General Aptitude Theory and Practice Ajay Kumar M.Sc., Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India MBA, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India Anand Kumar M.Sc., Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India Pathfinder Publication New Delhi, India
Ajay Kumar M.Sc., Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India MBA, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India Anand Kumar M.Sc., Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India Copyright 2016 by publisher, all rights reserved. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, or in the form of a phonographic recording, nor it may be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise copied for public or private use, without written permission from the publisher. ISBN : 978-93-80473-05-5 Pathfinder Publication A unit of Pathfinder Academy Private Limited, New Delhi, India. G-92, Pratap complex, Pratap market, Munirka, New Delhi-110067, India Phone : 09350208235, 011-65661498 Printer : Ronit Enterprises, New Delhi, India Visit our website www.pathfinderpublication.in
Preface General Aptitude-Theory and Practice, book for CSIR-JRF-NET will help students to improve their skills in the field of numerical ability, quantitative comparison, data interpretation and analysis, as well as logical and analytical reasoning. This book is designed as a self-help guide for every student who wants to tackle the aptitude questions in the CSIR-JRF-NET examination. The content of the book has been written after critical analysis of the introduction of aptitude test by the CSIR-JRF-NET. This book will appeal to scholars and students of the inter-disciplinary field of Life sciences, Mathematical sciences, Chemical sciences, Earth sciences, Physical sciences and will beef up their scientific philosophy. This book is valuable for anyone who wants to see how their own unique aptitudes might best be used in a wide range of careers. We have incorporated the previous year s questions of Chemical sciences, Earth sciences, Physical sciences in the respective chapter. We would like to thank all my colleagues who have helped in various ways and special thanks to Pradeep Verma and Rajnish Kumar Gupta for graphic designing of the book and Monu for typing the manuscript for the accomplishment of this book. We wish to take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Prakash Vardhan, Mr. Ram Mohan Pandey, Shitanshu Bharti, Neetu, Priyadarshi for their numerous advice and critical review during the completion of the original manuscript. We will highly grateful to all those readers who communicate to us about any such information or suggestion they come across. We will always look forward for suggestion to improve the usefulness of this book. Ajay Kumar Anand Kumar
Contents Chapter - 01 Numerical Ability 1 192 1.1 Number and Simplifications 01 1.2 H.C.F. and L.C.M. of numbers 17 1.3 Average 24 1.4 Percentage 29 1.5 Profit and Loss 35 1.6 Simple Interest 42 1.7 Compound Interest 48 1.8 Ratio and Proportion 53 1.9 Alligation or Mixture 60 1.10 Time, speed and distance 66 1.11 Time and Work 74 1.12 Quadratic Equations 80 1.13 Sequence and Series 88 1.14 Surds and Indices 96 1.15 Logarithms 102 1.16 Permutations and Combinations 105 1.17 Probability 117 1.18 Geometry 127 1.19 Mensuration 169 1.20 Trigonometry 184 Chapter - 02 Quantitative Comparison 193 212
Chapter - 03 Reasoning 213 278 3.1 Series formation 213 Letter series 213 Number series 217 Symbol series 223 3.2 Coding-decoding 237 3.3 Distance and Directions 243 3.4 Calendar and Clock 251 3.5 Ranking and arrangement 258 3.6 Puzzles 268 Chapter - 04 Data Interpretation and Analysis 279 302 4.1 Mean 280 Absolute deviation 280 Characteristics of mean 280 4.2 Median 280 4.3 Mode 281 Frequency distribution 281 Absolute Frequency 281 Relative Frequency 281 Cumulative Frequency 281 4.4 Measures of dispersion 282 Range 282 Standard deviation 282 4.5 Graphical analysis 282 Table 282 Line graph 283 Bar chart 285 Pie chart 286 Histograms 286
Previous Year s solved Papers 303 360 Life Sciences (December - 2012) 305 Life Sciences (June - 2013) 313 Life Sciences (December - 2013) 320 Life Sciences (June - 2014) 328 Life Sciences (December - 2014) 335 Life Sciences (June - 2015) 343 Life Sciences (December - 2015) 354