CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT Bibliometrics is still considered as one of the most fascinating field of study among the library and information scientists. The study is popular because it helps to improve scientific documentation, information and communication activities by quantitative analysis of library collections and services. Besdes its specific uses in the libraries, it also assists to contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of scientific research as a social activity, a quantitative analysis of the generation, propagation and utilization of scientific information aspect. It is also being used as one of the techniques to evaluate and study the scientific works. It is surprising to note that till 1968 there was not even a single article on Bibliometrics which has got immense uses in various fields of study. But soon after that in 1980s quite a large number of works were published on the subject mostly in the form of journal articles. Historically, bibliometrics had its origin in the west and it was developed from the statistical studies of bibliographies. Specifically the technique was evolved by the efforts of earlier 20 th century documentation to apply mathematical and statistical analysis to bibliometric units. However, the validity of data obtained through bibliometric studies continues to be debated despite general acceptance of the accuracy and objectivity of bibliometric technique. The most basic bibliometric technique still in use involves counting and categorizing the publications as regards to their type, country of origin and ranking of journals on the basis of their use by the scientists in a specific field of study. 1

The historical review says that F.J.Cole and Nellie B.Eates presented the first recorded study on bibliometrics in 1917 in science progress. The project analyzed publications in comparative anatomy from 1543 1860 by simply counting the number of titles, both books, and journal articles. They mainly studied the functions of interest and distribution of literature among countries. This kind of study was named as statistical analysis of literature. In 1923 E.W.Hulme introduced the term statistical bibliography. This is considered as second reported work on bibliometrics, where Hulme analyzed the journal articles in English International Catalogue of Scientific Literature and derived the ranking of countries by their productivity. However, in 1927 the first recorded study of citation data (being the third in bibliometric study) was brought out by Gross and Gross. But finally in 1969 Alan Pritchard is actually credited of introducing the term Bibliometrics to replace the earlier word statistical bibliography used for the same concept. Pritchard coined this term in a paper statistical bibliography of Bibliometrics which was published in the journal of Documentation (1969). In the meanwhile in 1948, S.R. Ranganathan introduced the term Librametry to study the various library operations by applying statistics. In 1970s, Russian concept Scientometrics and FID s Informetrics were also applied almost for the same concept bibliometrics. In 1969, vassily V.Nalimov and Z.M.Mulchenko coined the Russian equivalent of the term as scientometrics (naukometriya), which has grown in popularity and is used to describe the study of science: growth, structure, interrelationships, and productivity. As the name would imply, this term is mainly used for the study of all aspects of literature of science and technology. The term scientometrics gained wide recognition by the publication of the journal scientometrics by Tibor Braun in Hungary in 1978. According to Hood and Wilson (2001) much of the scientometrics studies are indistinguishable from 2

bibliometrics and much bibliometric researches are published in the journal scientometrics. In 1979 Nacke introduced a term Informetrics which is also closely related to scientometrics and bibliometrics. Rather scientometrics is considered as a sister field of informetrics within information science. The term informetrics which has got wide spread recognition like the two other terms, comes from the German term informetrie. After the introduction of the term a lot of discussions were done and was compared with bibliometrics and scientometrics. In 1984, the All-union Institute of Scientific and Technical Information ( VINITI) established a Federation International de la Documentation (FID) committee on informetrics was taken as a generic term for bibliometrics and scientometrics. At the first International conference on Bibliometrics and theoretical aspects of information retrieval in 1988, Brookes suggested that informetrics which subsumes bibliometrics and scientometics, for both documentary and electronic information, might have a future. By the second conference Brookes endorsed informetics as a general term for scientometrics and bibliometrics. The status of the term informetrics was enhanced in the third conference proceedings in the series, but reduced in the fourth conference title, International conference on Bibliometrics, Informetrics and Scientometrics. Besideds this special issue in informetrics appeared in the journal information processing and management. So by the early 1990s the term informetrics clearly enjoyed wide spread recognition but the confusion in the use of the three closely related terms: bibliometrics, scientometrics and informetrics was not solved. 3

