' You say: I'm afraid......................................................... (go out) 3 You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away. You say: Wait a minute!............. (not I finish) 4 You plan to eat at a restaurant tonight. You phoned to reserve a table. Later your friend says, 'Shall I phone to reserve a table?' You say: No,................................ (do it) 5 You know that a friend of yours is looking for a place t o live. Perhaps she has been successfu l. Ask her. You say:......................................? (find) 6 You are still thinking about where to go for your holiday. A friend asks, 'Where are you going for your holiday?' You say:................................. (not I decide) 7 Linda went shopping, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks, 'I s Li nda still out shopping?' You say: No,.............................. (come back) 15

Study this example conversation: DAVE: JANE: DAVE: JANE: DAVE: JANE: Have you travelled a lot, jane? Yes, I've been to lots of places. Really? Have you ever been to China? Yes, I've been to China twice. What about India? No, I haven't been to India. past jane's life (a period until now) When we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now, we use the present perfect (have been I have travelled etc.). Here, Dave and jane are talking about the places jane has visited in her life, which is a period that continues until now. now Some more examples: Have you ever eaten caviar? C We've never had a car. C 1 Have you read Hamlet?' I No, I haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays.' '= Susan really loves that film. She's seen it eight times! 0 What a boring film! lt's the most boring film I've ever seen. Been (to)= visited: Cl I've never been to China. Have you been there? In the following examples too, the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now (recently I in the Last few days I so far I since breakfast etc.): Have you heard anything from Brian recently? C I've met a lot of people in the Last few days. 0 Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems so far. 0 I'm hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. (=from breakfast until now) past 0 lt's good to see you again. We haven't seen each other for a Long time. recently., - in the last few days... -- since breakfast In the same way we use the present perfect with today I this evening I this year etc. when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking (see also Unit 14B): 0 I've drunk four cups of coffee today. 0 Have you had a holiday this year? C I haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you? U Rob hasn't worked very hard this term. ----today past now \ now We say: lt's the (first) time something has happened. For example: 0 Don is having a driving lesson. lt's his first one. lt's the first time he has driven a car. (not drives) or He has never driven a car before. 0 Sarah has lost her passport again. This is the second time this has happened. (not happens) C Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. That's the third time he's phoned her this evening. This is the first time Present perfect 1 _. Unit 7 Present perfect+ for/since_. Units 11-12 Present perfect and past _. Units 12-14

Exercises You ask people about things they have done. Write questions with ever. 1 (ride I horse?).... H9.0.. ever........................................ 2 (be I California?) Have......................................... 3 (run I marathon?)............... 4 (speak I famous person?).................... 5 (most beautiful place I visit?) Whafs................. Complete B's answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use these verbs: be be eat happen have A have meet play read see try B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 What's Mark's sister like? Is everything going well? Are you hungry? Can you play chess? Are you enjoying your holiday? What's that book like? Is Brussels an interesting place? I hear your car broke down again yesterday. Do you like caviar? I've no idea. I \e.. met her. Yes, we.. Yes. baa... any problems so far. I........... much today. Yes, but....... for ages. Yes, it's the best holiday............... for a long time. I don't know................ it. I've no idea. Yes, it's the second time... this month. I don't know............... it. 10 Mike was late for work again today. Again? He lat e every day this week. there. 11 Who's that woman by the door? I don't know......... her before. Write four sentences about yourself. Use I haven't and choose from the boxes. used a computer been to the cinema travelled by bus read a book eaten any fruit lost anything 2.......... 3...... 4....................... 5..... today this week recently for ages SinCe... this year Read the situations and write sentences as shown in the example. 1 jack is driving a car, but he's very nervous and not sure what to do. You ask:.... HO.(A...... c&... QA.r............... He says:... No.)................ CQ-.f................................... 2 Ben is playing t ennis. He's not good at it and he doesn't know the rules. You ask: Have........................ He says: No, this is the first........................................... 3 Sue is riding a horse. She doesn't look very confident or comfortable. You ask:........................................................... She says:. 4 M aria is in Japan. She has just arrived and it's very new for her. Yo u ask:...................... She says:.............................................. 17

