頻出イディオム ac the ideas found in ikebana have also had a powerful impact on daily life some very successful U.S. and European companies include these ideas in their designs of consumer products Japanese style also influences artists, designers, and creative professionals around the world 1 Japan is ( ) an important ( ) in the world. She went to Germany ( ) the ( ) of studying classical music. All of you must ( ) ( ) your essays by this coming Friday. He ( ) every ( ) to be an astronaut. Foreigners must ( ) themselves ( ) the humid summer of Japan. The police are investigating the crime. The police are ( ) ( ) the crime. We regard him as a genius. We ( ) ( ) him as a genius. Start right now. I ll overtake you soon. Start right now. I ll ( ) ( ) with you soon. Would you participate in the project? Would you ( ) ( ) in the project? He was transferred unwillingly. He was transferred ( ) his ( ). (satellites) (means of) (thank, make up) (for granted) 16 1
He is ( ) ( ) the result of the exam. It ( ) ( ) to us whether it will rain or not. Her story ( ) ( ) to be false. In Japan cars keep ( ) the ( ). This book is ( ) ( ) being easy. The students speak ( ) ( ) the teacher. I will get through with my work by tomorrow. (f ) We look up to him as our leader. (r ) They decided to put off the athletic meet because of the bad weather. (p ) We had to turn down his offer. (r ) She she, from, was, is, what, different. He find, is, with, to, others, apt, fault. 2 14 5 10 15 20 Japan s global influence can be seen in the popularity of its culture. Manga and anime are obviously very popular. But (a). In particular, Japanese design ideas relating to simplicity are very popular outside of Japan. Traditional arts like bonsai and ikebana create clean, simple shapes from nature. Therefore, ikebana artists remove flower parts that hide these simple shapes. This reveals the clean, simple beauty of flowers. In turn, similar ideas have influenced the appearance of many objects in Japanese life. For example, the idea of wabi, or simple beauty, appears in Japanese food, home design, and cooking tools. Outside of Japan, wabi and similar ideas of simplicity are called *minimalism. This was an important artistic movement in Western countries starting in the late s. Many Western artists from this period were strongly influenced by Japanese design and Zen Buddhism. Therefore, they created paintings and sculptures based on simple shapes and lines. Similarly, architects and home designers were influenced by minimalism and Japanese style. Since then, many Japanese design ideas, like wabi-sabi, mono no aware, and iki, became popular among artists and creative professionals around the world. Japanese ideas like wabi continue to have a strong influence today. For example, (b). They have also copied Japanese packaging and gift-wrapping in their product boxes. These companies are known around the world for their successful use of minimalism and Japanese design. The global influence of Japanese culture is very clear in anime and video games. However, (c). These ideas shape the appearance of homes and other items that people in many countries use every day. ORIGINAL MATERIAL *minimalism 頻出イディオムわび They decided with, do, bad, to, these, rules, away. 2 15
頻出イディオム 3 My idea is different ( ) yours. from for of at Mayumi will leave Tokyo ( ) America tomorrow. to for by in This desk is made ( ) wood. of with by into It s getting darker and darker. Will you turn ( ) the light? on of to off They look up ( ) him as their leader. at with to in World history is very interesting to me. I am very ( ) ( ) world history. He doesn t know when to start. He has no ( ) when to start. I am not concerned with the matter. I have nothing to ( ) with the matter. I spent fifteen minutes solving the problem. It ( ) me fifteen minutes to solve the problem. I ( he, a, in, such, hurry, why, is, wonder ). She ( home, at, sure, is, be, to ). The teacher told ( school, not, late, me, be, for, to )., She gave up her job in Tokyo ( order, care, take, to, of, in ) her elderly mother. 14 3