In addition to this with the introduction world wide web (wilsonred, 2001), three additional metric terms entered into the literature of Information Science. In 1995, Bossy introduced the term Netometrics to describe Internet mediated scientific interaction. In 1997 Almind and Ingwerson suggested webometrics for the study of world wide web, and all network-based communications, by informetrics methods. A similar, but not necessarily identical, sub field is suggested by the publication of an electronic journal cybermetrics in 1997 in Madrid, under the editorialship of Isidro Aguillo. The main interest of the journal is to publish articles on evaluation of e-journals on the web, and on the application of information techniques to cyberspace communication in general. (Hood and Wilson, 2001) There are a lot of discussions regarding the uses of the three terms i.e. bibliometrics, scientometrics, and informetrics. During 1990s Brookes had the views that I have no doubt that bibliometrics must now be conceded to library studies only. Its work is not yet ended as libraries continue to adapt to the changing world around them and bibliometrics itself needs the continued interest of outside experts, statisticians and others, in developing and refining its techniques. Brookes also stated though the techniques of scientometrics and bibliometrics are closely similar their different roles are distinguished by their very different contexts. Braun etal.(1985) emphasized the importance of distinguishing between bibliometrics and scientometrics according to the subject and purpose of the topic; however according to them, their methods are very similar and sometimes identical. Further, it is also stated that the main documentation, information and communication activities by quantitative analysis of the generation, propagation and utilization of scientific information aspect is valuable through scientometrics techniques. In this context Egghe to the general science of science or 4

science policy research and hence is more linked with citation analysis studies. Egghe also added to this that of course, another view may be that scientometrics is a general term than bibliometics, which is not totally agreed. It is further added that one can also argue that scientometrics, using bibliometric technique, is a part of bibliometrics. Egghe called the union of bibliometrics and scientometrics as the development and application of mathematical models and techniques to all aspects of communication. On the basis of these interpretations it can be concluded that the three terms i.e. bibliometrics, scientometrics, and informatrics although are near synonymous terms and they have much common factors for which it depends on the familiarity of the term with the researcher which they may like to select and use. Bibliometrics is still thus used as a stable term in the field. However, as the interest of the researchers in this field is now slowly turn to the study of web pages/web sites, new terms are being introduced which will accurately describe such studies,i.e.netometrics or webometrics or cybermetrics. 1.2 DEFINITIONS AND MEANING The word bibliometrics is a combination of two words i.e. Biblio and Metrics. Biblio is derived from Latin / Greek word Biblion means Books. On the other hand Metrics is derived wither from Latin / Greek word means Metricus or Metrikos. the meaning of this word Metrics is measurement. In other words Metrics is the Science of Meter,. The purpose of statistical Bibliography is to shed light on the process of written communications and of the nature and course of development of a discipline by means of counting and analyzing the various facets of written communication. 5

Raising defined statistical Bibliography is the assembling and interpretation of statistics relating to books and periodicals to demonstrate historical movements, to determine the national or universal research use of books and journals, and to ascertain in many local situations the general use of books and journals. As mentioned earlier the term statistical bibliography was replaced by bibliometrics. Bibliometrics is recognized as a method to analyze and quantify the bibliographic data and offers a powerful set of methods and measures for studying the structure and process of scholarly communications. Pritchard stated that bibliometrics deals with application of mathematics and statistical methods to books and other media of communication. Fairthrone defined the same as quantitative treatment of properties of recorded discourse and behavior appearing to it. Bibliometics is also explained as quantitative analysis of bibliographic features of body of literature. Where as the British standard Institution described the same bibliometrics as the application of mathematical and statistical methods in the study of the use of documents and publication patterns. Later Hawkins defined bibliometrics as The application of quantitative analysis in the bibliographic references of the body of literature. Schrader defined bibliometrics as The scientific study of recorded discourse. According to potter bibliometrics is a means for the study and measurement of all forms of written communication, their authors and publication patterns. In general bibliometrics may be defined as the quantitative analysis of the characteristics, behavior and productivity of all aspects of written communications, library staff and information users. Egghe explained bibliometrics as the development and application of mathematical models and techniques to all aspects of communications. In this context Egghe gave the following definitions and explanations: Bibliometrics is the quantitative study of 6