lt has been raining Study this example situation: Is it raining? No, but the ground is wet. lt has been raining. Have/ has been -ing is the present perfect continuous: r--, I I doing 1/we/ they/you have (= I ve et c.) b.. h ( h, ) een I waatang e/she/it has - e s et c. L.._I------'--p ayang etc. We use the present perfect continuous for an activity t hat has recently stopped or just stopped. There is a connection with now: 0 You're out of breath. Have you been running? (= you're out of breath now) 0 Paul is very tired. He's been working very hard. (= he's tired now) C Why are your clot hes so dirty? What have you been doing? 0 I've been talking to Amanda about the problem and she agrees with me. 0 Where have you been? I've been Looking for you everywhere. lt has been raining for two hours. Study this example situation: lt began raining two hours ago and it is still raining. How long has it been raining? lt has been raining for t wo hours. We use the present perfect cont inuous in t his way especially with how Long, for... and since... The activity is still happening (as in this example) or has just stopped. 0 How Long have you been Learning English? (=you're still learning English) 0 Tim is still wat ching TV. He's been watching TV all day. 0 Where have you been? I've been Looking for you for the Last half hour. 0 Chris hasn't been feeling well recently. You ca n use the present perfect cont inuous for actions repeated over a period of time: 0 Silvia is a very good t ennis player. She's been playing since she was eight. 0 Every morning they meet in t he same cafe. They've been going t here for years. Compare I am doing (see Unit 1) and I have been doing: I I am doing present continuous now C Don 't disturb me now. I'm working. C We need an umbrella. lt 's raining. C Hurry up! We're waiting. I have been doing present perfect continuous now C I've been working hard. Now I'm going t o have a break. C Th e ground is wet. lt's been raining. C We've been waiting for an hour. Present perfect continuous and simple -+ Units 10-11 Present perfect+ for/ since -+ Unit s 11-12

Exercises What have these people been doing or what has been happening? CD noij earlier earlier They......?.h.O..P..P.Lr\9........ She............ w (1) earlier earlier now They... H e.......................... Write a question for each situation. 1 You meet Paul as he is leaving the swim ming pool. You ask: (you I swim?).................. 2 You have just arrived to meet a friend w ho is wait ing for you. You ask: (you I wait I long?)................. 3 You meet a friend in the st reet. His face and hands are very dirty. You ask: (w hat I you I do?)............................ 4 A friend of yours is now working in a shop. You want t o know how long. You ask: (how long I you I work I there?)................. 5 A friend t ells you about his j ob- he sells m obile phones. You want t o know how long. You ask: (how long I you I sell I m obile phones?)....... Read the situations and complete the sentences. 1 lt's raining. The ra in st arted two hours ago. lt.. ).?.. rw.lng... for two hours. 2 W e are waiting for the bus. We started waiting 20 minutes ago. W e.......................... for 20 minutes. 3 I'm lea rning Spanish. I started classes in December. I....................... since December. 4 Jess ica is working in a supermarket. She started w orking t here on 18 January................................ since 18 January. 5 Our friends always spend t heir holidays in It aly. They started going t here years ago........................... for years. Put the verb into the present continuous (I am -ing) or present perfect continuous (I have been -ing). 1..... h<as.. (M aria I learn) English for two years. 2 Hello, Tom........... _............... (I I look) for you. Where have you been? 3 Why................... (you I look) at me like t hat? St op it! 4 Linda is a t eacher...... (she I t each) for t en years. 5.................. (I I think) about w hat you said and I've deci ded t o take your advice. 6 'Is Paul on holiday t his week?' 'N o,..................... (he I work).' 7 Sarah is very tired.......................... (she I work) very hard recently. 19

