Manuscripts can be submitted via

PAPER SUBMISSION The Pan-Pacific Management Review publishes empirical and theoretical articles concerning any area represented within the domain of the management-related issues. Manuscripts that are suitable for publication in the Pan-Pacific Management Review cover such areas, as but not limited to, business strategy and policy, human resource management, organizational behavior, organizational theory, and research methods. Papers submitted to PPMR should not be under concurrent consideration at another journal. Initial submissions to PPMR should be typed on standard (8.5 x 11 inch or A4) paper and double-spaced throughout. Manuscripts should begin with a cover page indicating the title of the paper and the full address (i.e., author's name, affiliation, address, telephone number, fax number, and email address) for each author. The second page should repeat the title and contain an abstract of no more than 100 words. The text should begin on page 3. The endnotes, references, appendices, tables, and figures should be arranged in the same order as noted in this sentence. Generally, manuscripts do not exceed 30 pages in length, all inclusive. To facilitate the blind review process, be sure that the title page is on a page by itself and no information identifying the author(s) appears after the title page. Authors may submit papers electronically. To do so, email a copy of the submission as a Microsoft Word attachment to ppmr@mail.isu.edu.tw. The attachment must be ONE file that includes all components of the manuscript (i.e., title page, abstract, paper, endnotes, references, appendices, tables, and figures). Alternatively, manuscripts can be submitted via mail. If mailed, authors should include 3 double-sided copies of the manuscript on standard (8.5 X 11 inch or A4) paper. Papers that conform to the spirit, if not the letter, of the guidelines will be reviewed. However, papers that severely violate the spirit of the guidelines (i.e., papers that are single-spaced, papers that use footnotes rather than conventional referencing formats, etc.) will be returned to authors unreviewed. Authors whose papers are accepted or who are invited to submit revisions of their work will be expected to adhere fully to the guidelines as part of the revision process. Papers are acknowledged upon receipt. We strive to make an editorial decision within 90 days, but circumstances beyond our control occasionally dictate a longer cycle. Each paper is reviewed by at least two reviewers and is also read by either the Editor or Senior Associate Editor. Results of our decision, along with copies of the reviews, will be forwarded to authors as quickly as possible. If authors are invited to prepare a revision for further consideration, our letter of invitation will outline the major issues to be resolved and our assessment of the likelihood of success. Authors are normally given 6 months from the date of invitation 1

to prepare a revision. Our policy is to make a final publication decision after one revision (of course, further work may also be requested to resolve any remaining issues). Manuscripts can be submitted via e-mail: ppmr@mail.isu.edu.tw T. K. Peng College of Management, I-Shou University 1, Sec. 1, Syuecheng Rd., Dashu District, Kaohsiung City 84001,Taiwan Tel: 886-7-6577711 ext. 5006, 5014 http://www.isu.edu.tw/site/82/30 (Link to PPMR Homepage) 2

STYLE GUIDE FOR AUTHORS Typing The manuscript should be typed in a 12-point or larger font. It must be double spaced (including references, appendixes, tables, and figures). Use wide margins---one inch or more. Title Page, Acknowledgment, Abstract, and Page Numbering The first page of the manuscript is the title page and should be numbered "1." Include the title of the article and the authors' names, affiliations, and complete addresses and contact numbers. Be sure to include an email address. Example: AN EXCELLENT STUDY FIRSTNAME I. LASTNAME Famous University Special Department My Building My Street Tel: (000) 000-0000 Fax: (000) 000-0000 e-mail: myid@xxx.xxx.xx If you wish to acknowledge financial support and the assistance of others in the reported research, add a footnote at the bottom of page 1. ABSTRACT An abstract of 75 words or less and the title of the article should appear on page 2. The body of the article begins on page 3. Number all pages, including those with references, appendixes, tables, and figures. Group these, in the order just given, on separate pages at the end of the article. 3

