ALWD (5th ed.) Bluebook (20th ed.) Rule Correlations

ALWD (5th ed.) Bluebook (20th ed.) Rule Correlations (1) Bluebook rule numbers preceded by the letter B apply only to citations in practice-based documents; they provide no guidance for citations in. (2) ALWD rules apply both to citations in and to citations in practice-based documents. Where the citation typeface formats differ, the source s ALWD rule adds a subsection ending in (FN) and marked with an academic format icon to illustrate the differences. ALWD Topic Bluebook Rule 1 Typeface in citations, in general Rules B2; 2, 7 1.2 Ordinary type, in general Rules B2; 2.1 1.3 Italics or underlining, in general Rules B2, B7, B10.1.1; 2.1, 7 1.4(FN) Large and small caps, in general Rules B1, B2; 2.1 Rule 2 Abbreviations, in general * Rules B6; 6.1 Rule 2.1 Standard and non-standard abbreviations Rule 6.1 Rule 2.2 Spacing for abbreviations, in general Rules B6; 6.1 Rule 3 Spelling and capitalization, in general Rules B8; 8 Rule 4 Numbers Rules B6; 6.2 Rule 4.1 Numbers in citations Rules B6; 6.2(a) Rule 4.2 Numbers in text Rules B6; 6.2(a) Rule 4.3 Ordinal numbers Rules 6.2(b), 10.4 Rule 5 Page or location numbers Rules B3; 3.2(a) Rule 5.1 Initial pages Rule 3.2(a) Rule 5.2 Pinpoint pages Rules B10.1.2, B17.1.2; 3.2(a) Rule 5.3 Consecutive pages Rules B10.1.2; 3.2(a) Rule 5.4 Scattered pages Rules 10.1.2, 3.2(a) Rule 5.5 Star pagination Rule 3.2(a) Rule 5.6 Passim Rule 3.2(a) Rule 6 Sections or paragraphs Rules B3; 3.3 Rule 6.1 Sections or paragraphs, in general Rules B3; 3.3 Rule 6.2 Spacing with section or paragraph symbols Rule 6.2(c) Rule 6.3 Consecutive sections or paragraphs Rules B3; 3.3(b), (c) Rule 6.4 Scattered sections or paragraphs Rules B3; 3.3(b), (c) Rule 6.5 Unnumbered paragraphs Rule 3.3 * For specific sources abbreviations, see Appendix entries below.

Rule 6.6 Textual references to sections or paragraphs Rule 6.2(c) Rule 7 Footnotes or endnotes, in general Rules B1, B3; 3.2 Rule 8 Supplements Rule 3.1 Rule 9 Graphical material, appendices, or other subdivisions Rule 10 Internal cross-references Rule 3.5 Rule 11 Full and short citation forms, in general Rule B4 Rule 11.1 Full citation form Rule 11.1(d)(FN) Frequency of citation in Rule 4.1 Rules 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 Rule 11.2 Short citation form Rules B4; 4 Rule 11.3 Id. Rules B4; 4.1 Rule 11.4 Supra Rules B4; 4.2 Rule 11.4(d)(FN) Supra in Rule 4.2 Rule 11.4(e)(FN) Short citation using supra in academic Rule 4.2 Rule 11.5 Hereinafter Rules B4; 4.2 Rule 11.5(c)(FN) Hereinafter in Rule 4.2(b) Rule 12 Cases Rules B10; 10 Rule 12.1 Basic citation form for cases Rules B10.1; 10.1 Rule 12.2 Case names Rules B10.1.1; 10.2; Tables T6, T10 Rule 12.2(a)(2)(FN) Typeface for case names in academic Rules 2.1(a), 10.2 Rule 12.3 Reporter volume Rules B10.1.2; 10.3 Rule 12.4 Reporter name Rules B10.1.2; 10.3; Table T1 Rule 12.4(b)(4) Nominative reporters Rule 10.3.2 Rule 12.4(c) Reporters in parallel citations Rules B10.1.3; 10.3.1 Rule 12.5 Page numbers Rules B10.1.2; 10.3.2 Rule 12.6 Court abbreviation Rules B10.1.3; 10.4 Rule 12.6(c)(3) Fifth Circuit split Rule 10.8.2 Rule 12.7 Date of decision Rules B10.1.3; 10.5 Rule 12.8 Subsequent history Rules B10.1.6; 10.7 Rule 12.9 Prior history Rules B10.1.6; 10.7 Rule 12.10 Parenthetical information Rules B10.1.5; 10.6