Study this example situation: I've been painting my bedroom. I've painted my bedroom. There is paint on Kate's clothes. She has been painting her bedroom. Has been painting is the present perfect continuous. We are thinking of the activity. lt does not matter whether it has been finished or not. In this example, the activity (painting the bedroom) has not been finished. Her bedroom was green. Now it is yellow. She has painted her bedroom. Has painted is the present perfect simple. Here, the important thing is that something has been finished. Has painted is a completed action. We are interested in the result of the activity (the painted bedroom), not the activity itself. Compare these examples: Q My hands are very dirty. I've been repairing my bike.,-. joe has been eating too much recently. He should eat less. I\ lt's nice to see you again. What have you been doing since we last met? 0 Where have you been? Have you been playing tennis? C My bike is OK again now. I've repaired it. C Somebody has eaten all the chocolates. The box is empty. C Where's the book I gave you? What have you done with it? C Have you ever played tennis? We use the continuous to say how long (for something that is still happening): '--- How long have you been reading that book? Cl Lisa is writing emai ls. She's been writing emai ls all morning. 0 They've been playing tennis since 2 o'clock. 0 I'm learning Arabic, but I haven't been Learning it very long. We use the simple to say how much, how many or how many times:..= How much of that book have you read? C Lisa is writing emails. She's sent lots of emails this morning. C They've played tennis three times this week. C I'm learning Arabic, but I haven't learnt very much yet. Some verbs (for example, know/like/ believe) are not normally used in the continuous:.., I've known about the problem for a long time. (not I've been knowing) 0 How long have you had that camera? (not have you been having) For a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A. For have, see Unit 17. But note that you can use want and mean in the present perfect continuous: U I've been meaning to phone Jane 1 but I keep forgetting. Present perfect simple -+ Units 7-8 Present perfect continuous -+ Unit 9 Present perfect+ for/since-+ Units 11-12

Exercises Read the situation and complete the sentences. Use the verbs in brackets. 1 Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53......... for two hours. (read) h_0::?. 53 pages so far. (read) 2 Rachel is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her trip three months ago. She................................... for three months. (travel)........................................................ six countries so far. (visit) 3 Patrick is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he won the national championship again- for the fourth time............................ the national championship four times. (win)...................................... since he was ten. (play) 4 When they left college, Lisa and Sue started making films together. They still make films. They........................................ films since they left college. (make)................................................ five films since they left college. (make) For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets. 1 You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask: (how long I learn I Arabic?)....... JP.rg........................ 2 You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask: (wait I long?) Have............................ 3 You see somebody fishing by the river. You ask: (catch I any fish?)... 4 Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask: (how many people I invite?) 5 A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask: (how long I teach?)............. 6 You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask: (how many books I write?)....................................................... (how long I write I books?)............................................. 7 A friend of yours is saving money to go on a world trip. You ask: (how long I save?).......................................... (how much money I save?)............................................. Put the verb into the more suitable form, present perfect simple (I have done) or continuous (I have been doing). 1 Where have you been?..... (you I play) tennis? 2 Look!...... (somebody I break) that window. 3 You look tired........ (you I work) hard? 4 '...................... (you I ever I work) in a factory?' 'No, never.' 5 'Liz is away on holiday.' 'Is she? Where............... (she I go)?' 6 My brother is an actor............. (he I appear) in severa l films. 7 'Sorry I'm late.' 'That's all right....... (I I not I wa it) long.' 8 'I s. 1t st1 'll ra1n1ng..?'. 'N o,............................ (' I ) I 1t stop. 9..................... (I I lose) my phone............................ (you I see) it anywhere? 10................... (I I read) the book you lent me, but.............. (I I not I finish) it yet. it's very interesting. 11...... (I I read) the book you lent me, so you can have it back now. 12 This is a very old book.......... (I I have) it since I was a child. 21

