What is Digital Technology? Abstraction

What is Digital Technology? Abstraction

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Digitization Digital technology Represents information by numerical value Engineering perspective Easy to analyze, process Business perspective Reduce the cost of copy and transmission Essentials; Abstraction for all-purposes by unique and common method/interface Creating new services and businesses

Human communication. How to send the message? Send the message Langrage, gesture or image include implication We need a media to transmit the contents Why does message can be sent? Language Peers share the same dictionary Gestures Motion has some context, that shares among communication peers (*) mis-communication will occur due to the inconsistency of dictionary gesture and language are digital information

Speaker Layered model Listener Send a will Will is transformed Into language Send language Air Physical media

Communication by Voice and by Computer Speaker Listener Speaker Listener Send a will Send a will Transform into language Send language Air Physical media Transform into digital information Send digital information Internet Signal transmission Use the different media, for the same will

4 Features of digital technology 1. No quality degradation 2. Media independency 3. Easy multiplexing / mixing information 4. Cheap (i.e., cost reduction)

Features of Digital (1/2) 1. No quality degradation Transmission error/degradation can be automatically recovered/corrected, e.g., you can restore a perfect A, even with poor sounded A. 2. Media independency You can transmit the information on a letter (on paper) using fire, even though paper is burned out by fire. You can move the information from any media (e.g., CD-ROM) to any other media (e.g., Hard-Disk)

Words Transmission with Analogue Speaker Information to be sent Digitization; Intension Words Listener Obtain information This is Digitization. Words is digital! Words on Voice Re-generate Digital information, i.e., words, from sound Words on Voice Digital information over analogue channel (No quality degradation ) Air

Song Transmission with Analogue(1) Singer Digital Analogue Listener Lyrics+Score Listen Sound Transform into sound Digital info. Analogue info. Analogue Sound Sounds is different by singer Analogue Sound Analogue information is transmitted by analogue channel. quality degradation Air

Song Transmission with Analogue(2) Singer Digital Analogue Listener Lyrics+Score Listen Sound Transform into sound Analogue Analogue (AA Transform) Analogue sound Electric sound signal (AA Transform) Analogue sound Electric sound signal Transmit Analogue (sound) via Analogue (Electric) quality degradation, but long distance with speed of light Electronic circuits

Interesting feature? Speed of voice transmission 300 meter/second Hearing (air) is far slower than vision (optical) We can change the physical rule? Voice can travel as fast as light!!!! e.g., music collaboration Electrical collaboration may be better than physical (air) collaboration Also, applying to Earthquake warning system.

Song Transmission with Digital (1) Singer Digital Analogue Lyrics+Score Listen Sound Transform into sound Listerner Analogue Digital (AD Transform) Analogue sound Analogue sound (MIC) (SPK) Electric analogue signal Electric analogue signal (DA Transform) Electric digital signal Electric digital signal Transmit digitizes (analogue sound) via Digital (Electric) No quality degradation Electronic circuits

Song Transmission with Digital (2) Singer Digital Lyrics+Score e.g., MIDI Analogue Listener Listen Sound Analogue sound Digital Digital (DD Transform) Electric digital signal (SPK) Electric analogue signal (DA Transform) Electric digital signal You can generate any singer, instrumental, tune or speed. Electronic circuits

Features of Digital (1/2) 1. No quality degradation Transmission error/degradation can be automatically recovered/corrected, e.g., you can restore a perfect A, even with poor sounded A. 2. Media independency You can transmit the information on a letter (on paper) using fire, even though paper is burned out by fire. You can move the information from any media (e.g., CD-ROM) to any other media (e.g., Hard-Disk)

Media independence You can chose any appropriate media for digital information. Select the state-of-art technology Select the available media Use multiple media

Features of Digital (2/2) 3. Easy multiplexing / mixing information Contents independent multiplexing, i.e., digital information does not have any semantics Increase the transmission capacity with the increase of clock speed 4. Cheap (i.e., cost reduction)!!!! It is really cheap, you can realize why e-mail on cell-phone is almost free.