Rule 12.10(a) Non-majority opinions Rules B10.1.5; 10.6 Rule 12.11 Table cases Rule 10.6.1(a) Rule 12.12 Cases not yet available in print reporter Rules B10.1.4; 10.8.1 Rule 12.13 Non-precedential or unpublished cases Rules B10.1.4; 10.8.1 Rule 12.14 Cases in looseleaf services Rule 10.8.1(c) Rule 12.15 Slip opinions Rules B10.1.4; 10.8.1(b) Rule 12.16 Cases on the Internet Rules B10.1.4; 10.8.1(c) Rule 12.17 Neutral citations Rule 10.3.3 Rule 12.18 Court documents in a case Rules B2; 10.8.3 Rule 12.19 Short citation forms Rules B4; 10.9 Rule 12.19(g)(FN) Short citation format in Rules 2.1(a), 4.1, 10.9 Rule 13 Constitutions Rules B11; 11 Rule 13.2(e)(FN) Constitutions in Rule 11 Rule 14 Statutory codes and session laws Rules B12; 12 Rule 14.1 Sources of statutory law Rules B12.1.1, B12.1.2; 12.1, 12.2.1(a) Rule 14.2 Basic citation form for federal statutes Rules B12.1.1; 12.1, 12.2.1(a) Rule 14.2(h)(FN) Federal statutes in Rules 12.3, 12.9.1 Rule 14.3 Federal statutes no longer in force Rule 12.2.1(b) Rule 14.4 Basic citation form for state statutes Rules B12.1.2; 12.1 Rule 14.4(c)(FN) State statutes in Rule 12.1 Rule 14.5 Short citation forms for statutes Rules B12.2; 12.10 Rule 14.5(c)(FN) Short citation forms for statutes in academic Rule 12.10 Rule 14.6 Basic citation form for federal session laws Rules B12.1.1; 12.4 Rule 14.6(h)(FN) Federal session laws in Rule 12.4 Rule 14.7 Federal session laws no longer in force Rule 12.2.1(b) Rule 14.8 Basic citation form for state session laws Rule 12.4 Rule 14.9 Short citation forms for session laws Rules B12.2; 12.10 Rule 14.9(c)(FN) Short citation forms for session laws in Rule 12.10 Rule 15 Legislative materials Rules B13; 13 Rule 15.1 Basic citation form for federal unenacted measures Rules B13; 13.2(a)

Rule 15.2 Rule 15.2(c)(FN) Short citation forms for federal unenacted measures Short citation forms for federal unenacted measures in Rules B12.2; 13.8 Rule 15.3 Federal enacted bills or joint resolutions Rules B13; 13.2(b) Rule 15.3(b)(3)(FN) Rule 15.4 Rule 15.4(b)(3)(FN) Short citation forms for federal enacted bills or joint resolutions Federal enacted simple or concurrent resolutions Short citation forms for enacted simple or concurrent resolutions in Rules B13; 13.2(b) Rule 15.5 Congressional hearings Rules B13; 13.3 Rule 15.6 Rule 15.6(c)(FN) Short citation forms for congressional hearings Short citation forms for congressional hearings in Rules B12.2; 13.8 Rule 15.7 Numbered reports or documents Rules B13; 13.4(a), (b) Rule 15.7(g)(FN) Rule 15.8 Rule 15.8(c)(FN) Rule 15.9 Rule 15.9(b)(FN) Numbered reports or documents in academic Short citation forms for numbered reports or documents Short citation forms for numbered reports or documents in Unnumbered reports, documents, or committee prints Unnumbered reports, documents, or committee prints in Rule 13.4(a) Rules B12.2; 13.8 Rules B13; 13.4(c) Rule 13.4(c) Rule 15.10 Congressional debates Rules 13.1, 13.5 Rule 15.10(a)(6)(FN) Post-1873 debates in Rule 13.5 Rule 15.10(b)(3)(FN) Short citation forms for post-1973 debates in Rule 15.10(c)(2)(FN) Pre-1873 debates in Rule 13.5 Rule 15.10(d)(3)(FN) Short citation forms for pre-1873 debates in Rule 15.11 Congressional journals Rule 13.4(e) Rule 15.11(b)(FN) Congressional journals in Rule 13.4(e) Rule 15.12 The Declaration of Independence Rule 3.3