literatures as they are reflected in bibliographies. Its task, immodestly enough, is to provide evolutionary models of science, technology, and scholarship. On the other hand librametry of Ranganathan deals with the study of library operations using statistical calculus. But the term has not got much recognition like other related terms such as bibliometrics or scientometrics or informetrics. However Wilson recently in 2001 indicated, that there may be value in retaining the term librametrics or librametry for such studies not specifically analyzing literatures, or at least not specifically directed to the goals of bibliometrics and of information retrieval. These include analyses of book circulation of library collection overlap of library acquisition of fines policy and of shelf allocation frequently using optimization techniques from operations research. Nicholas and Ritche accepted the definition of bibliometrics as the statistical or quantitative description of literature. Diodato described bibliometrics as the study of publications and communication patterns in the distribution of information by using mathematical and statistical techniques, from counting to calculus. Whereas scientometrics has been typically defined as the quantitative study of science and technology. Bibliometrics refers to all quantitative aspects and models of sciences communication, storage, dissemination and retrieval of scientific information. Bibliometrics applied to scientific articles is called scientometrics. According to Beck scientometrics is defined as the quantitative evaluation and inter-comparison of scientific activity, productivity and progress. Nalimov and Mulchenko of USSR defined scientometrics as the quantitative methods which deals with the analysis of science viewed as an information process. Brookes gave a further insight into the use and definition and stated that the term scientometrics, nurtured by Tibor Braun, has become fruitful in science policy studies the term has established a 7

significant role in the social sciences. Applications are so far been restricted to exploitation of citation data provided by ISI but further refinements are now being critically examined. Bookstein defined scientometrics as the science of measuring science. Scientometrics is also considered as bibliometric measurement for evaluation of scientific development, social relevance and impact of application of science and technology, etc. Informetrics is a popularly known subject since the mid 1980s formalizes and consolidates measurement studies, which focus on information productivity. It integrates information technology and complex intersections of information theory, cybermetrics, decision theory, etc. while bibliometrics and scientometrics refer to all quantitative aspects and models of printed media and sciences, informetrics is not limited to media or scientific communication. Neither it is restricted to scientific research. However, it is considered usable for tasks such as issue management, gathering of business intelligence and research evaluation. Informetrics is, thus, an emerging subfield in information sciences, which retrieval and quantitative studies of information flows. Tague-Sutcliffe defined informetrics as the study of the quantitative aspects of information in any form, not just scientists. Thus it looks at the quantitative aspects of informal or spoken communication, as well as recorded, and of information needs and uses of the disadvantaged, not just the intellectual elite. It can incorporate, utilize, and extend many studies of the measurement of information that lie outside boundaries of both bibliometrics and scientometrics Two phenomena that have not, in the past been seen as a part of bibliometrics or scientometrics, but fit comfortably within the scope of information are: definition and 8

measurement of information, and types and characteriatics of retrieval performance measures. Ravichandra Rao stated that Informetrics connotes the use and development of a variety of measures to study and analyze several properties of information in general and documents in particular. He further, added that the scope of informetrics covers both bibliometrics and scientometrics. According to Ingwersen and Christensen the term infrometrics designates a recent extension of the traditional bibliometric analyses, also to cover non-scholarly communities in which information is produced, communicated, and used. Wilson stated, informetrics is the quantitative study of collections of moderatesized units of potentially information processes at the social level. Hood and Wilson stated that informetrics covers the empirical studies of literature and documents, as well as theoretical studies of the mathematical properties of the laws and distributions that have been discovered. 1.3 SCOPE OF BIBLIOMETRICS Pritchard emphasized that the purpose of bibliometrics is to shed light on the processes of written communication and of the nature and course of development of a discipline by means of counting and analyzing the various facets of written communication. Sengupta stated that bibliometrics study lies between the broder areas of the social science and the physical science. Borgman indicated the scope of bibliometrics by mentioning that schorlarly communication can be studied by bibliometric methods using one or more of three theoretical variables: procedures of communication, artifacts of communication, and communication concepts. Nicholas and Ritche provided the scope of bibliometrics more clearly. They divided bibliometrics studies in to two broad groups: one describing the characteristic features of a body of 9

