Part One: Understanding Literature References

Part One: Understanding Literature References Objectives 1. To understand that publications are cited according to standard style formats; 2. To understand that the elements included in the references (i.e. facts of publication) vary according to the type of publication being cited; 3. To analyze the elements in a reference to identify the type of publication being cited; 4. To select the appropriate method of locating citing publications in Randall Library, including paper, electronic, and microform formats. 5. To prepare literature references following the style used by the journal, Ecology. INTRODUCTION Scientific journals contain articles written by, and addressed to, experts in a particular area of study. They are concerned with academic study, especially research, and demonstrate the methods and concerns of scholars or scientists. The main purpose of these journals is to report original research or experimentation and to communicate this information to the rest of the scholarly world. Many scholarly journals are published by professional organizations, and the language of these journals also reflects the discipline covered, as it assumes some knowledge or background on the part of the reader. Many scholarly journals use a process of peer review prior to publishing an article. An article submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed scientific journal is sent to reviewers, often specialists who are familiar with the topic or are experts in similar fields or areas. These peers evaluate the content and methodology of the author(s)' work to ensure that it reflects solid scholarship. This editorial and peer review process also serves to remove subjectivity and sensationalism from the publication process. Only articles that have passed through this process are accepted for publication. One of the essential parts of a scientific paper is a review of previously published literature related to the organism or phenomenon studied, or the methodology used in the paper. A list of the publications reviewed in the paper is included the Literature Cited section, which is located at the end of the paper. This allows the paper s readers to follow the progression of related research and seek additional details provided by the papers cited. These publications are listed in alphabetical order by the author s last name, and include additional elements (e.g. title of article, name of journal, volume/issue, and page numbers) to enable the reader to locate the actual publication. Authors of scientific papers must properly cite previously published materials relating to their research. These materials are referred to as references or citations, and are composed of bibliographic elements which present the facts of publication. Elements included vary depending upon the type of publication being cited. For example, book references include the city of publication, while journal articles do not. On the other hand, journal articles include volume and page numbers because these elements are crucial in locating the article being cited. Careful attention to the details necessary in providing accurate and complete references is the hallmark of a well-trained researcher and expedites research for future scientists. Created: Fall 2004 Last update: June 11, 2014 Page 1/10

For this lab, the preferred citation style format is that used by the journal, Ecology, a publication of the Ecological Society of America (ESA) that publishes essays and articles reporting the results of original scientific research in basic and applied ecology. For additional information on the journal, Ecology, and other publications of the ESA, please see: http://www.esa.org/ ELEMENTS of a CITATION You will find that references to all types of publications begin with the same information elements: author, year, title. It is at the end of the entry that the elements differ. For example, periodical article citations end with page numbers, while books, dissertations, and conference proceedings citations end with a city, state, and country. The sections that follow provide examples of several different types of publications and the required bibliographic elements for preparing a citation for that publication. JOURNAL ARTICLE Author(s). Invert the order of the first author's name (last name first, with a comma between last name and first initial), but subsequent authors' names are in normal order. Instead of first & middle names, use initials. Use commas between authors' names and a period after the list of authors. Article title. Capitalize only the first word, proper names, and the first word of a genusspecies name. Genus-species names are printed in italics or underlined. Use a period after the title. Periodical title. Capitalize all significant words in the title. No abbreviations are allowed. Omit "The" when it is the first word of the title. Periodical volume number. Use a colon after the number. Page numbers. Use a dash between beginning and ending number, use full numbers (e.g., 430-435 not 430-35.) Use a period after the page numbers. Examples of Citing PERIODICAL ARTICLES in the Literature Cited Section of Your Paper: Christensen, N. L. 1989. Landscape history and ecological change. Journal of Forest History 33:116 24. Faulkner, S. 2004. Urbanization impacts on the structure and function of forested wetlands. Urban Ecosystems 7:89-106. Created: Fall 2004 Last update: June 11, 2014 Page 2/10