Study this example situation: but Dan and jenny are married. They got married exactly 20 years ago, so today is their 20th wedding anniversary. They have been married for 20 years. We say: They are married. (present) but How long have they been married? (present perfect) (not How long are they married?) They have been married for 20 years. (not They are married for 20 years) We use the present perfect to talk about something that began in the past and still continues now. Compare the present and the present perfect: C Paul is in hospital. but He's been in hospital since Monday. (=He has been...) (not Paul is in hospital since Monday) 0 Do you know each other well? Have you known each other for a Long time? (not Do you know) present perfect he has been 0 She's waiting for somebody. have you known but She's been waiting all morning. she has been waiting present he is do you know she is waiting 0 Do they have a car? but How Long have they had their car? past now I have known/ had/ Lived etc. is the present perfect simple. I have been Learning I been waiting I been doing etc. is the present perfect continuous. When we ask or say 'how long', the continuous is more usual (see Unit 10): I've been learning English for six months. CJ 0 lt's been raining since Lunchtime. 0 Richard has been doing the same job for 20 years. 0 'How long have you been driving?' 'Since I was 17.' Some verbs (for example, know/like/believe) are not normally used in the continuous: 0 How long have you known jane? (not have you been knowing) 0 I've had a pain in my stomach all day. (not I've been having) See also Units 4A and 10C. For have, see Unit 17. You can use either the present perfect continuous or simple with live and work: C julia has been Living I has Lived here for a long time. 0 How long have you been working I have you worked here? But use the simple (I've Lived I I've done etc.) with always: 0 I've always Lived in the country. (not always been living) We say 'I haven't done something since/for... ' (present perfect simple): G I haven't seen Tom since Monday. (= Monday was the last t ime I saw him) C Sarah hasn't phoned for ages. (=the last time she phoned was ages ago) I haven't... Unit 8B Present perfect Units 9-10 For and since 12A

Exercises Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. 1 Ben is a friend of mine. I know him very well................... 2 Ben is a friend of mine. I know him for a long time. llve, him... 3 Sarah and Ad am are married since Ju ly............. 4 The weather is awful. lt's raining again..................... 5 The weather is awful. lt's raining all day................... 6 I like your house. How long are you living there?................ 7 Gary is working in a shop for the last few months..................... 8 I don't know Tom well. We've only met a few times............. 9 I gave up drinking coffee. I don't drink it for a year.......................... 10 Thafs a very old bike. How long do you have it?....................... Read the situations and write questions from the words in brackets. 1 A friend tells you that Paul is in hospital. You ask him: (how long I be I in hospital?)... HO.N.. lp.ng hca-?........ h9.?.pw?.......... 2 You meet a woman who tells you that she teaches English. You ask her: (how long I teach I English?)............................ 3 You know that j ane is a good friend of Katherine's. You ask jane: (how long I know I Katherine?)................................ 4 Your friend's brother went to Australia some time ago and he's still there. You ask your friend: (how long I be I in Australia?).................................. 5 Tom always wears the same jacket. lt's a very old jacket. You ask him: (how long I have I that jacket?)................................. 6 Yo u are talking to a friend about joe. joe now works at the airport. You ask your friend: (how long I work I at the airport?)................................................... 7 A friend of yours is having guitar lessons. You ask him: (how long I have I guitar lessons?).... 8 You meet somebody on a plane. She says that she lives in Chicago. You ask her: (always I live I in Chicago?)................................ Complete B's answers to A's questions. A B 1 Paul is in hospital, isn't he? 2 Do you see Ann very often? Y h ho..s be,e,n h t l M d es, e................ m osp1 a smce on ay. No, I.. her for three months. 3 Is Amy married? Yes, she......... married for ten years. 4 Are you waiting for me? 5 You know Mel, don't you? 6 Do you still play tennis? Yes, I....... for the last half hour. Yes, we... each other a long time. No, I.................... tennis for years. 7 Is joe watching TV? Yes, he......... TV all evening. 8 Do you watch TV a lot? No, I......... TV for ages. 9 Do you have a headache? 10 Adrian is never ill, is he? Yes, I... No, he a headache all morning... ill since I've known him. 11 Are you feeling ill? Yes, I... ill all day. 12 Sue lives in Berlin, doesn't she? Yes, she...... last few years............ in Berlin for the 13 Do you go to the cinema a lot? No, I................. to the cinema for ages. 14 Would you like to go to New York one day?.i Yes, I.................................. to go to New York. (use always I want) 23