literature and the other examining the relationship formed between components of a literature. It is also mentioned that both descriptive and behavioral studies are complementary to each other. Descriptive studies: the descriptive studies are also known as productive counts and have following fields of study. Bodies i.e. authors or organizations responsible for the production and transmission of information. Form of transmission (i.e. journals, monographs, etc.). Medium of communication (i.e. articles, letters, etc). Nature of information conveyed (i.e. how much literature exists on various languages and subjects). Timing and frequency with which information is conveyed. Amount of information conveyed by various individuals, groups, organizations, countries, etc. Geographical distribution of documents. Behavioral studies: the other type of study, which is commonly referred to as citation studies, relates to what authors cite. Citation analysis reflects two major themes that is use of citation as tools for librarians to evaluate the library collections and services and use of citations as tools to analyze the research activity. However, citation analysis is concerned with the following phenomena: Which authors are most cited? Which journals are most cited? 10

What linkages exist between the citing and the cited works (i.e. self citation)? Language of documents used for citation. Type of documents used for citation. Subject distribution and how quickly the literature on some subject becomes out of date i.e. obsolescence study. Similarly, potter (1988) divided bibliometrics studies into two categories. Firstly descriptive, which attempts to study the body of a literature by counting its contributing countries, authors, journals, year of publications, and disciplines. The second category is more evaluative and attempts to study the use of a body of literature by using citation analysis. Another important study under bibliometrics is assessing productivity of authors and impact of research on existing field of study. This type of study is refereed to as Evaluative Bibliometrics. 1.4 APPLICATIONS OF BIBLIOMETRICS The other disciplines of bibliometrics are statistics, operation research, bibliometric distribution and bibliometric laws, citation analysis, circulation theory, information theory and theoretical aspects of information retrieval. The bibliometric study besides its theoretical content has various practical applications in library management and helps in deciding science policy on researches. Some of these practical applications of bibliometrics are as follows: 11

The bibliometric study aims to improve the bibliographical control because bibliometric analysis helps to know the character of literature in different fields. The volume and growth of primary literature has a direct effect on structure of secondary literature. Therefore, the computed growth rates and direction of change may be of services in determining their future approach and coverage. A major area of bibliometric study is to determine statistics of literature relating to the country of origin, subject, and form and language distribution of documents as well as their incidence of translation. These data will provide useful information determining the scope of work, and can suggest weakness in the coverage or areas of possible improvement of secondary services. Bibliometric study derives the subject relationships, which suggest desirable general patterns of secondary service coverage. Such studies can also help to establish the framework for a service in a particular subject area. The citation data analysis and the volume of publication in year-wise can be used in planning retrospective bibliographies which will provide some indication of both the age of material used in a discipline and to the extent which more recent publication supersede the older ones, if at all. The bibliometric analysis helps in comparative assessment of the secondary services, particularly when related to overall figures on size of literature and to 12

subject links. This may help the publishers in getting an idea of their achievements and competitions and could be useful for marketing purposes. The bibliometric data also helps in taking some management decisions. For example, it is useful in selecting specific primary and secondary journals and helps in planning future staff, building needs and in improving library services. The citations data also determines the list of highly cited journals or books, which can be used in taking decision while discarding the stock of the library. Citations analysis can find out subject relationships which help in suggesting titles of journals relevant to a given discipline in a particular library. Bibliometric study also provides information about the structure of knowledge and pattern of communication. Analysis of the size and growth of literature can identify the developing and declining areas of literature over a time and trend of literature growth. In general Sengupta (1985) determined that bibliometric has the following applications: Quantify research and growth of different areas of knowledge; Estimate comprehensiveness of secondary periodicals; Identify users and authorship of documents of various subjects; Measure usefulness of adhoc and retrospective SDI services; Design experimental models correlating or by passing the existing models; 13