Rule 15.12(b)(FN) The Declaration of Independence citation in Rule 3.3 Rule 15.13 State unenacted measures Rule 13.2(c) Rule 15.14 Rule 15.14(c)(FN) Short citation forms for state unenacted measures Short citation forms for state unenacted measures in Rules B12.2; 13.8 Rule 15.15 State enacted measures or joint resolutions Rules B13; 13.2(c) Rule 15.16 State legislative hearings Rule 13.3(b) Rule 15.16(c)(FN) Short citation forms for state legislative hearings in Rule 15.17 State legislative reports or documents Rule 13.4(f) Rule 15.17(g)(FN) State legislative reports or documents in Rule 13.4(f) Rule 15.18 State legislative debates Rule 13.5 Rule 15.18(g)(FN) State legislative debates in Rule 13.5 Rule 15.19 Rule 15.19(b)(FN) Short citation forms for state legislature debates Short citation forms for state debates in Rule 15.20 State legislative journals Rule 13.4(e), (f) Rule 15.20 Short citation forms for state journals in Rule 16 Court rules, ethics opinions, or jury instructions Rules 12.9.3, 12.9.6 Rule 16.1 Court rules Rule 12.9.3 Rule 16.1(e)(FN) Court rules in Rule 12.9.3 Rule 16.2 Ethics opinions Rule 12.9.5 Rule 16.3 Jury instructions Rule 17 Ordinances Rule 12.9.2 Rule 17.3(FN) Rule 17.4(c)(FN) Codified or uncodified ordinances in Short citation forms for ordinances in Rule 12.9.2 Rule 12.10 Rule 18 Administrative or executive materials Rules B14; 14 Rule 18.1 Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) Rules B14; 14.1, 14.2(e), 14.4 Rule 18.2 Short citation forms for C.F.R. Rule 14.5

Rule 18.2(b)(FN) Short citation forms for C.F.R. in academic Rule 14.5 Rule 18.3 Federal Register Rules 14.2, 14.4 Rule 18.4 Short citation forms for Federal Register Rule 14.5 Rule 18.4(b)(FN) Short citation forms for Federal Register in Rule 14.5 Rule 18.5 Federal agency decisions Rules 14.3, 14.4; Table T1.2 Rule 18.5(g)(FN) Rule 18.6 Federal agency decisions in academic Short citation forms for federal agency decisions Rules 14.3.1, 14.4 Rule 18.7 Federal advisory opinions Rule 14.3 Rule 18.8 Short citation forms for federal advisory opinions Rule 18.9 Federal executive documents Rule 14.2; Table T1.2, Executive Office of the President Rule 18.9(f)(FN) Rule 18.10 Federal executive documents in academic Short citation forms for federal executive documents Rule 14.2; Table T1.2 Rule 18.11 Federal executive agreements Rule 14.2; Table T1.2, Executive Office of the President Rule 18.12 Patents Table T1.2, Department of Commerce, Patent and Trademark Office Rule 18.13 State administrative codes Rule 14.2; Table T1 Rule 18.14 State administrative registers Rule 14.2; Table T1 Rule 18.15 State agency decisions Rules 14.3, 14.4 Rule 18.16 State advisory opinions Rule 14.3 Rule 18.17 State executive materials Rule 14.2 Rule 18.18 Other administrative or executive materials Rule 14.2 Rule 19.0 Treaties, conventions, or agreements; international or foreign law sources Rule 19.1 Basic citation forms Rule 21.4 Rules B20, B21; 20, 21