Moorehead, K. K., and M. M. Brinson. 1995. Response of wetlands to rising sea level in the lower coastal plain of North Carolina. Ecological Applications 5:261-271. Morgan, V. J., III, D. R. Gordon, F. E. Putz, and J. K. Hiers. 2005. Restoring fire to longunburned Pinus palustris ecosystems: novel fire effects and consequences for long-unburned ecosystems. Restoration Ecology 13:536-544. Wooten, J. T. 1997. Estimates and tests of per capita interaction strength: diet, abundance and impact of intertidally foraging birds. Ecological Monographs 67:45-64. BOOK or GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT (MONOGRAPH) Author(s). Invert the order of the first author's name (last name first, with a comma between last name and first initial), but subsequent authors' names are in normal order. Instead of first & middle names, use initials. Use commas between authors' names and a period after the list of authors. For government documents which do not name individual authors, use the agency name as the author. Book title. Capitalize only the first word, proper names, and the first word of a genus-species name. Genus-species names are printed in italics or underlined. Use a period after the title. Edition, if other than first. No abbreviations. Publisher. It is not necessary to include "Company" or "Incorporated" in the name. Use a comma after the name. City, State (if applicable), Country where the publisher is located. It is permitted to use USA as an abbreviation, but do not abbreviate other country names. Separate with commas and use a period after the country name. Examples of Citing a BOOK in the Literature Cited Section of Your Paper: Barnabé, G., and R. Barnabé-Quet. 2000. Ecology and management of coastal waters: the aquatic environment. Springer, London, UK. Earley, L. S. 2004. Looking for longleaf: The fall and rise of an American forest. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. Harvey, P. H., and M. D. Pagel. 1991. The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Kennish, M. J., editor. 2004. Estuarine research, monitoring, and resource protection. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. Created: Fall 2004 Last update: June 11, 2014 Page 3/10

Longhurst, A. R. 1998. Ecological geography of the sea. Academic Press, London, UK. Mann, K. H., and J. R. N. Lazier. 1996. Dynamics of marine ecosystems: biological-physical interactions in the oceans. Second edition. Blackwell Science, London, UK. Mitsch, W. J., and J. G. Gosselink. 2000. Wetlands. Third edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA. Wilson, K. A. 1962. North Carolina wetlands: their distribution and management. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. CHAPTER in a BOOK Chapter author(s). Invert the order of the first author's name (last name first, with a comma between last name and first initial), but subsequent authors' names are in normal order. Instead of first & middle names, use initials. Use commas between authors' names and a period after the list of authors. Chapter title. Capitalize only the first word, proper names, and the first word of a genusspecies name. Genus-species names are printed in italics or underlined. Use a period after the title. Page numbers. Capitalize and spell out "Pages." Use a dash between beginning and ending number, use full numbers (e.g., 430-435 not 430-35.) in (in italics or underlined, but not capitalized) Editors' initials and last name(s). Do not invert name order. Use a comma and "editor" or "editors" after names. Follow with a period. Book title. Capitalize only the first word, proper names, and the first word of a genus-species name. Genus-species names are printed in italics or underlined. Use a period after the title. Publisher. It is not necessary to include "Company" or "Incorporated" in the name. Use a comma after the name. City, State (if applicable), Country where the publisher is located. It is permitted to use USA as an abbreviation, but do not abbreviate other country names. Separate with commas and use a period after the country name. Examples of Citing a CHAPTER in a BOOK in the Literature Cited Section of Your Paper: Loreau, M., A. Downing, M. Emmerson, A. Gonzalez, J. Hughes, P. Inchausti, J. Joshi, J. Norberg, and O.E. Sala. 2002. A new look at the relationship between diversity and stability. Pages 79 91 in M. Loreau, S. Naeem, and P. Inchausti, editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem Created: Fall 2004 Last update: June 11, 2014 Page 4/10