Identification of core journals in different disciplines and formulate a need based acquisition policy within the limited budgetary provision without determent to the research interest of the parent organizations; Initiate effective multilevel network system; Regulate inflow of information and communication, Develop norms for standardization. 1.5 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON BIBLIOMETRICS / SCIENTOMETRICS There have been a lot of studies and discussions conducted all over the world using bibliometrics techniques resulting in the publications of specialized journals like scientometrics (1979), cybermetrics: International journal of sicentometrics, Informetrics, and Bibliometrics, an electronic journal (1997), Library Trends also publish papers covering these aspects. Over the years scientometrics abd bibliometrics techniques have become one of the common tool for conducting researches in the field of library and information science to mainly productivity of research institutes, individual productivity of authors/ scientists and to map the growth of subject. In this regard there are many bibliometrics studies conducted on different aspects. Recently more emphasis is being laid to study the scientific performance of countries (publication output and citation impact) on the basic research based on bibliometrics indicators. Bio-bibliometrics is a new area of study that covers the quantitative and analytical methods of study for discovering and establishing functional relationships between bio-data and bibliographicdata. This aspect of bibliometric study therefore deals with biographical study of the individual careers of scientists and researchers and correlating biographic analysis of publications or academic and scientific achievements. The results of bio-bibliometrics 14

analysis created scientometric portraits of many eminent scientists and Nobel laureates. The main objectives of creating scientometrics portraits is to provide an example of Role Model Scientists for the younger generation to emulate and create scientific temper among them. 1.6 ELEMENTED OF BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY The scientific papers are although the basic units of bibliometrics research, but books, monographs, reports and theses are also included as units of bibliometrics study. To carry out such study some common standards such as reviewing system, criterion of originality of research results, the availability of literature are taken into consideration. The scientific papers published in referred journals proved to be most suitable for bibliometrics studies. Basic measures are simple counts such as publication counts or the number of citations received by a set of publications or of the number of given bibliometrics units. These measures are also called bibliometrics indicators. The fundamental demand on the bibliometrics indicators is their validity, that is one has to make sure that one really measure what one intending and assuming to measure. Under identical conditions research results should be reproducible in bibliometrics too. The reproducibility of results can only be guaranteed, if all sources, procedures and techniques are reliable and properly documented in scientific publications. DATA SOURCES OF BIBLIOMETRIC RESEARCH: data sources of bibliometrics / scientometric research are bibliographies and bibliographic databases. Bibliometric analysis can be conducted on the basis of any sufficiently large publication list compiled and issued, for instance, by a scientific institution. Among the databases the science 15

citation index and the social science citation index, both of the institute for scientific information are the most common source of data. Nevertheless, most reliable sources are the big specialized or multidisciplinary databases that have been first provided in the printed form but later on electronic form prominent specialized data bases are among others are MEDLINE, Chemical Abstract, INSPEC and mathematical reviews. The SCI is still be considered as a source of data collection because of the following important features in spite of several objections against the journal coverage and the data processing policy of the ISI in its preparation. Some of these important features are: Multi-disciplinary: All research fields in the life sciences; natural sciences, mathematics and engineering are represented. Selectiveness: Periodicals covered by SCI are chosen on the basis of quantitative criteria, and the selection is generally reinforced by expert opinion. Full coverage: all papers published in periodicals covered by the SCI are recorded. Completeness of address: the addresses of all authors are indicated, allowing analyses of scientific collaboration and the application of full publication counting schemes. Bibliographical references: together with each document their references are processed. Redefining references as sources makes it possible to analyse citation patterns and to construct citation indicators. Availability: the SCI is available as printed edition, in electronic form on magnetic tapes, as on-line version and as CD-ROM edition. 16