We use for and since to say how long something has been happening. We use for + a period of time (two hours, six We use since+ the start of a period weeks etc.): (8 o'clock, Monday, 1999 et c.): 0 I've been waiting for two hours. 0 I've been waiting since 8 o'clock. for two hours since 8 o'clock 8 now two hours a long time a week for 20 minutes six months ages five days 50 years years 0 Sally has been working here for six months. (not since six months) 0 I haven't seen Tom for three days. 8 o'clock April lunchtime since Monday 2001 we arrived 12 May Christmas I got up 0 Sally has been working here since April. (=from April until now) C I haven't seen Tom since Monday. lt is possible to leave out for (but not usually in negative sentences): 0 They've been married (for) ten years. (with or without for) 0 They haven't had a holiday for ten years. (you must use for) We do not use for+ all... (all day I all my life etc.): 0 I've lived here all my life. (not for all my life) You can use in instead of for in negative sentences (I haven't... etc.): G They haven't had a holiday in ten years. (=for ten years) Compare when...? (+past simple) and how long...? (+present perfect): A: When did it start raining? s: lt started ra ining an hour ago I at 1 o'clock. A: How Long has it been rain ing? s: lt's been raining for an hour I since 1 o'clock. A: When did j oe and Carol first meet?. { a Long time ago. s: Th ey f lrst met when they were at school. A: How long have they known each other? for a Long time. s: They've known each other {. h h L smce t ey were at se oo. We say: lt's (= lt is) or lt's been (= lt has been) a long time six months (etc.) since something happened 0 lt's two years since I last saw joe. or lt's been two years since... (= I haven't seen j oe for two years) 0 lt's ages since we went to the cinema. or lt's been ages since... (= We haven't been to the cinema for ages) 0 How Long is it since Mrs Hill died? or How Long has it been since...? (= When did Mrs Hill die?) C How long have you (been)...? -t Unit 11 ).. ----------

Exercises Write for or since. 1 lt' b.. smce l ht" s een ra1n1ng... unc 1me. 2 Sarah has lived in Paris...... 1995. 3 Paul has lived in Brazil...... ten years. 4 I'. d f.. w I b.. h h m t1re o wa1t1ng. eve een s1tt1ng ere............ an our. 5 Kevin has been looking for a job...... he left school. 6 I haven't been to a party.......... ages. 7 I wonder where joe is. I haven't seen him last week. 8 jane is away. She's been away... Friday. 9 The weather is dry. lt hasn't rained............... a few weeks. Write questions with how Long and when. 1 it's raining. (how long?).. How lq_ylg... h<a-s.i-t.. r<airl.lk\g..?.............................. 4U... i&...?..w.x.t...r.w.4j.g..................... (when?). wn 2 Kate is learning Japanese. (how long I learn?)........................................... (when I start?).................................... 3 I know Simon. (how long I you I know?)............... (when I you I first I meet?)..................... 4 Rebecca and David are married. (how long?)............................................................. (when?).............................................................. Read the situations and complete the sentences. 1 I ' 1 ' b l h I sw..rted.. r<airtrnn t l ht. t s t s een ra1n1ng unc t1me. t... 3-.. a unc 1me. 2 Ann and jess are friends. They first met years ago. They've... J.r.JQ.NY\......... years. 3 Mark is ill. He became ill on Sunday. He has...... Sunday. 4 Mark is ill. He became ill a few days ago. He has... a few days. 5 Sarah is married. She's been married for a year. She got.... 6 You have a headache. lt started when you woke up. I've.............. I woke up. 7 Sue has been in Italy for the last three weeks. She went....... 8 You're working in a hotel. You started six months ago. I've.............................. Write B's sentences using the words in brackets. 1 A: Do you often go on holiday? B: No,...1..... fur.. five years. 2 A: Do you often see Laura? B: No, I................. about a month. 3 A: Do you often go to the cinem a? B: No,........... a long time. 4 A: Do you often eat in restaurants? B: No,... ages. Now write B's answers again. This time use lt's... since.... 5 (1).... N Q.)...........!... h%... Cb.......... 6 (2} No, its............. 7 (3) N 0 I.............................. 8 (4)................. '................................... ' 25