4 13 I m sorry I m late. We ve been waiting for you to ( ). call for look through show up wait on Do you know where Mr. Smith lives? No. Why not ( ) his address in the telephone directory? get at look up search through try on This part of the country is familiar ( ) tourists. to with for from The doctor ( ) the patient of his heart problem. doubted informed asked suspected This vending machine seems to be out of ( ). Let s try another one. order mind time date Why do you prefer rock music ( ) jazz? after before than to This is my uncle s computer. This computer ( ) to my uncle. We postponed the athletic meeting because of the rain. We ( ) off the athletic meeting because of the rain. I couldn t understand what he was saying. I couldn t make ( ) what he was saying. That tie matches your suit. That tie goes well ( ) your suit. I didn t know what to say. I was at a ( ) for words. I ll contact you as soon as possible. I ll ( ) in touch with you as soon as possible. Please say hello to your father. Please ( ) me to your father. He has never written to me. I have never ( ) ( ) him. 5 10 15 20 People in many countries have begun using Japanese-style emoji. Recently, a popular U.S. cellphone company started offering emoji. After that, it became more common for American adults to use these cartoon symbols in text messages and e-mails. Since this phone is popular in other countries, lots of people outside Japan are using emoji, too. Before this, many Americans used a smaller set of symbols called emoticons. These included cartoon hearts, smiling faces, and other simple images. The same English word, emoticon, is used for symbols like :-) and ;-). These are created from letters and symbols on keyboards. In the U.S., :-) and ;-) can mean I m happy, I m telling a joke, or lots of other things. The meaning depends on the situation. Large sets of emoji, however, offer Americans many more choices. A Japanese phone company invented the first set of emoji in. Before that, another Japanese company let people add heart symbols to messages. At that time, people in Japan also used kaomoji such as (-_-). Like U.S. emoticons, kaomoji combined letters and symbols from keyboards. Emoji were much easier to create on cellphones. They also helped people show how they were feeling. This is difficult to tell from short messages like I m minutes late. Emoji soon became popular with teenagers. In turn, this helped the Japanese mobile phone culture grow faster than in other countries. The first set of emoji included symbols. Today, the standard set in the U.S. includes symbols. Nevertheless, the most popular symbols are happy faces, hearts, and sad faces. In both Japan and the U.S., adults are sometimes confused by how young people use emoji. This is because there are so many different combinations. One writer even created a version of the classic novel Moby Dick told with emoji. Groups of friends often develop special meanings for emoji. Therefore, the same symbol can mean different things to different people. ORIGINAL MATERIAL this emoticons 頻出イディオム絵文字 4 13
文の種類 文の構造 関係詞 12 He seemed ( ) at the news. surprise surprising to surprise surprised The teacher was ( ) his students what to write in their notebooks. telling saying talking speaking I would like you ( ) English hard. study studying to study studied Father let me ( ) his car. to use using use used Do you know the distance from the station to the museum? Do you know ( ) ( ) it is from the station to the museum? I wonder why she left Japan so soon. I wonder ( ) made her leave Japan so soon. We must lock the car door. We shouldn t ( ) the car door open. I had a great time in Okinawa. I ( ) myself a lot in Okinawa. It ( strange, but, it, may, is, sound, true ). I ( found, have, interesting, life, never, so ). I ( stolen, my, had, wallet, the, train, crowded, in ). 5 I have a brother () is a pilot for an international airline. Here is a book () is full of pictures. This is the man () I asked the way yesterday. A man () name was John Smith came to see me. This is all the money () I have with me. The students are all my friends. They are talking over there. The students. Is this the book? You bought it yesterday. Is this the book? She is the actress. We saw her the other day. She is the actress. The house was built ten years ago. Its roof is blue. The house. ( our team / someone / coach / need / can / we / who ).. ( a song / us / touched / was / there / which ).. ( my neighbors / the women / to / was / are / talking / I / whom ).. ( will open / is / garden / very beautiful / the art museum / whose ) soon. soon. ( Mark / subject / history / the only / likes / is / that ).. 12 5