The determination of minimum description of bibliographic items plays an important part in bibliometrics research. The relevant information which are to be collected from a bibliographic databases are: Sources identification (journal title, publication year, volume, page ) Names of authors Corporate address References Document type Title, controlled terms, keywords, abstract, subject headings. Acknowledgement. 1.6 PROBLEMS AND LIMITATIONS OF BIBLIOMETRIC METHODS Bibliometrics like any other technique is not free from criticism. Some of the major problems and limitations of bibliometrics are: Bibliometrics study does not include the informal publications and communications. Therefore, the scientific development cannot be predicted properly. The bibliographical references, which are taken for citation analysis study, are not always standardized. This causes problem while ranking the authors on the basis of the frequency of their getting citations. For example, the author S.R. Ranganathan has been cited variously as Siyali Ramrita Ranganathan, S. 17

Ranganathan and S.R.Ranganathan. this may cause scatteing of citations of same person-works. At the same time it may also happen that there may be more than one author under the same name and it may be difficult to distinguish them. In case of collaborated authors, the cited articles appear only under the name of the first author as listed in each article. Hence one must determine the names of individual contributors who have collaborated the work to get the actual rank of the authors. This is very difficult and tedious process. Citation index is also not free from limitations. As already discussed under the SCI major limitations of citation index, is the coverage of journals in SCI. Self-citation is another limitation of citation analysis study. Although the case of self-citation of single author publications can be determined and eliminated but in case of collaborated works it is difficult to find out the self-citations of authors specially for authors in second or later positions. A serious problem of citation study is Hello citations, where author intentionally cite another author as only goodwill. It is not easy to estimate such citations while ranking the authors on the basis of their citations. Another problem of citation analysis is that in some cases the citation itself is not proper to the context of the citing articles. In some cases the citations are also incomplete. 18

Occurrence of Implicit Citations is one more problem with bibliometric study. Some of the established scientists are not acknowledged for their work, although the work has been referring the thousand of articles. The articles referring the work do not provide bibliographical details of the source where the referred articles appeared first. For example, the work of Einstein is no longer felt necessary to acknowledge although many of the present work are study based on Einstein s work. As a result of this, the citation count that is carried out to find out the rank of authors does not give proper weightage to the contributions of many such well-established contributors in different field. In spite of the limitations of bibliometrics study, it is observed to be one of the best way in getting knowledge of scientific productivity of individual authors / scientists, institutions and journals and to study the pattern of growth of literature and nature of research publications, age of literature used, information needs of scientist, etc. 1.8 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This is an age of research and expedition in every field of knowledge consequent increase in the production of information is best reflected in the literature of every discipline, and Anthropology subject is no exception. The literature of any field emerging from the research publications is the best indicator or expose of the trends in the field. Journals are purveyors of information which are essential resources for carrying out research and teaching. Bibliometric studies reveal the publishing and literature patterns in a field. Plenty of studies have been conducted in a wide variety of subjects. But hardly there are studies on Management studies literature. 19

Hence the researcher felt the need of undertaking the present study to identify the growth of literature on Anthropology subject. The problem identified by the researcher for the study entitled as Bibliometics Studies on anthropology Journals from 2002 to 2011. 1.9 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The researcher has undertaken the research with following objectives To identify and analyse the growth rate of scientific literature in eleven Journals in anthropology To analyse the type of authorship pattern and examine the extent of research collaboration among the authors by using Subramanyam s Mathematical formulae To identify the geographical distribution of authors from which the Contributions get published and to find out Indian contribution To find out the contributions of different types of institutions To identify the areas of research concentration on different subject headings in the field of Anthropology 1.10 HYPOTHESES The following hypothesis were formulated and tested with appropriate Statistical tools There is no significant growth in the research output among ten Anthropology journals 20

Contributions of Co-authored articles are much higher than the Single Authored articles Indian Authors contribution in the selected Anthropology journals is much lower than the other countries Articles related to anthropology are much higher than the other subject head 1.11 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The researcher has taken ten Anthropology journals published in different countries throughout the world which is published through open access. The researcher has taken the following eleven Anthropology Journals taken from DOAJ for analysis. 1. Anthropoetics: the Journal of Generative Anthropology 2. Anthropological Science 3. Anthropologist 4. Anthropology Matters Journal 5. Asian folklore studies 6. Cultural Analysis 7. Indian Folklife 8. Journal of Human Ecology 9. Oral Tradition 10. Studies of Tribes and Tribals The data were downloaded from DOAJ data base and the data that are available in the database were taken for analysis. 21