Study this example situation: Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has Lost his key. (present perfect) This means that he doesn't have his key now. Ten minutes later: Now Tom has found his key. He has it now. Has he lost his key? Did he Lose his key? No, he has found it. Yes, he did. He lost his key (past simple) but now he has found it. (present perfect) The present perfect (something has happened) is a present tense. lt always tells us about the situation now. 'Tom has lost his key'= he doesn't have his key now (see Unit 7). The past simple (something happened) tells us only about the past. If somebody says 'Tom lost his key', this doesn't tell us whether he has the key now or not. lt tells us only that he lost his key at some time in the past. Do not use the present perfect if the situation now is different. Compare: 0 They've gone away. They'll be back on Friday. (they are away now) They went away, but I think they're back at home now. (not They've gone) 0 lt has stopped raining now, so we don't need the umbrella. (it isn't ra ining now) lt stopped raining for a while, but now it's raining again. (not lt has stopped) You can use the present perfect for new or recent happenings: 0 'I've repaired the washing machine. lt's working OK now.' 'Oh, that's good.' 0 'Sally has had a baby! lt's a boy.' 'That's great news.' Usually, you can also use the past simple: 0 I repaired the washing machine. lt's working OK now. Use the past simple (not the present perfect) for things that are not recent or new: 0 Mozart was a composer. He wrote more t han 600 pieces of music. (not has been... has written) 0 My mother grew up in Italy. (not has grown) Compare: 0 Did you know that somebody has invented a new type of washing machine? 0 Who invented the telephone? (not has invented) We use the present perfect to give new information (see Unit 7). But if we continue to talk about it, we normally use the past simple: 0 A : Ow! I've burnt myself. s: How did you do that? (not have you done) A: I picked up a hot dish. (not have picked) 0 A: Look! Somebody has spilt something on the sofa. s: Well, it wasn't me. I didn't do it. (not hasn't been... haven't done) Past Unit 5 Present Units 7-8 Present perfect and past 2 Unit 14 America n English 7

Exercises Unit -_ 13 Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets. Use the present perfect where possible. Otherwise use the past simple. GJ The office is empty now. Everybody (go) home. I can't get in. 1... \e lq?t. (lose) my key. I meant to call you last night, but I (forget). Helen (go) to Egypt for a holiday, but she's back home in England now. Yes, I.... (have) a headache, but I'm fine now. Can you help us? Our car Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. 1 Did you hear about Sue? She's given up her job. Ok............ _.... 2 My mother has grown up in Italy............................ 3 How many poems has William Shakespeare written?....... 4 Ow! I've cut my finger. lt's bleeding................... 5 Drugs have become a big problem everywhere.................. 6 Who has invented paper?.................... 7 Where have you been born?............... 8 Ellie isn't at home. She's gone shopping............ _........ 9 Albert Einstein has been the scientist who................... has developed the theory of relativity...................... Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple. 1 lt sto eel f h'l b ' ('t I t )... PP... ra1n1ng or a w 1 e, ut now 1t s rammg agam. 1 s op 2 The town where I live is very different now...l.t...... a lot. (it I change) 3 I studied German at school, but...................... most of it now. (I I forget) 4 The police. three people, but later they let them go. (arrest) 5 What do you think of my English? Do you think? (it I improve) 6 A: Are you still reading the paper? s: No,...... with it. You can have it. (I I finish) 7 _ 8 Where's my bike?.......... outside the house, but it's not there now. (it I be) 9 Quick! We need to ca ll an ambulance.................. an accident. (there I be) 10 A: Have you heard about Ben?......... his arm. (he I break)... for a job as a tourist guide, but I wasn't successful. (I I apply) B: Really? How.................? (that I happen) A:................ off a ladder. (he I fall) 27