HEADINGS Main headings should be used to designate the major sections of an article; three or four main headings should be sufficient for most articles. Initial headings, such as "Introduction," are unnecessary. Center main headings, type them in all capitals, and in bold. METHOD Secondary headings should be typed flush with the left margin, in title case (small letters with major words beginning with capitals), and in bold. Data and Sample Third-order or paragraph headings should begin with a standard paragraph indention, be typed in sentence case (small letters with only the initial word capitalized), followed by a period, and in bold. The text should follow on the same line. Hypotheses All hypotheses should be explicitly identified as such. State each hypothesis that is tested in your analyses separately and give it a distinct number. Variables The names of constructs and variables should be in ordinary words; do not use abbreviations, acronyms, or code names. Use the same name for each variable in your text, tables, and figures. Tables and Figures Useful tables and figures do not duplicate the text; they supplement and clarify it. Because tables and figures are considerably more expensive to prepare for publication than text, please carefully consider what they add to your article's impact. Place each table or figure on a separate page. Double-space all text. Number tables and figures consecutively (one series for tables, one for figures) from the beginning to the end of the article. Indicate the position of each in the text as follows: 4

------------------------------ Insert Table 2 about here ------------------------------ Table Checklist Center the word TABLE (all caps) and the number of the table (arabic numeral) at the top of the page. Center the title (in title case) under the above. Report the results of only one type of analysis in each table. Range headings across the top of the table. Do not add new headings in the body of the table. Do not use abbreviations or computer code names for variables. Use the same names you used in the text. Use only two decimal places for statistics. For most articles, the first table should report descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, and a full correlation matrix. Correlations should fill the lower-left corner of the page. To distinguish some numerals (for instance, to indicate which loadings define a factor), boldface type can be used. Do not use this option when other conventions, such as footnotes, are sufficient. Use plain type in capital and small letters---no italic or bold, except as noted above. Designate a general footnote that explains the whole table or a column, row, or item with a superscript small letter (a, b, c). Place footnotes indicating levels of significance under general footnotes. Use this format: p <.10, * p <.05, ** p <.01, *** p <.001, Note that each level is on a separate line. Figure Checklist Center the word FIGURE (all caps) and the number of the figure (arabic numeral) at the top of the page. Center the title (in title case) under the above. Spell out all words in the body of the figure. Use the same variable names you used in the tables and text. Avoid stacking words or numbers (listing characters vertically). Make sure lines and graphic elements are crisp and clear. Use letters for footnotes, as in tables. Footnotes Do not use footnotes (or endnotes) in your text. 5

Citations Giving proper credit to the sources of original ideas and previous work is an important aspect of good scholarship. Inappropriate or inaccurate citations do not do justice to the authors cited and can be misleading to readers. A tendency and a desire to cite one's own previous or current work is understandable. However, excessive use of self-citations is more distracting than useful. When submitting your manuscript for publication consideration, use self-citations cautiously. Minimize references that would reveal the manuscript's authorship. Doing this is important for protecting the double-blind review process. Citations should be made in the text by enclosing the cited authors' names and the year of the work cited in parentheses. Example: Several studies (Adams, 1974; Brown & Hales, 1975, 1980; Collins, 1976a, 1976b) support this conclusion. Please note the use of alphabetical order and ampersands. Also note that two or more works by the same author (or by an identical group of authors) published in the same year are distinguished by "a," "b," etc., added after the year. Citations to the source of a direct quotation must give a page number or numbers; these follow the date of publication and are separated from it by a colon. Example: Adams has said that writing a book is "a long and arduous task" (1974: 3). Also cite page numbers when you paraphrase or summarize specific arguments or findings of authors. If a work has two authors, give both names every time the work is cited in the text. If a work has between two and six authors, list all authors the first time it is cited, then use "et al." Examples: Few field studies use random assignment (Franz, Johnson, & Schmidt, 1976). (first citation)... even when random assignment is not possible (Franz et al., 1976). (subsequent citation) For more than six authors, use the "et al." form even for the first citation. But the matching reference should give all the authors. 6