Rule 19.2 Rule 19.3 Rule 19.3(b)(FN) Treaties, conventions, or agreements no longer in force Short citation forms for treaties, conventions, or agreements Short citation forms for treaties, conventions, or agreements in Rules B21; 21.4 Rule 21.17 Rule 21.17 Rule 19.4 International or foreign legal sources Rules B20, B21; 21.5 21.15 Rule 20 Books, treatises, or other non-periodic materials Rules B15; 15 Rule 20.1(a) Volume number Rules B15.1; 15.1 Rule 20.1(b) Author Rules B15.1; 15.1 Rule 20.1(c) Title Rules B15.1; 15.3 Rule 20.1(d) Pinpoint reference Rules B15.1; 3.2, 3.3 Rule 20.1(e) Publication parenthetical Rules B15.1; 15.2, 15.4 Rule 20.1(f)(FN) Books, treatises, or other non-periodic materials in Rule 15 Rule 20.2 Star editions Rule 15.8(b) Rule 20.3 Collected works Rule 15.5 Rule 20.3(e)(FN) Collected works in Rule 15.5 Rule 20.4 Electronic media Rules 15.9, 18.1, 18.2.2 Rule 20.5 Religious works Rule 15.8(c) Rule 20.6 Rule 20.6(d)(FN) Short citation forms for books, treatises, or other non-periodic materials Short citation forms for books, treatises, or other non-periodic materials in academic Rules B15.2; 15.10 Rule 15.10 Rule 21 Periodicals Rules B16; 16 Rule 21.1 Consecutive or nonconsecutive pagination Rules B16.1.1, B16.1.2; 16.4, 16.5 Rule 21.2 Basic citation forms, consecutively paginated periodicals Rule 21.2(a) Author s name Rules 16.2 Rules B16.1.1; 16.1, 16.4 Rule 21.2(b) Student authors Rules B16.1.3; 16.7.1 Rule 21.2(c) Title or subtitle Rule 16.3 Rules 21.3 Basic citation forms, nonconsecutively paginated periodicals Rules B16.1.2; 16.5 Rule 21.3(f) Newspapers Rules B16.1.4; 16.6

Rule 21.3(g) Newsletters Rule 16.7.8 Rule 21.4 Cartoons or comic strips Rule 21.5 Electronic periodicals Rules 16.8, 18.2.2 Rule 21.6 Rule 21.6(FN) Basic citation form for periodicals in academic Legal and other periodicals in academic Rule 16.1 Rule 16.1 Rule 21.7 Short citation forms for periodicals Rules B16.2; 16.9 Rule 21.7(b)(FN) Rule 22 Short citation forms for periodicals in Dictionaries, encyclopedias, or A.L.R. annotations Rule 16.9 Rules B15; 15.8 Rule 22.1 Dictionaries Rules B15; 15.8 Rule 22.1(b)(FN) Dictionaries in Rule 15.8 Rule 22.2 Short citation forms for dictionaries Rules B15.2; 15.10 Rule 22.2(b)(FN) Short citation forms for dictionaries in Rule 15.10 Rule 22.3 Encyclopedias (multi-volume) Rule 15.8 Rule 22.3(f)(FN) Multi-volume encyclopedias in academic Rule 15.8 Rule 22.4 Encyclopedias with named authors or editors Rule 15.8 Rule 22.4(b)(FN) Encyclopedias with named authors or editors in Rule 15.8 Rule 22.5 Short citation forms for encyclopedias Rules B15.2; 15.10 Rule 22.5(d)(FN) Short citation forms for encyclopedias in Rule 15.10 Rule 22.6 A.L.R. Annotations Rules B16.2; 16.7.6 Rule 22.6(g)(FN) Annotations in Rule 16.7.6 Rule 22.7 Short citation forms for annotations Rule 16.9 Rule 22.7(b)(FN) Rule 23 Short citation forms for annotations in Restatements, model codes, uniform laws, or sentencing guidelines Rule 16.9 Rules B12.1.3; 12.9.4, 12.9.5 Rule 23.1 Restatements Rules B12.1.3; 12.9.5 Rule 23.1(e)(FN) Restatements in Rule 12.9.5 Rule 23.2 Short citation forms for restatements Rules B4; 4