Do not use the present perfect (I have done) when you talk about a finished time (for example, yesterday I ten minutes ago I in 2005 I when I was a child). Use a past tense: 0 lt was very cold yesterday. (not has been) 0 Paul and Lucy arrived ten minutes ago. (not have arrived) 0 Did you eat a lot of sweets when you were a child? (not have you eaten) 0 I got home late last night. I was very tired and went straight to bed. Use the past to ask When...? or What time...?: 0 When did your friends arrive? (not have... arrived) 0 What time did you finish work? Compare: Present perfect. ] Tom has Lost his key. He can't get into the house. 0 Is Carla here or has she Left? Past simple = Tom Lost his key yesterday. He couldn't get into the house. 0 When did Cart a Leave? Compare: Present perfect (have done) 0 I've done a lot of work today. We use the present perfect for a period of time that continues until now. For example: today I this week I since 2007. past I 1 unfinished 1 I to1ay I now 0 lt hasn't rained this week. 0 Have you seen Anna this morning? (it is still morning) 0 Have you seen Tim recently? 0 I don't know where Lisa is. I haven't seen her. (= I haven't seen her recently) 0 We've been waiting for an hour. (we a re still waiting now) 0 Jack lives in Los Angeles. He has Lived there for seven years. 0 I have never played golf. (in my life) C) lt's the last day of your holiday. You say: lt's been a really good holiday. I've really enjoyed it. Past simple (did) I did a lot of work yesterday. We use the past simple for a finished t ime in the past. For example: yesterday I last week I from 2007 to 2010. past 1 unfinished 1 I yesterday I 8 lt didn't rain last week. now 8 Did you see Anna this morning? (it is now afternoon or evening) 8 Did you see Tim on Sunday? 0 A: Was Lisa at the party on Sunday? B: I don't think so. I didn't see her. := We waited (or were waiting) fo r an hour. (we are no longer waiting) 0 Jack Lived in New York for ten years. Now he lives in Los Angeles. 8 I didn't play golf Last summer. C After you come back from holiday you say: lt was a really good holiday. I really enjoyed it. Past simple _. Unit 5 Present perfect _. Units 7-8 Present perfect and past 1 _. Unit 13

Exercises Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. 1 I've lost my key. I can,t find it anywhere.... 0-'S.................Di4............ 2 Have you eaten a lot of sweets when you were a child? 3 I've bought a new car. You must come and see it. 4 I've bought a new ca r last week. 5 Where have you been yesterday evening? 6 Lucy has left school in 1999. 7 I'm looking for Mike. Have you seen him? 8 'Have you been to Paris?, 'Yes, many times.' 9 l,m very hungry. I haven,t eaten much today. 10 When has this book been published? Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or past simple. 1 (it I not I rain I this week). lt................................. 2 (the weather I be I cold I recently) The weather................................. 3 (it I cold I last week) lt......................................................... 4 (I I not I read I a newspaper yesterday) I..................... 5 (I I not I read I a newspaper today)........................................ 6 (Emily I earn I a lot of money I this year)........................... 7 (she I not I earn I so much I last year)...................................... 8 (you I have I a holiday recently?)................................... Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple. 1 'Whafs Madrid like?, 'I don,t know.... J..... P.e&n... (I I not I be) there.' 2 When........................ (I I get) home last night,...... (I I be) very tired and...... (I I go) straight to bed. 3 A:...... (you I see) Lisa recently? B: Yes,...................... (I I saw) her a few days ago. 4 l,m tired.......................... (1 I not I sleep) well last night. 5 The bu s drivers were on strike last week... (there I be) no buses. 6 Mr Lee.... (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then...... (he I give) it up. Now he works as a gardener. 7 Mary lives in Dublin........................ (she I live) there all her life. 8 A:............... (you I go) to the cinema last night? B: Yes, but................ (it I be) a mistake. The film...... (be) awful. 9 My grandfather..................... (die) before I was born........ (1 I never I meet) him. 10 I don't know Karen's husband.... (I I never I meet) him. 11 Ifs nearly lunchtime, and........................ (I I not I see) Martin all morning. I wonder where he is. 12 'Where do you live?, 'In Boston.' 'How long.................. (you I live) there?' 'Five years.' 'Where........................... (you I live) before that?' 'I n Chicago., 'And how long.......................... (you I live) in Chicago?' 'Two years.' Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in brackets. 1 (something you haven't done today).....1.... CM1H................. 2 (something you haven,t done today).................................... 3 (something you didn,t do yesterday).................................. 4 (something you did yesterday evening).................................... 5 (something you haven't done recently)............................ 6 (something you've done a lot recently)........................................ _.Additional exercises 2-4 (pages 303-04), 14-15 (pages 310-11) 29