REFERENCES Include an alphabetically ordered list of the works you have cited in your article. This list should begin on a separate page headed REFERENCES. References should follow hanging indentation format. Alphabetize references by the last name of the author (the first author) or the editor, or by the name of the corporate author (e.g., U.S. Census Bureau) or periodical (e.g., Wall Street Journal) if there is no individual author or editor. Several works by an identical author (or group of authors) are ordered by year of publication, with the earliest listed first. If the years of publication are also the same, differentiate entries by adding small letters ("a," "b," etc.) after the years. Authors' names are repeated for each entry. Book entries follow this form: Authors' or Editors' Last Names, Initials. Year. Title of book. (Book titles are italicized and typed in lowercase letters except for the first letter of the first word and the first word after a long dash or colon). City Where Published, State or Country (add only if needed to identify the city, and use U.S. Postal Service abbreviations for states): Name of Publisher. Please note and follow the punctuation used in these and subsequent examples: Boulding, K. E. 1956. The image. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Kahn, R. L. & Boulding, E. (Eds.). 1964. Power and conflict in organizations. Glencoe, IL: Free Press. Katz, D. & Kahn, R. L. 1978. The social psychology of organizations (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. U.S. Department of Labor Statistics. 1976-83. Employment and earnings. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Periodical entries follow this form: Authors' Last Names, Initials. Year. Title of article or paper. (Periodical titles are italicized and typed in lowercase letters except for the first letter of the first word and the first word after a long dash or colon). Name of Periodical, volume number (issue number if needed): page numbers. Examples: Fry, L. W. & Slocum, J. W., Jr. 1984. Technology, structure, and workgroup effectiveness: A test of a contingency model. Academy of Management Journal, 27: 7

221-246. Goggin, W. C. 1974. How the multi-dimensional structure works at Dow Corning. Harvard Business Review, 55(1): 54-65. Include an issue number only if a periodical's pages are not numbered consecutively throughout its volumes--that is, if each issue begins with a page numbered "1." If a periodical article has no author, treat the name of the periodical like a corporate author, in both the citation and reference. Examples: Citation: There is fear that Social Security rates may rise (Wall Street Journal, 1984). Reference: Wall Street Journal. 1984. Inflation rate may cause social security increase. September 24: 14. Chapters in books follow this form: Authors' Last Names, Initials. Year. Title of chapter. (Book titles are italicized and typed in lowercase letters except for the first letter of the first word and first word after a colon). In Editors' Initials and Last Names (Eds.), Title of book: page numbers. City Where Published, State or Country (only if necessary to identify the city): Name of Publisher. Examples: Berg, N. A. 1973. Corporate role in diversified companies. In B. Taylor & I. MacMillan (Eds.), Business policy: Teaching and research: 298-347. New York: Wiley. Roberts, F. S. 1976. Strategy for the energy crisis: The case of commuter transportation policy. In R. Axelrod (Ed.), Structure of decision: 142-179. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Unpublished papers, dissertations, and presented papers should be listed in the references using the following formats: Duncan, R. G. 1971. Multiple decision-making structures in adapting to environmental uncertainty. Working paper no. 54-71, Northwestern University Graduate School of Management, Evanston, IL. Smith, M. H. 1980. A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas, Austin. 8

Wall, J. P. 1983. Work and nonwork correlates of the career plateau. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Dallas. A reference to an electronic document should include the author's name, if known; the full title of the document; the full title of the work it is part of, if there is one; the ftp, http, or other address; and the date the document was accessed. APPENDICES Present lengthy but essential methodological details, such as explanations of the calculation of measures, in an appendix or appendices. Presentation should be concise but not abbreviated. Entitle a single appendix APPENDIX, typed in all caps; multiple appendices are APPENDIX A, APPENDIX B, etc. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES If your article is accepted for publication, you will be asked to submit a biographical sketch of 50words or less for each author. It should indicate where the highest degree was earned, present affiliation and position, and current research interests. Example: A. Management Scholar earned her Ph.D. degree at the University of Wisconsin; she is an associate professor of management and the director of the Management Improvement Center at Famous University. Her current research interests include dual-career families and sociotechnical systems in organizations. Avoiding Sexist and other Biased Language Authors should avoid terms or usages that are denigrating to ethnic or other groups or that may be interpreted as such. Be particularly careful in dealing with gender, where long-established customs, such as the use of "he" as a generic pronoun ("a manager... he"), can imply gender-based discrimination. Using plural pronouns---changing "the manager... he" to "managers... hey"---is preferred. Using the First Person and Active Voice Vigorous, direct, clear, and concise communication should be the objective of all articles. Use of the first person ("I" or "we") and the active voice can further that 9

objective. Examples: Two of the four items were found to lack factor validity by Earley (1989). [Passive] Earley (1989) found that two of the four items lacked factor validity. [Active] Three new items were developed. [Passive] We developed three new items. [Active, first person] CONCLUSIONS Please pay careful attention to the details of this journal's style set forth in this guide when making your submissions. Your adherence to PPMR's guidelines will smooth and expedite both review and publication. Properly prepared manuscripts tend to be more favorably received by reviewers 10