Rule 23.2(b)(FN) Short citation forms for restatements in Rule 4 Rule 23.3 Model codes or acts Rule 12.9.4 Rule 23.3(b)(FN) Model codes or acts in Rule 12.9.4 Rule 23.4 Short citation forms for model codes or acts Rule 12.10 Rule 23.5 Uniform laws Rules B12.1.3; 12.9.4 Rule 23.5(c)(FN) Uniform laws in Rule 12.9.4 Rule 23.6 Short citation forms for uniform laws Rule 12.10 Rule 23.7 Sentencing guidelines Rules B12.1.3; 12.9.4 Rule 23.7(b)(FN) Sentencing guidelines in Rule 12.9.4 Rule 23.8 Short citation forms for sentencing guidelines Rules B4; 4 Rule 23.8(b)(FN) Short citation forms for sentencing guidelines in Rule 4 Rule 24 Looseleaf services or topical reporters Rules B19; 19; Table T15 Rule 24.1 Rule 24.1(j)(FN) Rule 24.2 Basic citation form for case material in looseleaf or topical reporter Case material in looseleaf or topical reporter in Short citation forms for case material in looseleaf or topical reporter Rules B19; 19.1 Rule 19.1 Rule 19.2(a) Rule 24.3 Non-case materials in looseleaf service Rules B19; 19.1 Rule 24.4 Rule 25 Rule 25.2 Short citation forms for non-case material in looseleaf service Practitioner and court documents, transcripts, or appellate records Basic citation forms for practitioner or court documents Rule 19.2(b) Rules B17; 10.8.3 Rules B17.1; 10.1, 10.8.3; Table BT1 Rule 25.3 Transcripts Rules B17.1; 10.8.3 Rule 25.4 Short citation forms for practitioner or court documents, transcripts Rules B17.2; 10.8.3 Rule 25.5 Appellate records Rules B17.1.1; 10.8.3; Table BT1 Rule 25.6 Short citation forms for appellate records Rule B17.2 Rule 26 Speeches, addresses, or oral presentations Rule 17.2.6 Rule 26.1 Basic citation form for presentations Rule 17.2.6

Rule 26.1(f)(FN) Basic citation form for presentations in Rule 17.2.6 Rule 26.2 Published presentations Rules 1.6(a)(i), 15.5.2(b), 17.2.6 Rule 26.3 Short citation forms for presentations Rule 17.6 Rule 26.3(b)(FN) Short citation forms for presentations in Rule 17.6 Rule 27 Interviews, letters, or memoranda Rules 17.2.3, 17.2.5 Rule 27.1 Basic citation forms for interviews by author Rule 17.2.5 Rule 27.2 Basic citation forms for interviews by another Rule 17.2.5 Rule 27.3 Unpublished letters or memoranda Rule 17.2.3 Rule 27.4 Published letters or memoranda Rule 15.5.2 Rule 27.5 Short citation forms Rules 15.10, 17.6 Rule 27.5(b)(FN) Rule 28 Short citation forms for interviews, letters, or memoranda in Video and visual programs, radio, audio recordings, or documents in microform collections Rules 15.10, 17.6 Rules 18.1(b), 18.6, 18.7 Rule 28.1 Video or visual programs Rules 18.1(b), 18.6 Rule 28.1(f)(FN) Video or visual programs in academic Rules 18.1(b), 18.6 Rule 28.2 Radio broadcasts or series Rules 18.1(b), 18.6 Rule 28.3 Audio recordings Rule 18.7 Rule 28.4 Single audio record in a collection Rules 15.5, 18.7 Rule 28.5(FN) Audio recordings in Rule 18.7 Rule 28.6 Microform source Rule 18.5 Rule 28.6(c)(FN) Microform source in Rule 18.5 Rule 28.7 Rule 28.7(b)(FN) Rule 29 Short citation forms for visual or audio materials Short citations forms for visual or audio materials in Forthcoming works, unpublished works, or working papers Rule 18.8 Rule 18.8 Rule 17 Rule 29.1 Forthcoming works Rule 17.3 Rule 29.2 Unpublished works Rule 17.2 Rule 29.3 Working papers Rule 17.4