1.12 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The selected ten management Journals for the study covers a period of ten years spanning between 2003 and 2012, both years inclusive. Records for the analysis in this investigation have been downloaded from Directory of Open Access Journals database. Though there are many anthropology journals available in the data base, the study is limited to only eleven journals as the other journals do not meet the requirements. The findings of this study apply mainly to the fields covered in the DOAJ data base and the subject headings. The journal articles alone were taken into account for analysis leaving Notes, Editorial, Erratum, book reviews, etc. English language articles and citations in English language alone were included for the study. 1.13 STATISTICAL TOOLS USED The following statistical tools were used for analysis of data of the present study. Arithmetic mean, percentages, averages and cumulative percentages were the statistical tools used in analysing the data. In analysing the collaborative degree of authors, the following formula stipulated by Subramanyam was followed. C = N(m) / (N(m) + N(s)) Where N(m) is the number of multi - authored papers and N(s) is the number of single - authored papers. 1.14 OPERATIONAL TERMINOLOGY present study. The following concepts have operationally been defined for the purpose of the 22

1.14.1 RELATIVE GROWTH RATE Relative Growth Rate (RGP) is a measure to study the increase in number of articles/page per unit of articles/page per unit of time (Mahapatra 1985). The definition of RGR has been derived from the study of growth analysis of individual plants and effectively applied in the field of Botany, which in turn has its origin from the study of the rate of interest in the financial investment. The mean relative Growth Rate of articles over a specific period is calculated mathematically. 1.14.2 DOUBLING OF TIME Doubling time (Dt) is directly related to Relative Growth Rate (RGR) It is the time required for articles/citations to become double of the existing amount. It can be applied for the growth of literature, population, inflation, and many other things which tend to grow over the time. The doubling time formula is a great tool for rebutting this argument. It calculates the number of years that will take a population to double in size, given a certain growth rate per year. The exact formula is n = n 2 n[1 + (r/100)] Where n is the doubling time (in years) and r is the growth rate (in percent per year). 23

1.14.3 AUTHORSHIP PATTERN It denotes the percentage concentration of single authored papers in relation to multi-authored papers. 1.14.4 COLLABORATIVE CO-EFFICIENT It is a tool suggested by Ajiferuke to measure the extent and strength of collaboration among the researchers in terms of their research contributions. It explains the prevalence of proportion of single-authored papers and multi-authored papers in research output. 1.14.5 PARTICIPATIVE INDEX (PAI) To evolve performance level of research of an institution, an index called Participative Index (PaI) has been calculated. PaI is the ratio of the number of papers generated in a country or institution and the total number of documents collected in this repertoire. 1.15 RESEARCH DESIGN 1.15.1 DATA COLLECTION SOURCE The data used for the present study were obtained from the DOAJ online data base. The data regarding the ten journals were collected from this database for 10 years (2003-2012) The details of the journal regarding total number of articles, authorship 24

pattern, pages, cited reference, number of times cited in the database and title dealing with subjects were also down loaded from this database. 1.16 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION A total of 2790 records were retrieved for the analysis. The search strategy that has been employed for collecting the total records was as specified in following tables. The following tables were prepared using excel or word format where ever necessary. Growth of Literature Authorship pattern Types of Documents Geographical wise Distribution Institutional wise Distribution Subject wise Distribution Sub Fields in Anthropology The researcher has designed the research output in the following chapters Chapter 1 Presents origin of bibliometrics, definition, pioneers of bibliometrics, Statement of the problem, limitations, objectives, hypotheses, the statistical tools used for analysing the data and how the data were retrieved from the DOAJ data base. Chapter II Deals with a comprehensive preview of literature comprising of studies in foreign countries as well as in India. 25

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