Information to be sent = 13 4 bits transmission(0-15) 1101 Sampling period you just send during sampling period (1) Slowest pattern 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 (2) When you have faster clock 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 (3) When you have far faster clock! 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 You can send other information

Features of Digital (2/2) 3. Easy multiplexing Contents independent multiplexing, i.e., digital information does not have any semantics Increase the transmission capacity with the increase of clock speed 4. Cheap (i.e., cost reduction)!!!! It is really cheap, you can realize why e- mail on cell-phone is almost free.

Communications; Voice over Air vs. Text over Internet Speaker Listener Speaker Listener Transmission of Intension Intension (Analogue) Words (Digital) Sound (Analogue) Air Transmission of Analogue Sound Transmission of Intension Intension (Analogue) Words (Digital) Text (Digital) Computer Network Transmission of Digital Information Text transmission (true digital transmission) is far cheaper than Sound transmission (false digital transmission in cell-phone)

Two levels of digitization 1. Digitizing the native analogue information Example; Music CD, Video DVD, MP3 file, these are expensive contents, called as rich contents.. 2. Digitizing the native digital information Example; Email, MIDI, VRML, Game cheap contents!!!!!!

Let s compare the cost!!!! Transmission of Thailand, via cell-phone 1. By a analogue voice 32 kbps x 1 second = 32 kbits = 4KBytes 2. By a digital voice 8 kbps x 1 second = 8 kbits = 1 KBytes 3. By a digital text, e.g., email or SMS 1 Byte x 8 characters = 8 Bytes Cost comparison : - 125 times expensive for digital voice - 500 times expensive for analogue voice

Chip business MIPS for Nintendo.. MIPS was originally for high-end work-station. Therefore, the price per chip was high, due to small volume shipment. CEO of Nintendo loved to use the MIPS chip for home game CPU. He committed to sell few millions CPUs and asked 1/1,000 cost per chip. Since the cost of factory is not highly couple with volume of shipment, semiconductor company decided to accept his offer. This is because the total income into factory was larger than legacy MIPS chip business. Lesson; (1) finding out different play-ground, (2) real cost for R&D and production cost. Disk and Memory for Apple.. The price of HDD in ipod and Flush memory in i-shuffle was far cheaper than HDD and USB memory sold in Akihabara!!!!! Almost the same story on PS2 by SONY. More than MIPS for Nintendo.. Custom chip R&D for PS2 by Toshiba

Digitization of information Digitization in data generation Meaning-full digital bits Meaning-less digital bits Digitization in data transmission Phase 1 ; Bundled with hardware Phase 2 ; networking Independent from media (especially hardware)

History; Digitization of Information D: Words (sound) : but disappear D: Character : save/preserve information A: Paper : travel/carry the information A: Printing : copying with low cost D: (digital) copy : no quality degradation D: (digital) transmission: media independence D: program / code: physical independence

Who is Google?? Challenging to the physical equations, using the digital technologies time and cost for transportation volume and cost for storage cost == unit-cost x volume Digital technology dramatically reduces the unitcost. As if the total cost is finite, even summing up infinite number of entities. Discussion on Long-Tail

So,..Google s business model Google develops unique computer system for itself, not for others. Google does not need to sell this computer, since it is it s business tool. People automatically provides their information. Small dusts makes mountain ( 塵も積もれば山となる ) Collecting larger information leads to better service quality, aka, positive feedback cycle.

What is the real impact of 3D printer?

The second revolution in logistics 江戸時代 [Media-Free] 1. Carrying media 2. Carried contents Both are happy! 1990 年代後半 Container Palette Digital network

MEDI ; Digital Native 化の実例 ~ どんな似た例があるかなぁ? ~ 1. Apple iphone/ipad/itv/macbook Designed in California, manufactured in China 2. Printing Send data, print at near/cheap fab., ship material 3. 3D Printer Any material at near fab. 4. DOLBY ATMOS Build any {object oriented} Sound with on-site operation 30