functioning. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Semlitsch, R. D., D. E. Scott, J. H. K. Pechmann, and J. W. Gibbons. 1996. Structure and dynamics of an amphibian community. Evidence from a 16-year study of a natural pond. Pages 217-248 in M. L. Cody and J. A. Smallwood, editors. Long-term studies of vertebrate communities. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA. Sih, A. 1987. Predators and prey lifestyles: an evolutionary and ecological overview. Pages 203-224 in W. C. Kerfoot and A. Sih, editors. Predation: direct and indirect impact on aquatic communities. University Press of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA. DISSERTATION or THESIS Author. Invert the order of the author's name (last name first, with a comma between last name and first initial). Instead of first & middle names, use initials. Use a period after the name. Dissertation title. Capitalize only the first word, proper names, and the first word of a genusspecies name. Genus-species names are printed in italics or underlined. Use a period after the title. Dissertation or Thesis. Use the appropriate word to indicate the type of paper. Use a period after the word. Institution. The full name of the college or university granting the degree. Use a comma after the name. City, State (if applicable), Country where institution is located. It is permitted to use USA as an abbreviation, but do not abbreviate other country names. Separate with commas and use a period after the country name. Examples of Citing a DISSERTATION or THESIS in the Literature Cited Section of Your Paper: Lorman, J. G. 1975. Feeding and activity of the crayfish Oronectes rusticus in a northern lake. Thesis. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Wright, J. T. 2000. Population dynamics, genetic structure and evolution of chemical defenses in a marine alga. Dissertation. University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia. Created: Fall 2004 Last update: June 11, 2014 Page 5/10

CONFERENCE PAPER Paper author(s). Invert the order of the first author's name (last name first, with a comma between last name and first initial), but subsequent authors' names are in normal order. Instead of first & middle names, use initials. Use commas between authors' names and a period after the list of authors. Paper title. Capitalize only the first word, proper names, and the first word of a genusspecies name. Genus-species names are printed in italics or underlined. Use a period after the title. Page numbers. Capitalize and spell out "Pages." Use a dash between beginning and ending number, use full numbers (e.g., 430-435 not 430-35.) in (in italics or underlined, but not capitalized) Editors' initials and last name(s). Do not invert name order. Use a comma and "editor" or "editors" after names. Follow with a period. Conference title. Some conferences have a specific "theme" title as well as a title noting that it is proceedings of a specific (sometimes numbered) conference of an organization or broad topic. Capitalize only the first word, proper names, and the first word of a genus-species name. Genus-species names are printed in italics or underlined. It is optional to include the city, state, country, and dates of the conference. If included, separate this information from the title with a comma, and use a comma after the city, state, and country. Use a period after the title. Publisher (sometimes, but not always, this is the sponsoring organization.) Use a comma after the name. City, State (if applicable), Country where publisher is located. It is permitted to use USA as an abbreviation, but do not abbreviate other country names. Separate with commas and use a period after the country name. Example of Citing a CONFERENCE PAPER in the Literature Cited Section of Your Paper: Grace, J. B., M. D. Smith, S. L. Grace, S. L. Collins, and T. J. Stohlgren. 2001. Interactions between fire and invasive plants in temperate grasslands of North America. Pages 40-65 in K. M. Galley and T. P. Wilson, editors. Proceedings of the invasive species workshop: the role of fire in the control and spread of invasive species. Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida, USA. Created: Fall 2004 Last update: June 11, 2014 Page 6/10

Warner, R. R. 1986. The environmental correlates of female infidelity in a coral reef fish. Pages 803-810 in T. Uyeno, R. Arai, T. Taniuchi, and K. Matsuura, editors. Indo-Pacific fish biology. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Indo-Pacific Fishes. Ichthyological Society of Japan, Tokyo, Japan. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT or BOOK IN A SERIES Author(s). Invert the order of the first author's name (last name first, with a comma between last name and first initial), but subsequent authors' names are in normal order. Instead of first & middle names, use initials. Use commas between authors' names and a period after the list of authors. For government documents which do not name individual authors, use the agency name as the author. Title. Capitalize only the first word, proper names, and the first word of a genus-species name. Genus-species names are printed in italics or underlined. Use a period after the title. Agency Name or Series Title. Capitalize all significant words. Report number or Number in series. Use a period after the number. Publisher. For U.S. or state government documents, include the name of the department or agency. Use a comma after the department/agency, and include the field station or office. Follow this with a comma. City, State (if applicable), Country where the publisher is located. It is permitted to use USA as an abbreviation, but do not abbreviate other country names. Separate with commas and use a period after the country name. Examples of a GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT in a NUMBERED SERIES in the Literature Cited Section of Your Paper: Leatherberry, E. C., T. L. Schmidt, J. K. Strickler, and R. G. Aslin. 1999. An analysis of the forest resources of Kansas. Forest Service Research Paper NC-334. U.S. Department of Agriculture, North Central Research Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. McLaughlin, R. A., and J. W. Gilliam. 2002. Using natural and landscaped buffers to reduce pollutant loading from agricultural runoff. Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina Report 340. University of North Carolina, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1997. Designing an information management system for watersheds. EPA841-R-97-005. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, D.C., USA. Created: Fall 2004 Last update: June 11, 2014 Page 7/10