関係詞 否定 疑問表現 6 11 I have an aunt ( ) lives in the United States. who whose whom which This is the hotel ( ) I visited last year. which how when where A boy ( ) name was Ken broke the window. who whose whom which This is all ( ) I know about it. which that what how I will tell you ( ) he told me. that who what which The girl in the short skirt is a good tennis player. The girl ( ) is wearing the short skirt plays tennis well. Jane has a dog which has white ears. Jane has a dog ( ) ears are white. China is a very big country with a long history. China is a very big country ( ) ( ) a long history. I have a friend. I often play catch with him. I have a friend with ( ) I often play catch. You can t be ( ) careful when you drive a car. very much too He is ( ) clever than his brother. so less much We cannot ( ) laughing at his joke. but help without His composition in English leaves ( ) to be desired. nothing only still Where does he live? do you know Who broke the window? do you think Some of them are kind but others are not. all of them I ( the camera, me, like, Ken, gave, which ). This is ( about, speaking, she, the man, was ). Choose ( any, books, to read, two, you, want ). My grandfather, ( is, is, eighty, healthy, over, very, who ). There is no mother ( ) loves her child. Not ( ) student likes sports. Didn t you buy a new TV set? ( ), I ( ). ( ) is more pleasant than fishing. Is the news true? I m ( ) ( ). 6 11
文の種類 文の構造 関係詞 10 Mary went to the department store, ( ) she? did wasn t doesn t didn t You were absent from school yesterday, ( ) you? didn t wasn t weren t were Your sister doesn t live in Nagoya, ( ) she? don t does doesn t do Tom won t join our club, ( ) he? does was will won t You have finished your homework, ( ) you? hasn t have didn t haven t 7 Friday 1 is the day 2 sailors do not like 3 to sail. (when) There are 1 times 2 everyone 3 needs to be alone. (when) Now 1 is the time 2 we have 3 to make a decision. (when) I don t like 1 to live in 2 a house 3 privacy is not protected. (where) The cafeteria 1 we ate 2 lunch yesterday 3 wasn t very good. (where) Mary has many books, ( ) ( )? The room 1 the wine 2 is kept 3 is below ground level. (where) Your brother can swim, ( ) ( )? Let s go fishing, ( ) ( )? Open the window, ( ) ( )? The movie wasn t interesting, ( ) ( )? She isn t from Canada, is she? ( ) Please tell me when your mother will arrive. ( ) She asked him why he did such a thing. ( ) I don t know ( to / come / he / Japan / when / will ). Do you know ( she / lives / where )? I would like to visit the town in which I grew up. I would like to visit the town ( ) I grew up. Do you remember the day on which the spacecraft landed on the moon? Do you remember the day ( ) the spacecraft landed on the moon? We are living in an age in which pollution has become a global problem. We are living in an age ( ) pollution has become a global problem. I wonder (the / is / box / what / in ). Tell me ( come / didn t / to / you / school / why ) yesterday. This is the store at which we buy vegetables. This is the store ( ) we buy vegetables. 10 7
関係詞 不定詞 8 9 The time will come when we can travel to the moon. Kyoto is where my mother was born. April is when school begins in Japan. It is good for the health to keep early hours. () My sister has some books ( ) are written in Spanish. My grandmother lived to be ninety. () He was happy to get a gold medal at the Olympics. () Let s find a river ( ) we can catch plenty of fish. Would you like something to drink? () We went to Kyoto to see some temples. () Father would often tell us about the days ( ) we were very young. I was very surprised to hear that. I ll go to the town ( ) they call Everson. What should I do to improve this sentence? What is the best way to learn English? They are the girls ( ) I handed the candies. To speak French is difficult. He grew up to be a great pianist. There was a time ( ) Nara was the capital of Japan. Kyoto is the city ( ) my mother was born. I don t know ( how, what, why ) to use the new printer. Have you decided ( who, where, what ) to go? My father told me ( not, to not, not to ) drive so fast. I saw a boy ( to eat, eat, eaten ) sweets. ( It, That, This ) is fun to travel abroad. ( me / trouble / promised / not / again / to / he ).. ( the moon / man / walk / was / first / the / to / on / he ).. ( a match / natural / nervous / before / get / to / it s ).. 8 9