METAPHOR Lecture Material Master Program in Literature Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities University of Indonesia by Tommy Christomy (tsx60@yahoo.com) 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 1
Semiotic and Metaphor Figurative signs Arbitrariness Iconicity Conventionality Motivation (Noth, h. 129) 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 2
The Concept of Metaphor The traditional Concept of Metaphor Narrow sense Broad sense 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 3
The Concept of Metaphor Narrow sense: particular trope among other (i.e metonimi, synecdoche, hyperbole, etc) Broad sense: all figures of speech 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 4
Definitional Criteria of Metaphor Transfer (Replacement Substitution, Translation) Metaphor in broad sense Similarity (Likeness, Comparison, Analogy) Metaphor in the narrow sense 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 5
Definitional Criteria of Metaphor Transfer (Replacement Substitution, Translation) Metaphor in broad sense Metaphora transfer carrying from one place to another Tenor-vehicle Metaphoric triangle Expression, proper sense, tenor (E, E1, E2) 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 6
Theories of Metaphor Substitution Comparison Interaction (Black 1962, dalam Noth 1995) Paradigmatic point of view Syntagamtic 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 7
Dualistic Double reference of metaphor, literal expression is not completely deleted but instead remains as a semantic background for the figurative meaning and creaters a semantic conflict with it. 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 8
Dualistic Comparison theory 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 9
Semantic to Syntax and Pragmatic Conventionaly Codified Unique poetic iconicity 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 10
monistic Process of complete deletion of the literal sense in favor of the figurative one (c.f. feature deletion in semantic componential analysis) (Noth, 1995:129) 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 11
On the Conventionality of the Metaphoric Sign Arbitrariness and motivation Conventionality 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 12
Metaphors in Text and in the Language System (noth 131) Speech act Above the level of the word 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 13
On the Iconicity of Metaphor Similarity Classical similarity Criticism of Similarity 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 14
Peirce Metaphor Linguistic metaphors are not directly metaphor because they initianlly signify their literal meaning symbolically (i.e. as arbitrary sigs) In second semantic relation, the metaphor functions ironically in representing the similarity of two objects or situations. Indirect icon not shown describe 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 15
Peirce s theory Metaphors exhibited a sort of the third level of iconicity The First, signs which represent their objects by means of similarity is occupied by pictures (images) The Second, diagram, a structural similarity between the relations of their elements and those of their objects The Third, metaphors are defined as signs which represent the representativ character pf a representamen by representing a parallelism in somethin else (p. 133) 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 16
Peirce-Icon Anything whatever [ ] is an icon of anything, in so far as it is like that thing and used as a sign of it 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 17
Semantic to Syntax and Pragmatic On the Conventionality of the Metaphoric Sign Metaphors in Text and in the Language System (noth 131) On the Iconicity of Metaphor Peirce Metaphor 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 18
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Danessi and Perron Metaphor = verbal ornamentation Metaphor = substance of abstract thingking Unique signifying power metaphrology 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 20
Metaphor (meta beyond + pherein to carry ) Professor Snake Professor (primary referent) topic/tenor Snake (vehicle of the metaphor) New meaning (ground) 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 21
focus Cognition Communication 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 22
What is metaphor stilistik orator Figure of speech Penggunaan kata atau frase yang menunjuk pada suatu (satu) gagasan atau objek dengan menggunakan kata atau frase yang berbeda dengan tujuan menghasilkan kemiripan diantara kedua kata/frasa tersebut Semiotics: two referents, not one, which related to each other (p. 164) (1) Professor (2) snake How the mind probably produces abstract concepts (p. 164) 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 23
linguistics Cognitive..how the mind probably produces abstract concepts. (p. 164) Producing knowledge 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 24
Metaphor =primary referent, second referent ground (culture-based characteristic) 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 25
{[A1=B1]=[A2=B2]} Professor [A1=B1] Snake [A2=B2] to think certain referent in terms of others Similarities among mong dissimilar thins, interconnecting them within mind-space. P. 165 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 26
Conceptual Metaphor George Lakoff and Mark Jonson (1980:3) Metaphors We Live By Literal metaphor Concrete metaphorical reasoning Abstract concept (Conceptual Metaphor) Formula (target domain, source domain) Conceptual metaphor structures the actions (argument is war) 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 27
Conceptual metaphorizing to image schemats Sensory experience of locations, movements, shapes, etc. Inferent, deduction Schema = maps Image schema theory= source domain is not arbitrary but derived from experience of events=the result of an experiential induction Image schema is not replica =mental icon of an experience Schema can be associative, fictitious, or narrative Image schema =picturable mental icons of experiences and iconic of any sensory modality 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 28
Sensory (auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, kinesic, emotional quality) IS =automatic=hardly ever aware of their control over coneptualization (h. 168) Conscousness vs conscious How far up do you feel? Are you ok? IS = abstractive seeing (Susanne Langer 1948) 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 29
Types o fimage schemas Orientation Ontological thinking Elaboration (of other two) structural metaphors that extend orientational and ontological concepts time is a resources Image schema tidak ditemukan lagi di dalam structural metaphor 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 30
Cultural Models Cultural groupthink is built on conceptual metaphors A system of abstract thinking hold together the entire network of associated meaning in the culture (h. 171) Higher order metaphorizing A great domains are associated with many kinds of source domain (orientational, ontological, structural) Cultural or cognitive models 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 31
Cultural model of ideas The constant juxtaposition of such conceptual metaphors in common discourse produce, cumulatively, ac cultural model of ideas that has a specific Gestalt structure 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 32
Metonymy and irony A part or a domain to present the whole domain (metonymic concept-formation) Synecdoche Concetpual metonym Irony = highliting srategy base don the use of words to convey a menaing contrary to their literal sense Statements to criticise 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 33
Metaphor and grammar Grammar category and concept-formation processes (since, from..etc) See p. 180 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 34
Signs referential domains for humans to reflect upon, utilize, and store as knowledge Metaphor the form of thought humans use to inter connect such domains into increasingly layered order of meaning Human thinking the fluid application of existing metaphorical concepts to new situations 02/03/10 tommy christomy Phd FIBUI 2008 35