Rule 29.4(FN) Rule 29.5 Forthcoming works, unpublished works, or working papers in Short citation forms for forthcoming works, unpublished works, or working papers Rules 17.2, 17.3, 17.4 Rule 17.6 Rule 30 Electronic sources in general Rules B18; 18 Rule 31 Internet sites Rules B18; 18.2, 18.7.3 Rule 31.2(g)(FN) Internet sites in Rules 18.2, 18.7.3 Rule 31.5(b)(FN) Short citation forms for internet sites in Rule 18.8 Rule 32 Commercial databases Rule 18.3 Rule 32.4(b)(FN) Short citation forms for commercial databases in Rule 18.8 Rule 33 Email, e-readers, or CD-ROMs Rules 17.2.4, 18.4 Rule 33.1 Email Rule 17.2.4 Rule 33.2 Listserv postings Rule 17.2.4 Rule 33.3 Postings to discussion groups or forums Rule 18.2.2 Rule 33.4 New media sources Rule 18 Rule 33.5 E-readers or e-books Rule 18.1(b) Rule 33.6 CD-ROMs Rule 18.4 Rule 33.7 Short citation forms Rule 18.8 Rule 34 Citation placement and use Rules B1; 1 (overview), 1.1 Rule 34.1(e)(FN) Placement of citations in and endnotes Rules 1, 1.1 Rule 35 Signals Rules B1.2; 1.2 Rule 35.1 Function of signals Rule 1.2 Rule 35.2 Significance of no signal Rules B1.2; 1.2(a) Rule 35.3 Categories of signals Rule 1.2 Rule 35.4 Formatting signals Rules B1.2; 1.2 Rule 35.5 Signals for multiple authorities; changing signals Rules B1.2; 1.3 Rule 35.5(c)(FN) Changing signals in Rule 1.3 Rule 36 Order of cited authorities Rules B1.2; 1.4 Rule 36.1 Ordering multiple authorities Rule 1.3 Rule 36.2 General guidelines Rule 1.3

Rule 36.3 Ordering specific sources Rule 1.4 Rule 37 Explanatory parentheticals, commentary, and treatment Rules B1.3, B10.1.5, B10.1.6; 1.5, 1.6 Rule 38 Quotations Rules B5; 5 Rule 38.1 When to quote Rule 5 Rule 38.2 Quoting accurately Rule 5.2(c), (d) Rule 38.3 Quotation formats Rules B5.1; 5.1, 5.2 Rule 38.4 Short quotations Rules B5.1; 5.1(b) Rule 38.4(e)(FN) Placement of citation to source of short quotation in academic footnote Rule 5.1(b) Rule 38.5 Long quotations Rules B5.2; 5.1(a) Rule 38.5(f)(FN) Placement of citation to source of long quotation in academic footnote Rule 38.6 Epigraphs Rule 38.6(b)(FN) Placement of citation to source of epigraphs in academic footnote Rule 5.1(a) Rule 39 Altering quotations Rule 5.2 Rule 39.5(FN) Adding a footnote within a block quotation Rule 5.1(a) Rule 40 Omissions in quotations Rule 5.3 Appendix 1 Primary sources by jurisdiction Table T1 Appendix 2 Local court citation rules Bluepages Table BT2 Appendix 3 General abbreviations Appendix 3(A) Calendar divisions Table T12 Appendix 3(B) United States and world geography Table T10 Appendix 3(C) Subdivisions Table T16 Appendix 3(D) Publishing terms Table T14 Appendix 3(E) Case names and statutes Table T6 Appendix 3(F) Legislative abbreviations Table T9 Appendix 3(G) Court documents Bluepages Table BT1 Appendix 4 Court abbreviations Table T7 Appendix 5 Legal periodical abbreviations Tables T13.1, T13.2 Appendix 6 Federal taxation materials Table T1.2 Appendix 7 Federal agencies Table T1.2