Examples of a BOOK in a NUMBERED SERIES in the Literature Cited Section of Your Paper: Hill, D. E., E. H. Sautter, and W. N. Gunick. 1980. Soils of Connecticut. Bulletin Number 787. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. Storr, J. F. 1964. Ecology and oceanography of the coral-reef tract, Abaco Island, Bahamas. GSA Special Papers 79. Geological Society of America, New York, New York, USA. Wittenberger, J. F., and G. L. Hunt. 1985. The adaptive significance of coloniality in birds. Pages 1-78 in D. S. Farner and J. R. King, editors. Avian biology. Volume 8. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA. SOFTWARE Author(s). Name of Company. Title. Name of Software. Use a period after the product s name. Publisher. It is not necessary to include "Company" or "Incorporated" in the name. Use a comma after the name. City, State (if applicable), Country where the publisher is located. It is permitted to use USA as an abbreviation, but do not abbreviate other country names. Separate with commas and use a period after the country name. Examples of SOFTWARE in the Literature Cited Section of Your Paper: IBM. 2012. IBM SPSS version 21. IBM Software Group, Chicago, Illinois, USA. IBM. 2010. IBM SPSS statistics for Windows. Version 19.0. IBM, Armonk, New York, USA. R Development Core Team. 2012. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.r-project.org SAS Institute. 2008. SAS for Windows 9.2. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA. StatSoft. 2011. STATISTICA (data analysis software system), version 10. http://www.statsoft.com Created: Fall 2004 Last update: June 11, 2014 Page 8/10

USING and CITING INTERNET RESOURCES The Literature Cited section of a paper may refer only to permanently archived material. If a reasonably diligent scholar 20 years in the future could not be assured of finding a particular source, it would not be acceptable as literature cited. Because Internet sources typically have a short half-life, they may not be included in Literature Cited sections unless there is reasonable evidence of permanency. In attempting to find examples of references to Web pages cited in articles from the journal, Ecology, articles published in the past year were examined. Below are several examples of websites articles from Ecology. Before using web pages, please consult with your instructors about their opinions on using Internet resources for your research. Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. Southern Oscillation Index. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/soi2.shtm Cal-IPC. 2006. California invasive plant inventory publication No. 2006-02. California Invasive Plant Council. http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2010. Climate Prediction Center: Pacific/North American (PNA). http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/teledoc/pna.shtml These references were used as models for the web sites cited above. We will continue to review bibliographies in future issues of Ecology for additional guidance. Created: Fall 2004 Last update: June 11, 2014 Page 9/10

Citing an image: PLATE 1. North American millipede (Narceus americanus) in Halyburton Park, Wilmington, North Carolina. Photo credit: P. Fritzler Citing a Chi-square table in the Literature Cited section of your paper: Kernler, D. Chi-square (X 2 ) distribution table. Elgin Community College, Elgin, Illinois, USA. http://faculty.elgin.edu/dkernler/statistics/ch09/chi-square-table.pdf Williams, J. Probability, Chi square, and pop beads. Southwest Tennessee Community College, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/jiwilliams/probability.htm Created: Fall 2004 Last update: June 11, 2014 Page 10/10